The chart below reflects the distribution of final examination scores of 100 graduate students in

statistics during summer class 2014.

Task 1. Identify and concisely discuss the

distribution as indicator to students’
performance. Is it favorable or not
favorable for a statistics exam result?
Explain and provide implications for your
answers.

The distribution of the examination scores shows a negatively skewed distribution. It is

favorable for a statistics exam result because majority of the students got high scores as shown in the
histogram.

With respect to the data presented, it only shows that the students who took the
examination were able to understand their lessons in statistics as shown by the high scores obtained. It
also implies that majority of the students who took the examination are intelligent and were able to
prepare for the examination. Furthermore, the teacher of these students who took the examination must
also be given credit. He was able to impart each of the discussed topics to his students well. His strategies
and techniques used in his discussions were indeed effective.

The table below shows the data of a study conducted by the PAG-IBIG Fund on the number of
Multipurpose Loans filed by randomly chosen employees coming from public (PBLC) and
private (PRVT) agencies and offices in Metro Cebu during the selected months of 2014.

Month in School Task 2. Descriptively and concisely discuss the above on the
2014 PBLC PRVT left in relation to the Mean, SD, Mode and total number of
March 520 230 Multipurpose loans filed by public and private employees
July 460 270 during the 4 selected months of 2014. Make sure you
September 550 250 provide implications when you discuss the salient data
December 470 280
findings.
Descriptive Statistical Analysis
Mean 488 258
SD 27.5 22.2
MEAN

On the 4 selected months, there is an average of almost 500 loans filed among public (PBLC)
agencies and offices, whereas, there is an average of 258 loans filed in the 4 selected months among the
private (PRVT) agencies and offices.

It is quite obvious that there are more loans filed on the average from public agencies and offices
compared to the private offices and agencies. This could be due to the fact that teachers coming from the
public schools rely less on their salary since their salary are already allocated for other important expenses
(i.e. family, classroom, work-related expenses) and a portion of their salary is already intended for loan
payments. Since only a little amount of money is left as their monthly net pay, they are left with no other
choice but to file another loan in order to survive. Thus, causing the number of loan files to be greater
than in the private sector.

SD
 The SD of loans filed from the public (PBLC) agencies and offices is 27. 5 while from the private
(PRVT) agencies and offices is 22.2.

This shows that both in public and private offices and agencies the number of filed loans in a
month is not close to the means of each sector. Meaning there are months in which the number of loans
are greatly higher than the mean and there are months that are greatly lower than the means. The high
SD of each school tells that the number of loans filed in the year 2014 does not cluster around the mean.
This only means that the need for money among the teachers in both public and private schools vary.
There are months which have high number of loans filed. There could also be months with low number of
loans filed. This is due to the fact that there are months in which teachers receive bonuses and incentives,
thus, causing the fluctuating number of loans filed.

MODE

The mode of the number of loans filed among the 4 chosen months in the public (PBLC) agencies
and offices is 550 which occurs in the month of September while in the private (PRVT) agencies and
offices is 280 which occurs in the month of December.

This means that the highest number of loans filed coming from the public school teachers falls on
September. This could be due to the fact that in this month, teachers do not receive any incentives and at
the same many teachers are needing money for tuition fee payments for their children (or perhaps brothers
or sisters) since the semester is about to end. The high need for money among the public school teachers
causes the increase of loans filed in this month.

However, the highest number of loans filed coming from the private school teachers falls on
December. This is basically due to the fact that not all private school teachers will be receiving large
amount of bonuses. And in this month teachers will be preparing gifts for their loved ones, some will be
going home to their respective provinces and some will be preparing for the Christmas Eve Celebration.
All of these need money in order to be realized. This causes the increase of loans filed in this month.

TOTAL NUMBER OF MULTIPURPOSE LOANS FILED

The total number of loans filed in the 4 selected months coming from the public school teachers is
2000 while coming from the private school teachers is only 1030.

The data shows that more loans are filed compared to the private school teachers. This could be
caused by the fact that the salary of public school teachers are not only intended for their family expenses
but as well as for classroom structuring, work, and even for their professional growth. Teachers from the
public school are not provided with the materials needed in their discussion. Some of them even use their
personal money in buying LCD projectors just to be able to meet the demand for ICT integration.
Sometimes public school teachers will even use their own money in buying food for their students since
there are some who will be coming to school without breakfast. During competitions, teachers will
sometimes use their own money to buy food most especially if the school’s budget has not yet arrived or if
the school’s budget is not sufficient.

Unlike among private schools, there are some which are not particular with classroom structuring
and if there are, teachers are provided with the budget needed to structure their classrooms. Also teachers
in the private sector are provided with materials needed in carrying out their lessons. Hence, a major part
of their salary is consumed by them. Though there may be a portion of their salary which will be used in
relation to their work but only a little.
Based on the above data table, public employee PAG-IBIG borrowers are expected to be 500 at
any given month of the year. The inferential statistical test on the government employee PAG-
IBIG borrowers data yielded the following:

Computed Statistic Degree of Freedom Tabulated Statistic p-value

10.80 3 7.815 0.013
Task 3. At 0.05 level of significance, test whether observed data significantly differ from the
expected of 500 public employee PAG-IBIG borrowers per month.

STEP 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Is there a significant difference between the observed frequency and expected frequency of 500
borrowers among PBLC teachers?

STEP 2. HYPOTHESES

Ho: There is no significant difference between the observed frequency and expected frequency of
500 borrowers among PBLC teachers.

Ha: There is a significant difference between the observed frequency and expected frequency of 500
borrowers among PBLC teachers.

STEP 3: CHOICE OF TEST STATISTIC AND LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Chi-square test of goodness of fit of equal expected frequency, ∝ = 0.05

STEP 4. COMPUTATION

x2- value = 10.80

p – value = 0.013

STEP 5. DECISION RULE AND FINDING

Decision Rule: Reject Ho if level of significance (∝) ¿ p – value

Finding: ∝(0.05) ¿ p – value (0.013)

STEP 6. DECISION

Reject the null hypothesis (Ho)

STEP 7. INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

There is a significant difference between the observed frequency and expected frequency of 500
borrowers among PBLC teachers. The sampling distribution differs significantly from the hypothesized
equal distribution.

STEP 8. IMPLICATIONS

It could be due to the fact that in some months of the year, teachers received mandated benefits like
during the months of May and November where mid-year and year-end bonuses are released, hence, less
frequency of borrower teachers in these months than the expected 500 monthly borrowers.

STEP 9. CONCLUSION

Therefore it is concluded that borrowers are less than expected among public school teachers.
On divorce issue in the Philippines, it can never be expected that there will be equal number of
those who agree and disagree. Since the Philippines is predominantly Christian, it is expected
that there will be more women who will disagree than those who will agree. Thus an expected
30-70 ratio is hypothesized in favor for the no response.

In a sample of 150 mothers, test the hypothesis of no significant difference between the observed
and hypothesized distribution of population using the below:

Opinion Fo Fe

Yes 42 45 ( 30% of 150)

No 108 105 (70% of 150)

========== ====================

150 150

STEP 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Is there a significant difference between the observed and the expected frequency (30 – 70
distribution) among the mothers’ opinions on legalizing divorce in the Philippines?

STEP 2. HYPOTHESES

Ho: There is no significant difference between the observed and the expected frequency (30 – 70
distribution) among the mothers’ opinions on legalizing divorce in the Philippines.

Ha: There is a significant difference between the observed and the expected frequency (30 – 70
distribution) among the mothers’ opinions on legalizing divorce in the Philippines.

STEP 3: CHOICE OF TEST STATISTIC AND LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Chi-square test of goodness of fit of unequal expected frequency, ∝ = 0.05

STEP 4. COMPUTATION

x2- value = 0.286

p – value = 0.593

STEP 5. DECISION RULE AND FINDING

Decision Rule: Reject Ho if level of significance (∝) ¿ p – value

Finding: ∝(0.05) ¿ p – value (0.593)

STEP 6. DECISION

Do not reject the null hypothesis (Ho)

STEP 7. INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

There was no significant difference between the mothers’ opinion on legalizing divorce in the
Philippines and the theorized 30 – 70 distribution. This means that the sample population come up with
the expected 30 – 70 distribution in favor of the “no” group. As expected, there were few mothers who
agreed to legalize the divorce in the country.
STEP 8. IMPLICATIONS

Most of the mothers’ negative opinions may be attributed to religious beliefs that only God can
separate what He has joined in marriage.

STEP 9. CONCLUSION

Filipino mothers do not like to legalize divorce in the Philippines.

A guidance counselor conducted a study which investigated the effect of a 3-month counseling
program on the stress coping behaviors among buttered wives who will opt to stay with their
husbands. Their stress levels were measured before and after the counseling program. The
descriptive and inferential analysis of the gathered data yielded the following results.

N Mean SD Computed Statistic Tabulated Statistic p-value

Before counseling 25 4.187 1.748
4.267 1.711 0.000
After counseling 25 3.528 0.847
Task 4. Test the hypothesis (∝=0.05 ¿ that the counseling program was effective in lowering the
stress level of the sample wives at the end of 3 months.

STEP 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Is there a significant reduction in stress level among the buttered wives who still opt to stay with
their husbands?

STEP 2. HYPOTHESES

Ho: There is no significant reduction in stress level among the buttered wives who still opt to stay
with their husbands.

Ha: There is a significant reduction in stress level among the buttered wives who still opt to stay
with their husbands.

STEP 3: CHOICE OF TEST STATISTIC AND LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

T-test of 2 correlated (dependent) samples, ∝ = 0.05

STEP 4. COMPUTATION

T- value = 4.267

p – value = 0.000

STEP 5. DECISION RULE AND FINDING

Decision Rule: Reject Ho if level of significance (∝) ¿ p – value

Finding: ∝(0.05) ¿ p – value (0.000)

STEP 6. DECISION

Reject the null hypothesis (Ho)

STEP 7. INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

There is a significant reduction in stress level among the buttered wives who opt to stay with their
husbands. The level of stress among buttered wives were statistically/significantly reduces after the 3-
month counseling program.
STEP 8. IMPLICATIONS

May be because the women really followed what were being counseled on them. The counselor was
very efficient in de-stressing the buttered wives. In like manner, it could be due to the tolerance level
which have been increased from the counseling.

STEP 9. CONCLUSION

The 3-month counseling program was effective.

Mrs. Cruz the Personnel Officer of Digital Consulting, Inc. administered a managerial skills test
to the section heads and supervisors after the seminar on management concept and skills. The
examination was conducted to determine how much the participants have learned in terms of
concepts and skills on management. The test has 70 items and the passing score was set at 75
percent performance. The 64 participants obtained a mean score of 57.4 with a standard
deviation of 11.2. Test the hypothesis that the participants have come with the expected
performance target and find out their level of performance in the examination at 0.05 level of
significance.

STEP 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT

What is the performance of the section heads and supervisors in the examination on management
concepts and skills?

STEP 2. HYPOTHESES

Ho: The performance of the section heads and supervisors in the examination on management
concepts and skills is equal to 75 percent.

Ha: The performance of the section heads and supervisors in the examination on management
concepts and skills is not equal to 75.

STEP 3: CHOICE OF TEST STATISTIC AND LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Z – test for single and large sample, ∝ = 0.05

STEP 4. COMPUTATION

Z- value = 3.50

p – value = 0.00

STEP 5. DECISION RULE AND FINDING

Decision Rule: Reject Ho if level of significance (∝) ¿ p – value

Finding: ∝(0.05) ¿ p – value (0.00)

STEP 6. DECISION

Reject the null hypothesis (Ho)

STEP 7. INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

The performance of the section heads and supervisors in the examination on management concepts
and skills is not equal to 75 percent. Since the sample mean is greater than the expected mean, then, their
achievement belongs to the above average level. The section heads and supervisors have acquired the
necessary skills and concepts on management. They have acquired the knowledge to relate with
subordinates, plan activities, monitor and evaluate performance, and resolve conflicts.

STEP 8. IMPLICATIONS

The above average achievement of the participants may imply that they have learned so much from
the series of seminar workshops. The activities in the seminar workshops were interesting and motivating.
They may be aware that an examination would to be administered after the activities.

STEP 9. CONCLUSION

They have achieved more than the expected 75% performance target.

Dr. Sy N. Yu owns a book publishing company which distributes textbooks and workbooks to
elementary and high school institutions in the Visayas Regions. He has a dozen of sales
representatives assigned in various islands who make contacts with the company’s school
clients. Dr. Yu wants to find out if the number of school’s client contacts (calls and visits) relates
to the amount of sales made by his sales representatives. He got the data records based on
monthly reports submitted to his office by his field personnel and summarized their data-
reports on the number client contacts made during a certain month with the corresponding
value of sales (in thousands pesos) as shown in the table below.

Sales Rep 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Contacts(X) 14 12 20 16 46 23 48 50 55 50
Sales (Y) 24 14 28 30 80 30 90 85 120 110
Dr. Yu ran the data on the Minitab and obtained the following results. He also got the tabulated
value from his statistics e-book.

Computed Statistic Tabulated Statistic p – value

0.975 0.765 0.000
Task 5. Does the number of client Contacts relate to the value of sales? Test at 0.01 level of
significance.

STEP 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Is there a significant relationship between the client contacts and the value of sales made by Dr.
Yu’s sales representatives?

STEP 2. HYPOTHESES

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the client contacts and the value of sales made by
Dr. Yu’s sales representatives.

Ha: There is a significant relationship between the client contacts and the value of sales made by
Dr. Yu’s sales representatives.

STEP 3: CHOICE OF TEST STATISTIC AND LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Pearson product moment of correlation or Pearson r, ∝ = 0.05

STEP 4. COMPUTATION

r- value = 0.975

p – value = 0.000
STEP 5. DECISION RULE AND FINDING

Decision Rule: Reject Ho if level of significance (∝) ¿ p – value

Finding: ∝(0.05) ¿ p – value (0.000)

STEP 6. DECISION

Reject the null hypothesis (Ho)

STEP 7. INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

There is a significant relationship between the client contacts and the value of sales made by Dr.
Yu’s sales representatives. The number of client contacts relate to the value of sales. As the number of
client contacts increases, the value of sales also increases.

STEP 8. IMPLICATIONS

The sales representative may be good in their selling power or sales talks. They are effective in
convincing their contacts to buy their products. They are in the sales area where there is high demand of
their products.

STEP 9. CONCLUSION

Client contacts have bearing on sales. Client contacts and the value of sales go hand in hand.

A research was conducted to determine the life satisfaction of male and female teachers in
randomly selected school division of Cebu. The following table shows the life satisfaction
responses by gender.

Life Satisfaction Computed Tabulated

Gender Alpha
Low High Total Statistic Statistic
Female 5 42 47
Teachers
Male 8 76 84 0.14 0.05 3.841
Teachers
Total 13 118 131
Task 7. Is there a significant relationship between gender and level of life satisfaction among
selected male and female teachers in Cebu?

STEP 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Is there a significant relationship between gender and level of life satisfaction among selected male
and female teachers in Cebu?

STEP 2. HYPOTHESES

Ho: There is no significant relationship between gender and level of life satisfaction among
selected male and female teachers in Cebu.

Ha: There is a significant relationship between gender and level of life satisfaction among selected
male and female teachers in Cebu.

STEP 3: CHOICE OF TEST STATISTIC AND LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Chi-square test of independence, ∝ = 0.01

STEP 4. COMPUTATION

x2- value = 0.14

p – value = 0.427

STEP 5. DECISION RULE AND FINDING

Decision Rule: Reject Ho if level of significance (∝) ¿ p – value

Finding: ∝(0.01) ¿ p – value (0.427)

STEP 6. DECISION

Do not reject the null hypothesis (Ho)

STEP 7. INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

There is no significant relationship between gender and life satisfaction among selected male and
female teachers in Cebu. Gender has nothing to do with life satisfaction among selected male and female
teachers in the school division of Cebu.

STEP 8. IMPLICATIONS

This may be due to the teacher’s individual differences. They differ on how they see life satisfaction
per se. May be because either male or female teacher can be low or highly satisfied in their lives. Male and
female teachers differ in their level of life satisfaction.

STEP 9. CONCLUSION

Gender has no bearing on life satisfaction. Gender does not depend on life satisfaction.