International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 4 Issue 6, September-October 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

The Analytical Nature of the Green's

Function in the Vicinity of a Simple Pole
Ghulam Hazrat Aimal Rasa
PhD Doctoral, AL-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan,
Shaheed Prof. Rabbani Education University, Kabul, Afghanistan

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Ghulam Hazrat

It is known that the Green function of a boundary value problem is a Aimal Rasa "The Analytical Nature of the
meromorphic function of a spectral parameter. When the boundary conditions Green's Function in the Vicinity of a
contain integro-differential terms, then the meromorphism of the Green's Simple Pole"
function of such a problem can also be proved. In this case, it is possible to Published in
write out the structure of the residue at the singular points of the Green's International Journal
function of the boundary value problem with integro-differential of Trend in Scientific
perturbations. An analysis of the structure of the residue allows us to state Research and
that the corresponding functions of the original operator are sufficiently Development (ijtsrd),
smooth functions. Surprisingly, the adjoint operator can have non-smooth ISSN: 2456-6470, IJTSRD33696
eigenfunctions. The degree of non-smoothness of the eigenfunction of the Volume-4 | Issue-6,
adjoint operator to an operator with integro-differential boundary conditions October 2020, pp.1750-1753, URL:
is clarified. It is indicated that even those conjugations to multipoint boundary www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33696.pdf
value problems have non-smooth eigenfunctions.
Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and
KEYWORDS: boundary conditions, Green's function Operator, strongly regular International Journal of Trend in Scientific
boundary conditions, Riesz basis, asymptotics, Resolution, boundary functions, Research and Development Journal. This
simple zero, adjoint operator is an Open Access article distributed
under the terms of
the Creative
Commons Attribution
License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

1. INTRODUCTION
Let be 0 < x < 1 and a differential expression is given represent intensely regular boundary conditions. Therefore,
n−1 the system of eigen functions of the eigenvalue problem
L(y) = y( n) ( x) + ∑ pk (x) y(k) (x), 0 < x <1
k =0 L( y ) = λ y, 0 < x <1 (2)

With smooth coefficients pk ∈Ck [0,1], k = 0,1,...,n−1 With boundary conditions (1) form a Riesz basis in the
functional space L2 (0,1) .
All further arguments are shown for case n, however, the
presented results (with their corresponding modification) According to the monograph [3], the asymptotics of one
are satisfied for arbitrary n. series of eigenvalues of the boundary value problem (1), (2)
Find a set of numbers has the following form
α1, β1,γ1,α2, β2,γ2,...,αn−1, βn−1,γn−1,αn , βn ,γn such that θ0 ≠0at  3 ln 0 ξ (1) 1 
λ = ( − 2 k π i ) 1 −
' 3
+ O( 2 )
θ1 ≠ 0, where 2 kπ i
k
 k 
α1ω1γ 1
L α1ωµγ1−1 (α1 + s β1 )ωµγ 1 β1ωµγ +1 L β1ωnγ
1 1

Another series of eigenvalues of the boundary value problem

α 2ω1γ 2
L α 2ω γ2
µ −1 (α 2 + s β 2 )ω γ2
µ β 2ωµγ +1 L β 2ωnγ
2 2

θ 0 + θ1s = . (1), (2) has a similar form.

M M M M M O M
γn γn γn γn
α nωn L α nω µ −1 (α n + s β n )ω µ β nω µ +1 L β nωµγ n From the results of [4], it follows that the following
boundary conditions
γj 1
From the results of [1], [2] it follows that the set of boundary
conditions V j ( y ) ≡ U j ( y ) + ∑ ∫ y ( s ) (t )ρ s J (t ) dt = 0, j = 1,..., n (3)
s=0 0
U1(y) =α1y(γ1) (0) + β1y(γ1) (1) = 0,
U2(y) =α2 y(γ2 ) (0) + β2 y(γ2) (1) = 0 also represent reinforced- edge conditions. Therefore, the
(1) results of [1], [2] remain valid, so that the system of
L L eigenfunctions and associated functions of the operator with
boundary conditions (3) form a Riesz basis in the function
Un (y) =αn y(γn ) (0) +βn y(γn ) (1) = 0 space L2 (0,1) .

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For further purposes, boundary conditions (3) are differential operator are considered. In [13], [15], [18], [19],
conveniently rewritten in the canonical form proposed in [20] some questions of spectral analysis of inverse problems
[5]. for differential operators are presented.

The equation L ( y ) = f (x), 0 < x < 1 with integral- And in this paper, we derive a formula for expanding the
differential conditions of the form Green's function into eigenfunctions of a third-order
1 differential operator with strongly regular boundary
V j (y) ≡ U j (y) − ∫ L (y)σ j (x)dx = 0, j = 1, 2,..., n (4) conditions.
0
3. Green function of an unperturbation boundary value
for an arbitrary set of boundary functions problem
σ1 ∈L2 (0,1),σ2 ∈L2 (0,1),...,σn ∈L2 (0,1). Consideration of the boundary value eigenvalue problem
L( y ) = f (x), 0 < x <1
Has the only solution y (x) for any f of L2(0,1) moreover, U1 ( y ) = 0, U 2 ( y ) = 0,..., U n ( y ) = 0
the estimate y ≤ c f (x) . The converse is also
L2 (0,1) L2 (0,1) Operator resolution L has the form
true. If the equation L ( y ) = f (x), 0 < x < 1 with some 1

additional linear conditional for any f of L2(0,1) has the ( L0 − λ I ) −1 f = ∫ G0 ( x, t , λ ) f (t ) dt

0
only solution requiring y L2 (0,1)
≤ c f (x) L2 (0,1)
then there
is such a set of boundary where
y1 ( x, λ ) y2 ( x, λ ) L yn ( x , λ ) g ( x, t )
functions σ1 ∈ L2 (0,1), σ 2 ∈ L2 (0,1),..., σ n ∈ L2 (0,1) , that
U1 ( y1 ) U1 ( y 2 ) L U 1 ( yn ) U1 ( g )
additional conditions will be equivalent to conditions (3).
M M O M M
According to the above theorem, conditions (3) are U n ( y1 ) U n ( y2 ) L U n ( yn ) Un (g)
equivalent to conditions (4) for G0 ( x, t , λ ) = (−1) n
∆ 0 (λ )
some σ 1 ∈ L2 (0,1), σ 2 ∈ L2 (0,1),..., σ n ∈ L2 (0,1) Details
-is the Green's function of the operator.
of the calculation of boundary functions σ1,σ2,...,σn by
Here at x > t function g ( x , t ) has the following form:
function {ρs j (t)} can be found in [6].
y1 (t ) y2 (t ) L yn (t )
(1)
y1 (t ) y2 (t ) L yn(1) (t )
(1)
Objectives of this research
The main purpose of this research paper is to obtain the g ( x, t ) = M M O M ,
analytical nature of Green's functions in the vicinity of a ( n − 2) ( n − 2) ( n − 2)
y1 (t ) y2 (t ) L yn (t )
simple pole.
y1 ( x ) y2 ( x ) L yn ( x )
Methodology:
A descriptive research project to focus and identify the effect If x ≤ t , then g ( x , t ) = 0 .
of differential equations on the analytical nature of the
Green's functions in the vicinity of a simple pole. Books, U1 ( y1 ) U1 ( y2 ) L U1 ( yn )
journals, and websites have been used to advance and
U 2 ( y1 ) U 2 ( y2 ) L U 2 ( yn )
complete this research. ∆ 0 (λ ) =
M M O M
2. Literature review
The article is devoted to the construction of the Green U n ( y1 ) U n ( y2 ) L U n ( yn )
function of the boundary value problem for a differential
equation with strongly regular boundary conditions in the 3.1. Perturbed boundary value problem and its Green
vicinity of the pole. Questions such as the construction of the function
Green function and expansion in eigenfunctions for Consider the boundary value eigenvalue problem
differential operators with strongly regular boundary L ( y ) = f (x), 0 < x <1
conditions are poorly understood. To study the analytical
1
nature of the Green's function, we develop the ideas of
[Kanguzhin, The residue and spectral decompositions of a V1 ( y ) ≡ U 1 ( y ) − ∫ L ( y )σ 1 ( x )dx = 0
differential operator on a star graph, VestnikKazNU, 2018], 0
[Keldysh]. We note the papers [9], [10] devoted to the U 2 ( y ) = 0, U 3 ( y ) = 0,..., U n ( y ) = 0
expansion in eigenfunctions of differential self-adjoint and
non-self-adjoint operators.
Operator Resolution L has the form
1
The inverse problems for differential operators with
regularly boundary conditions for the second order were ( L − λ I ) −1 f ( x ) = ∫ G ( x , t , λ ) f (t ) dt , 0 < x <1
studied in [14]. In [17], spectral problems for an odd-order 0

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Where eigenfunction of the adjoint operator L∗ to the operator L ,
κ1 ( x, λ ) G0 ( x, t, λ ) that is to say
V (κ ) V1 (G0 ) κ ( x, λ )V1 (G0 )
G( x, t , λ ) = 1 1 = G0 ( x, t , λ ) − 1 L (u 0 ) = λ 0 u 0 , u 0 ∈ D ( L ),
V1 (κ 1 ) V1 (κ 1 )
- Green's function of the operator L . L (v 0 ) = λ 0 v 0 ,
∗
v 0 ∈ D ( L∗ ).

Here κ 1 ( x , λ ) - solution of a homogeneous equation comparing relations (5) and (6), we obtain the equalities
L (κ 1 ) = λκ 1 , 0 < x < 1, u 0 ( x ) = κ 1 ( x , λ 0 ), v 0 (t ) =
V1 (G 0 )
d
V1 (κ 1 )
With heterogeneous boundary conditions dλ λ = λ0
U1(κ1) =1, U2 (κ1) = 0,...,Un (κ1) = 0.
Theorem 1. If λ0 - simple eigenvalue of the operator L ,
3.2. The main part of the Laurent series expansion of
the Green function then the eigenfunction of the operator L has the following
In this section, the main part of the Laurent expansion of the form
Green function of the perturbed operator in a neighborhood
of a simple eigenvalue is calculated. In our case, the zero of y1 ( x, λ ) y2 ( x, λ ) L yn ( x, λ )
the function V 1 ( κ 1 ) are the poles of the resolvent (L − λI )−1 . U 2 ( y1 ) U 2 ( y2 ) L U 2 ( y2 )
Let be λ0 − simple zero function
M M O M
V1(κ1) = 0 and d V1 (κ ) ≠ 0 . Then the expansion in the U n ( y1 ) U n ( y2 ) L U n ( yn )
dλ λ0 k1 ( x, λ0 ) =
Laurent series in the vicinity of a simple pole takes the
∆ 0 (λ )
following form
resG( x, t , λ ) That is, it satisfies the following perturbed boundary value
λ0
G( x, t , λ ) = − + Right part, problem
λ − λ0
L (κ1 ( x, λ0 )) = λ0κ1 ( x, λ0 ),
where 1

κ 1 ( x , λ )V1 (G 0 ) V1 (κ1 ( x, λ0 )) = U1 (κ1 ( x, λ0 )) − ∫ L(κ1 ( x, λ0 ))σ 1 ( x)dx = 0,

res G ( x , t , λ ) = − (5) 0
λ0 d
V1 (κ 1 ) U 2 (κ1 ( x, λ0 )) = L = U n (κ1 ( x, λ0 )) = 0
dλ λ = λ0

By the Keldysh theorem [7] it is known that

Theorem 2.Let be λ0 − simple zero function V 1 (κ 1 ) . Then
the Green's function of the operator L in the vicinity of a
u0 ( x )v0 (t )
G ( x, t , λ ) = − + h0 ( x, t , λ ), (6) simple pole has the representation
λ − λ0 κ 1 ( x, λ0 )V1 (G0 )
d
where h0 (x, t, λ) − regular in a neighborhood of a point λ0 . V1 (κ1 )
dλ λ =λ0
Here u0 (x) −own operator function L , and v0 (t ) - G( x, t , λ ) = + G0 ( x, t , λ0 )
λ − λ0

Here κ1(x, λ0 ) - own operator function L , V1(G0 ) - eigenfunction of the adjoint operator L∗ to the operator L . Moreover, it is
determined by the following formula
1
V1 (G0 ) = σ 1 (t ) + λ0 ∫ g ( x, t , λ )σ 1 ( x)dx +
t

y1 (t ) y2 (t ) yn (t )
(1) (1)
y (t )
1 y (t )
2 yn(1) (t )
λ0 M M M
+
∆ 0 (λ0 ) y1( k −2) (t ) y2( k −2) (t ) yn( k −2) (t )
1 n −1 1 n −1 1 n −1

∫∑β y (1) An+1,k + 2 σ1 ( x)dx ∫∑β y (1) An+1,k + 2 σ 1 ( x)dx ∫∑β y (1) An+1,k + 2 σ1 ( x)dx
(k ) (k ) (k )
k +1 1 k +1 2 k +1 n
0 k =1 0 k =1 0 k =1

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4. Conclusion бесконечно –зонныхпотенциалов // Труды Моск.
In conclusion, we note that the eigenfunction of the original Матем.об-во.-МГУ.-М.–1982.–С.3-36.
operator is a smooth function. At the same time, the
[9] Березанский Ю.М. Разложение по собственным
eigenfunction of the adjoint operator cannot be smooth and
функциям. – М.-Л, 1950.
the degree of its smoothness depends on the smoothness of
the boundary perturbation. These conclusions follow from [10] БерезанскийЮ. М. Разложение по собственным
the representation of the eigenfunctions of the data in функциям самосопряженныхоператоров.–Киев:
Theorem 2. In particular, even those conjugations to НауковаДумка, 1965.–798с.
multipoint boundary value problems possess non-smooth
[11] Марченко В. А. Операторы Штурма-Луивилля и их
eigenfunctions. In this theorem 2, we give results concerning
приложения. – Киев: НауковаДумка, 1977.–329с.
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results are obtained when all three boundary conditions are [12] ато Т. Теория возмущенний линейных
perturbed. операторов. – М.: Мир, 1972. – 740с.
[13] Лейбензон З.Л. Обратная задача спектрального
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