Scribd

Scribd Inc. /ˈskrɪbd/ is an American e-book and audiobook

subscription service that includes one million titles.[2][3][4][5]
Scribd, Inc.
Scribd hosts 60 million documents on its open publishing
platform.[6]

Founded in 2007 by Trip Adler, Jared Friedman, and Tikhon Type of Private
Bernstam, and headquartered in San Francisco, California, the
business
company is backed by Khosla Ventures, Y Combinator, Charles
River Ventures, and Redpoint Ventures.[7] Scribd's e-book Available in English, French,
subscription service is available on Android and iOS smartphones German, Indonesian,
and tablets, as well as the Kindle Fire, Nook, and personal Italian, Portuguese,
computers. Subscribers can access unlimited books a month[8] Romanian, Russian,
from 1,000 publishers, including Bloomsbury, Harlequin, Spanish
HarperCollins, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Lonely Planet,
Founded March 2007
Macmillan, Perseus Book Group, Simon & Schuster, Wiley, and
Workman.[9][10] Headquarters San Francisco,
California, US
Scribd has 80 million users, and has been referred to as "the
Founder(s) Trip Adler
Netflix for books".[11][12][13]
Jared Friedman
Tikhon Bernstam
Key people Trip Adler
Contents (co-founder and CEO)
History Jared Friedman
Founding (2007–2013) (co-founder and CTO)
Subscription service (2013–present) Tikhon Bernstam
Audiobooks (co-founder and
Comics COO)
Services Social reading and
Timeline
publishing platform
Financials
URL Scribd.com (https://w
Technology
ww.scribd.com/)
Reception
Current status Active
Accusations of copyright infringement
Controversies
BookID
Supported file formats
See also
References
External links

History
Founding (2007–2013)

Scribd began as a site to host and share documents.[12] While at

Harvard, Trip Adler was inspired to start Scribd after learning about
Previous logo
the lengthy process required to publish academic papers.[14] His
father, a doctor at Stanford, was told it would take 18 months to have
his medical research published.[14] Adler wanted to create a simple
way to publish and share written content online.[15] He co-founded Scribd with Jared Friedman and attended
the inaugural class of Y Combinator in the summer of 2006.[16] There, Scribd received its initial $120,000 in
seed funding and then launched in a San Francisco apartment in March 2007.[6]

Scribd was called "the YouTube for documents", allowing anyone to self-publish on the site using its
document reader.[14] The document reader turns PDFs, Word documents, and PowerPoints into Web
documents that can be shared on any website that allows embeds.[17] In its first year, Scribd grew rapidly to
23.5 million visitors as of November 2008.[18] It also ranked as one of the top 20 social media sites according
to Comscore.[18]

In June 2009, Scribd launched the Scribd Store, enabling writers to easily upload and sell digital copies of their
work online.[19] That same month, the site partnered with Simon & Schuster to sell e-books on Scribd.[20] The
deal made digital editions of 5,000 titles available for purchase on Scribd, including books from bestselling
authors like Stephen King, Dan Brown, and Mary Higgins Clark.[21]

In October 2009, Scribd launched its branded reader for media companies including The New York Times, Los
Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, The Huffington Post, TechCrunch, and MediaBistro.[17] ProQuest began
publishing dissertations and theses on Scribd in December 2009.[22] In August 2010, many notable documents
hosted on Scribd began to go viral, including the California Proposition 8 ruling, which received over 100,000
views in about 24 minutes, and HP's lawsuit against Mark Hurd's move to Oracle.[23][24]

Subscription service (2013–present)

In October 2013, Scribd officially launched its unlimited subscription

service for e-books. This gave users unlimited access to Scribd's
library of digital books for a flat monthly fee.[11] The company also
announced a partnership with HarperCollins which made the entire
backlist of HarperCollins' catalog available on the subscription
service.[25] According to Chantal Restivo-Alessi, chief digital officer
at HarperCollins, this marked the first time that the publisher has
released such a large portion of its catalog.[26] In March 2014, Scribd
announced a deal with Lonely Planet, offering the travel publisher's Screenshots of Scribd's subscription
entire library on its subscription service.[27] service

In May 2014, Scribd further increased its subscription offering with

10,000 titles from Simon & Schuster.[28] These titles included works from authors such as: Ray Bradbury,
Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ernest Hemingway, Walter Isaacson, Stephen King, Chuck Klosterman, and David
McCullough.[29]

Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription service in November 2014 and comic books in February
2015.[4][30]
In February 2016, it was announced that only titles from a rotating selection of the library would be available
for unlimited reading, and subscribers would have credits to read three books and one audiobook per month
from the entire library with unused credits rolling over to the next month.[31]

The credits system was discontinued on February 6, 2018, in favor of a system of "constantly rotating catalogs
of ebooks and audiobooks" that provided "an unlimited number of books and audiobooks, alongside unlimited
access to news, magazines, documents, and sheet music"[32] for a monthly subscription fee of US$8.99.[33]
However, under this unlimited service, Scribd would occasionally "limit the titles that you’re able to access
within a specific content library in a 30-day period."[34]

In October 2018, Scribd announced a joint subscription to Scribd and The New York Times for $12.99 per
month.

Audiobooks

In November 2014, Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription library.[35] Wired noted that this was the first
subscription service to offer unlimited access to audiobooks, and "it represents a much larger shift in the way
digital content is consumed over the net."[36] In April 2015, the company expanded its audiobook catalog in a
deal with Penguin Random House.[37] This added 9,000 audiobooks to its platform including titles from
authors like Lena Dunham, John Grisham, Gillian Flynn, and George R.R. Martin.[38]

Comics

In February 2015, Scribd introduced comics to its subscription service.[39] The company added 10,000 comics
and graphic novels from publishers including Marvel, Archie, Boom! Studios, Dynamite, IDW, and
Valiant.[30] These included series such as Guardians of the Galaxy, Daredevil, X-O Manowar, and The
Avengers.[40][41] However, in December 2016, comics were eliminated from the service due to low demand.

Timeline
In February 2010, Scribd unveiled its first mobile plans for e-readers and smartphones.[42] In April 2010
Scribd launched a new feature called "Readcast",[43] which allows automatic sharing of documents on
Facebook and Twitter.[44] Also in April 2010, Scribd announced its integration of Facebook social plug-ins at
the Facebook f8 Developer Conference.[45]

Scribd rolled out a redesign on September 13, 2010 to become, according to TechCrunch, "the social network
for reading".[46]

In October 2013, Scribd launched its e-book subscription service, allowing readers to pay a flat monthly fee in
exchange for unlimited access to all of Scribd's book titles.[47]

In August 2020, Scribd announced its acquisition to the LinkedIn-owned SlideShare for an undisclosed
amount. [48]

Financials
The company was initially funded with US$120,000 from Y Combinator in 2006, and received over US$3.7
million in June 2007 from Redpoint Ventures and The Kinsey Hills Group.[49][7] In December 2008, the
company raised US$9 million in a second round of funding led by Charles River Ventures with re-investment
from Redpoint Ventures and Kinsey Hills Group.[50] David O. Sacks, former PayPal COO and founder of
Yammer and Geni, joined Scribd's board of directors in January 2010.[51]

In January 2011, Scribd raised an additional US$13 million in a round led by MLC Investments of Australia
and SVB Capital.[52] In January 2015, the company raised US$22 million in new funding from Khosla
Ventures with partner Keith Rabois joining the Scribd board of directors.[53]

In 2019, Scribd raised $58 million in new funding led by growth firm Spectrum Equity. [54]

Technology
In July 2008, Scribd began using iPaper, a rich document format similar to PDF built for the web, which
allows users to embed documents into a web page.[55] iPaper was built with Adobe Flash, allowing it to be
viewed the same across different operating systems (Windows, Mac OS, and Linux) without conversion, as
long as the reader has Flash installed (although Scribd has announced non-Flash support for the iPhone).[56]
All major document types can be formatted into iPaper including Word docs, PowerPoint presentations, PDFs,
OpenDocument documents, OpenOffice.org XML documents, and PostScript files.

All iPaper documents are hosted on Scribd. Scribd allows published documents to either be private or open to
the larger Scribd community. The iPaper document viewer is also embeddable in any website or blog, making
it simple to embed documents in their original layout regardless of file format. Scribd iPaper required Flash
cookies to be enabled, which is the default setting in Flash.[57]

On May 5, 2010, Scribd announced that they would be converting the entire site to HTML5 at the Web 2.0
Conference in San Francisco.[58] TechCrunch reported that Scribd is migrating away from Flash to HTML5.
"Scribd co-founder and chief technology officer Jared Friedman tells me: 'We are scrapping three years of
Flash development and betting the company on HTML5 because we believe HTML5 is a dramatically better
reading experience than Flash. Now any document can become a Web page.'"[59][60]

Scribd has its own API to integrate external/third-party applications,[61] but is no longer offering new API
accounts.[62]

Since 2010, Scribd has been available on mobile phones and e-readers, in addition to personal computers. As
of December 2013, Scribd became available on app stores and various mobile devices.

Reception

Accusations of copyright infringement

Scribd has been accused of copyright infringement. In September 2009, American author Elaine Scott alleged
that Scribd "shamelessly profits from the stolen copyrighted works of innumerable authors".[63] Her attorneys
sought class action status in their efforts to win damages from Scribd for allegedly "egregious copyright
infringement" and accused it of calculated copyright infringement for profit.[64][65][66] The suit was dropped
in July 2010.[67][68]

In 2007, one year after its inception, Scribd was served with 25 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
takedown notices.[69]
The Guardian writes, "Harry Potter author [J.K. Rowling] is among writers shocked to discover their books
available as free downloads. Neil Blair, Rowling’s lawyer, said the Harry Potter downloads were 'unauthorised
and unlawful'...Rowling's novels aren't the only ones to be available from Scribd. A quick search throws up
novels from Salman Rushdie, Ian McEwan, Jeffrey Archer, Ken Follett, Philippa Gregory, and J.R.R.
Tolkien."[70]

Controversies

In March 2009, the passwords of several Comcast customers were leaked on Scribd. The passwords were later
removed when the news was published by The New York Times.[71][72][73]

In July 2010, Gigaom reported that the script of The Social Network (2010) movie was uploaded and leaked
on Scribd; it was promptly taken down per Sony's DMCA request.[74]

Following a decision of the Istanbul 12th Criminal Court of Peace, dated 8 March 2013, access to Scribd is
blocked for Internet users in Turkey.[75]

In July 2014, Scribd was sued by Disability Rights Advocates (represented by Haben Girma), on behalf of the
National Federation of the Blind and a blind Vermont resident, for allegedly failing to provide access to blind
readers, in violation of the Americans with Disability Act.[76] Scribd moved to dismiss, arguing that the ADA
only applied to physical locations. In March 2015, the U.S. District Court of Vermont ruled that the ADA
covered online businesses as well. A settlement agreement was reached, with Scribd agreeing to provide
content accessible to blind readers by the end of 2017.[77]

BookID

To counteract the uploading of unauthorized content, Scribd created BookID, an automated copyright
protection system that helps authors and publishers identify unauthorized use of their works on Scribd.[78] This
technology works by analyzing documents for semantic data, meta data, images, and other elements and
creates an encoded "fingerprint" of the copyrighted work.[79]

Supported file formats

Supported formats include:[80]

Microsoft Excel (.xls, .xlsx)

Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt, .pps, .pptx, .ppsx)
Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx)
OpenDocument (.odt, .odp, .ods, .odf, .odg)
OpenOffice.org XML (.sxw, .sxi, .sxc, .sxd)
Plain text (.txt)
Portable Document Format (.pdf)
PostScript (.ps)
Rich text format (.rtf)
Tagged image file format (.tif, .tiff)

See also
 Slideshare
Amazon Lending Library and Kindle Unlimited
Document collaboration
Oyster (company)
Wayback Machine
Webcite

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External links
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