ASSIGNMENT 2

Question 1
1) A Wavelength=1550 nm
W=0.2 -1 micro meter, H=0.5 micro meter

Width of core Mode 1 Mode 2

0.2 TM TM-leaky mode
0.288 TM TE
0.367 TM TE
0.466 TM TE
0.545 TE TM
0.64 TE TM
0.72 TE TM
0.82 TE TM
0.91 TE TM
1 TE TM

Width OF CORE neff™ neff(TE)

0.2 2.302 Leaky mode
0.288 2.61971 2.09451
0.367 2.771798 2.611047
0.466 2.8733 2.809
0.545 2.9475 2.9563
0.64 2.9885 3.0435
0.72 3.01738 3.0591
0.82 3.0404 3.1235
0.91 3.06 3.153
1 3.072 3.173

Modular dispersion graph of mode1 and mode2,

 modal dispersion 1 a
3.5

2.5

2
neff

1.5 neff™

1 neff(TE)

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
width_ core (micro meter)

1B)
W=200-500 nm, H=1000 nm
Width of core (micro Mode 1 Mode 2 MODE 3
meter)
0.2 TM TM TE
0.233 TM TM TE
0.2667 TM TM TE
0.3 TM TM TE
0.33 TM TE TM
0.366 TM TE TM
0.4 TM TE TM
0.433 TM TE TM
0.466 TM TE TM
0.5 TM TE TM

width neff(TE00) Neff(TM00)

0.2 1.827706 2.63458
0.233 2.0424 2.8118
0.2667 2.2401 2.8924
0.3 2.4526 2.934
0.33 2.71749 2.988615
0.366 2.816718 3.04635
0.4 2.901615 3.11936
0.433 2.941943 3.13341
0.466 3.008084 3.149714
0.5 3.087205 3.172133
Modular dispersion graph of mode 1 and 2
modular dispersion q1b
3.5

2.5

2
neff

1.5 neff(TE)

1 neff™

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
core width

2) Cut off is the condition at which effective index is equal to

refractive index of cladding. Let refractive index of
cladding=1.4

For A, TM cut off happens at a width less than 0.2 micro

meter and TE cut off happens at a width between 0.2 and
0.288 micro meter.
For Buried waveguide structure, both TM and TE cut off
happens at a width less than 0.2 micro meter.

3)
A) Confinement factor for fundamental modes
 width of core(micro meter) Confinement factor for TE00 Confinement factor for TM00
0.2 75.9782
0.288 91.592 91.071
0.367 96.8401 96.075
0.466 96.5664 94.0875
0.545 97.7761 96.9477
0.64 98.0391 98.1987
0.72 98.0866 98.7929
0.82 97.9872 98.156
0.91 98.1166 98.6931
1 98.1489 98.9936

confinement vs width of core

120

100

80
power confinement within core

60
TE00
40 TM00

20

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
width of core(micro meter)

B) Confinement factor for fundamental modes

width _core(micro m) TE00 TM00
0.2 63.627 86.2639
0.233 75.6845 87.4288
0.2667 80.7868 86.0462
0.3 82.0572 83.7399
0.33 96.3365 96.44
0.366 97.0401 95.9858
0.4 97.3688 95.4417
 0.433 96.8243 94.4541
0.466 95.6784 93.2124
0.5 98.8567 98.5415

confinement facor vs core width

120

100
power confined in core

80

60
TE00
40 TM00

20

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
width of core(micro meter)

For structure A, for both modes confinement factor initially

increases, then shows a dip and again increases and saturates.
For buried structure, TE and TM modes shows different
behavior up to a width of 0.3 micro meter after that
confinement factor is almost same. It shows both increase and
decrease.

Question 2)
1) Air cladding
There are 4 propogating modes.
Mode 1, 2 are TE and 3,4 are TM for all sweeps.

neff vs
gap
between
cores
gap(micro mode1- mode
meter) neff 2_neff mode3_neff mode4_neff
0.05 2.278489 2.203369 1.656484 1.449568
0.43 2.260904 2.257489 1.590612 1.53233
0.82 2.246084 2.245966 1.570219 1.5572
1.2 2.272163 2.27216 1.571269 1.568457
1.6 2.231416 2.231416 1.562001 1.561322
1.9944 2.240145 2.240145 1.562639 1.562455
2.3 2.256722 2.256722 1.566103 1.566064
2.77 2.260503 2.260503 1.566856 1.566847
3.16 2.232386 2.232386 1.561282 1.56128
3.55 2.231003 2.231003 1.559782 1.559782

neff vs gap between cores

2.5

1.5
mode1-neff
neff

mode 2_neff
1
mode3_neff
0.5 mode4_neff

0
0 1 2 3 4
gap(micro meter)

Oxide Cladding

There are 5 propagating modes. Mode 1,2 are TE

and Mode 3,4 are TM for all sweeps.
neff vs gap
between
cores
gap(micro
meter) mode1-neff mode2_neff mode3_neff mode4-neff
0.05 2.4128 2.2754 1.8151 1.5643
0.3276 2.332491 2.321 1.739 1.659
0.604 2.351 2.325 1.712 1.686
 0.88332 2.3511 2.351 1.705 1.6975
1.16 2.3188415 2.318404 1.70497 1.70212
1.438 2.343607 2.343605 1.7084814 1.703902
1.71666 2.350604 2.350604 1.699194 1.698862
1.9944 2.349154 2.349154 1.703847 1.703377
2.27222 2.310501 2.310501 1.696904 1.696682
2.55 2.35009 2.35009 1.688412 1.688395

neff vs gap between cores

3
2.5
2
neff

1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
gap between cores(micro meter)

mode1-neff mode2_neff mode3_neff mode4-neff

2)Coupling length for air cladding

3)For oxide cladding, at lower gap mode 1 approaches mode 2
and mode 3 approaches to mode 4.
Graph of buried structure is more smooth.

Question 3
1)
core width(micro meter) no of propagating modes mode characteristics
0.1 0
0.31 1 Mode 1-TM
0.52 2 Mode 1-TE, Mode 2-TM
 0.73 2 Mode 1-TE, Mode 2-TM
0.94 2 Mode 1-TE, Mode 2-TM
Mode 1-TE, Mode 2-TM, Mode
1.15 3 3-TE
Mode 1-TE, Mode 2-TM, Mode
1.36 4 3-TE,MODE 4-TM
Mode 1-TE, Mode 2-TM, Mode
1.56 4 3-TE,MODE 4-TM
Mode 1-TE, Mode 2-TM, Mode
1.78 4 3-TE,MODE 4-TM
Mode 1-TE, Mode 2-TM, Mode
2 5 3-TE,MODE 4-TM,MODE 5-TE

At width 0.31 operation is strictly single mode. At width 0.52,

0.73, 0.94 operation is single mode.

2)
Cut off for TM mode is at a width less than 0.31 micro meter.
Cut off for TE mode is at a width between 0.31 and 0.52 micro
meter.
Confinement
core width(micro meter) power confinement power confinement
TE00 TM00
0.1 0.91668 1.227
0.31 15.9026 13.3243
0.52 37.484 27.8811
0.73 52.2414 36.9927
0.94 62.6975 46.0488
1.15 65.7657 48.9177
1.36 68.6358 52.3539
1.57 69.4296 53.3249
1.78 70.4459 54.8591
2 70.7168 52.2555
 power confinement
80
70
power confinement

60
50
40
TE00
30
TM00
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
core width(micro meter)

Power confinement is initially almost same for both the modes.

As the core width increases confinement also increases and
confinement factor of TE00 is greater than that of TM00.
3)
height aspect ratio=h/w neff-TE00 neff-TM00
0.2 0.2 1.502439 1.459769
0.289 0.289 1.561152 1.497412
0.37 0.37 1.61367 1.550062
0.46 0.46 1.658588 1.602255
0.55 0.55 1.695607 1.649577
0.64 0.64 1.722867 1.691135
0.73 0.73 1.744338 1.725331
0.82 0.82 1.762462 1.750504
0.91 0.91 1.777708 1.771472
1 1 1.788967 1.788967
 mode preference
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
neff

1
neff-TE00
0.8
0.6 neff-TM00
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Aspect ratio

At lower aspect ratios effective index of TE mode is greater

than that of TM mode. So at lower aspect ratios TE mode is
preferred. When aspect ratio becomes one, both modes has
same effective index. So both has same preference. In higher
aspect ratio waveguides TM mode has higher index than TE
mode. Then TM mode is preferred.
Question 4
1)
refractive index of core no of propagating modes
1.5 0
1.6 0
1.7 0
1.8 0
1.9 1
2 1
2.1 2
2.2 2
2.3 2
2.4 2
2.5 2
2.6 2
2.7 2
 2.8 2
2.9 2
3 2
3.1 2
3.2 2
3.3 2
3.4 3
3.5 3
3.6 3
3.7 3
3.8 3
3.9 3
4 3
4.1 3
4.2 4
4.3 4
4.4 4
4.5 4

no of propogating modes vs core index

4.5
4
no of propogating modes

3.5
3
2.5
2 no of propogating modes
1.5 vs core index
1
0.5
0
-0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5
core index

2)
The effective index method is one way to calculate analytically
modes of a buried waveguide of finite dimension.
Analytical method are not suited in waveguides with finite
width like rib or ridge geometries.
Using planar approximations
n1 - refractive index of core
n2 - refractive index of cladding
wavelength=1.55 micro meter, d=0.5 micro meter
Then using V no ,no of propagating modes can be found out.
But the value doesn’t matches to the numerically calculated
values.