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Tariffs Non-tariff
Tariff
Embargo
• A total ban on imports or exports of a product.
Can be either physical or
cultural
Distance
Natural barriers
Language
Culture
What Is Regional Economic
Integration?
Regional economic integration has
enabled countries to
Regional Economic a. focus on issues that are relevant
Integration to their stage of development
b. encourage trade between
neighbors.
Regional Economic Integration
2. Customs Union.
• This type provides for economic cooperation as in a free-trade zone.
• Barriers to trade are removed between member countries.
• The primary difference from the free trade area is that members agree to treat
trade with nonmember countries in a similar manner.
• Example: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)Cooperation Council for the Arab
States of the Gulf
Regional Economic Integration
4. Economic union.
• Created when countries enter into an economic agreement to remove barriers
to trade and adopt common economic policies.
• Example: European Union (EU).
• Trade bloc is basically a free-trade zone, or near-free-trade zone, formed by
one or more tax, tariff, and trade agreements between two or more countries.
Regional Agreements
• Pros
A. Trade creation.
• Create more opportunities for countries to trade with one another by removing
the barriers to trade and investment.
B. Employment opportunities.
• By removing restrictions on labor movement, economic integration can
help expand job opportunities.
c. Consensus and cooperation.
• Member nations may find it easier to agree with smaller numbers of countries.
Regional understanding and similarities may also facilitate closer political
cooperation.
Regional Agreements
• Cons
• A.Trade diversion.
• Member countries may trade more with each other than with nonmember
nations.
B.Employment shifts and reductions.
• Countries may move production to cheaper labor markets in member
countries.
C. Loss of national sovereignty.
• North America: NAFTA
Member countries can establish their own trading rules for nonmember
countries. NAFTA’s rules ensure that a foreign exporter won’t just ship to the
NAFTA country with the lowest tariff for nonmember countries.
Requires that at least 50 percent of the net cost of most products must come
from or be incurred in the NAFTA region.
.
• Canadian and US consumers have benefited from the lower-cost
Mexican agricultural products. Similarly, Canadian and US companies
have sought to enter the expanding Mexican domestic market. Many
Canadian and US companies have chosen to locate their
manufacturing or production facilities in Mexico rather than Asia,
which was geographically far from their North American bases.
• The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a series
of rules governing trade that were first created in 1947 by
twenty-three countries.
• By the time it was replaced with the WTO, there were 125
member nations. GATT has been credited with substantially
expanding global trade, primarily through the reduction of
tariffs.
GATT • The basic underlying principle of GATT was that trade should
be free and equal.
• GATT’s initial focus was on tariffs, which are taxes placed on
imports or exports.
• The Dominican Republic–Central America–United States
Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) then called the
Central America Free Trade Agreement, or (CAFTA)
• A free trade agreement signed in 2005.
• Originally, the agreement was between the US and the
Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador,
• The gold standard provided a stable means for countries to exchange their currencies and
facilitate trade.
• The Bretton Woods system established a new monetary system based on the US dollar.
• The Bretton Woods system lasted until 1971 and provided the longest formal mechanism for an
exchange-rate system and forums for countries to cooperate on coordinating policy and
navigating temporary economic crises.
• No new formal system has replaced Bretton Woods, some of its key elements have endured,
including a modified managed float of foreign exchange, the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
and the World Bank.
•Thank You!
References
• http://www.nytimes.com
• http: lumenlearning.com
• https://opentextbc.ca
• http://internationalecon.com/
• www.study.com