LAB ASSIGNMENT

Assignment-1

 Write the syntax and one line description of the following Internal commands:
a) COPY
Syntax: C:\> COPY <Source filename> <Target file name>

b) DATE
Syntax: C:\> DATE

c) DEL
Syntax: C:\> DEL <Filename>

d) DIR
Syntax: C:\> DIR [/switches]

e) ECHO
Syntax: ECHO [ON | OFF]
ECHO [message]

f) MD
Syntax: C:\> MD <Dirname>

g) PATH
Syntax: C:\> PATH

h) PROMPT
Syntax: C:\>PROMPT

i) RD
Syntax: C:\> RD <Directory name>

j) REN
Syntax: C:\> REN <Source filename> <Target filename>.

k) TIME
Syntax: C:\> TIME
l) VER
Syntax: C:\> VER press enter

m) COPY CON
Syntax: C:\> COPY CON <Filename>

n) VOL
Syntax: C:\> VOL

Assignment-2

 Write the syntax and one line description of the following External commands:
a) ATTRIB
Syntax: C:\> ATTRIB [± r] [± a] [± h] [± s]

b) CHKDSK
Syntax: C:\> CHKDSK

c) DEFRAG
Syntax: DEFRAG [d:] [/F][/S[:]order] [/B][/skiphigh [/LCD|/BW|/GO] [/H]
DEFRAG [d:] [/V][/B][/skiphigh] [/LCD]|/BW|/GO] [/H]

d) DISKCOMP
Syntax: DISKCOMP [d:] [d:][/1][/8]

e) DELTREE
Syntax: DELTREE [/Y] [drive:]path [[drive:]path[...]]

f) TREE
Syntax: C:\> TREE<

g) DOSKEY
Syntax: DOSKEY [/switch ...] [macroname=[text]]

h) EDIT
Syntax: C:\> EDIT < file name>

i) FDISK
Syntax: FDISK [/STATUS] /X
j) FORMAT
Syntax: C:\> FORMAT A:/s

k) SCANDISK
Syntax: SCANDISK[ drive: | volume_name | /all] [/checkonly | /autofix [/nosave] |
/custom] [/fragment] [/surface] [/mono] [/nosave] [/nosummary]

Assignment-3

 What will be the result of the following commands:

 DIR *.COM
 DIR A*.*
 DIR ??A*.*
 DIR ???.COM
 DIR DISK????.*
 DIR *.EXE/O:-S/P
 DEL A : \ . /P
 COPY *.COM *.NEW

Assignment-4

 Create the following files in the root directory

File Name : SALES.TXT

Contents : This is a sales file. It store details about the total amount

of sales done by the company.

File Name : ACCTS.TXT

Contents : This is account of file. It store the salary details of all the

employees in the company.

File Name : HRD.TXT

Contents : This is a HRD file. It store the leave details about all

employees of the company.

 Assignment-5

Assignment-6

 Using the above directory structure do the following:

 Copy all the files form the directory WORD to MBA
 Copy all the files of “EXE” extension form MSOFFICE to WINDOWS directory.
 Copy all the files from WORD directory to the directory (currently in the WORD
directory) to EXECEL directory without using complete path.

Assignment-7

 Write the command for

 List all the files and directions.
 List the files only
 List the directories only
 List all the files whose filename start with “A” character
 List all the directories whose name is start with the character “A”
 List all the files whose name only made with three characters.
 List all the files in ascending order by name
 List all the directories in ascending order by name
 List all the directories in descending order by name or by size
 List all the hidden files
 List all the system files


 QUESTION BANK
COMPUTER INTRODUCTION

1. What is a computer? Explain the characteristics of computer.

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates data and produce
information. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. A computer can be
used to type documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web and also to edit
or create spreadsheets, presentations and even videos.
Computer has many characteristics. The characteristics of computers are SPEED
which in general, computer can solve the complex computation faster than human.
ACCURACY, since Computer is programmed, so whatever input we give it gives
result with accurately. STORAGE, it can store mass storage of data with appropriate
formats. DILIGENCE, computer can work for hours without any break and creating
error. VERSATILITY, computer can use to perform completely different type of
work at the same time. POWER OF REMEMBERING, it can remember data for us.
NO IQ, it does not work without instruction and it has NO FEELING, because
computer does not have emotions, knowledge, experience, and feeling.

2. What is data? How the information is generated?

Data is a Group of information collected. In formation could be anything, and is
often used to prove or disprove a hypothesis or scientific guess during experiment.
This information may be in the form of text documents, images, audio clips, software
programs, or other types of data. Computer data may be processed by the computer's
CPU and is stored in files and folders on the computer's hard disk. Computer data is a
bunch of ones and zeros, known as binary data. Because all computer data is in binary
format, it can be created, processed, saved, and stored digitally. This allows data to be
transferred from one computer to another using a network connection or various
media devices. It also does not deteriorate over time or lose quality after being used
multiple times.
3. What do you understand by computer? Write the various features of each
generation.
I understand that computer is an electronic device which is used to store the data,
as per given instructions it gives results quickly and accurately.
These are the various features of each generations. First Generation( Vacuumtube
based), the computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components
for memory and circuitry for Central Processing Unit. These tubes, like electric
bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Second
Generation (Transistor based.), in this generation, transistors were used that were
cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than
the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic
cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as
secondary storage devices. Third Generation (Integrated Circuit based), the
computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits in place of transistors. A
single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated
circuitry. Fourth Generation (VLSI microprocessor based), computers of fourth
generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having
about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a
single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fifth
Generation (ULSI microprocessor based) ,in the fifth generation, VLSI technology
became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production
of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.

4. What is Computer? Explain the various categories of computer.

Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as an input from
the user and processes it under the control of a set of instructions called program,
produces a result output, and saves it for future use. This tutorial explains the
foundational concepts of computer hardware, software, operating systems,
peripherals, etc. along with how to get the most value and impact from computer
technology.
There are four categories of computer are supercomputers, mainframe computers,
minicomputers and microcomputers. Super Computers It is an extremely fast
computer, which can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
Mainframe Computers it is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting
hundreds of users simultaneously. Software technology is different from
minicomputer. Mini Computers it is a multi-user computer system, capable of
supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. Micro Computers are the ones people
are most familiar with on a daily, non-professional basis, but of course that doesn’t
mean they’re exclusive to the home. Microcomputers are smaller computers that run
on microprocessors in their central processing units.
5. What do you understand by the generation of computer? Write the advantages
and disadvantages of each generation of computer.
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer was
being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying
hardware technologies. Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software,
which together make up an entire computer system.
First Generation( Vacuumtube based)
Advantages:
*They were capable of making arithmetic and logical operations.
*They used the electronic values in place of the key punch machines or the unit
record machines.
Disadvantages:
*They were too big in size, very slow, low level of accuracy and reliability.
*They consumed lot of electricity, generated a lot of heat and break down
frequently.

Second Generation (Transistor based.)

Advantages:
*They required very small space, were very fast and reliable and dependable.
*They used less power and dissipated less heat and had large storage capacity.
They used better peripheral devices like card readers and printer.
Disadvantages:
*They did not have any operating system and used assembly languages.
*They lacked in intelligence and decision making and needed constant upkeep
and maintenance.

Third Generation (Integrated Circuit based)

Advantages:
*The size was very small in comparison less costly and built with thousands of
transistor which were very cheap.
*They used faster better device for storage, called auxiliary backing or secondary
storage.
*They used operating system for better resource management and used the
concept of time sharing and multiple programming.
Disadvantages:
*They created lot of problems to the manufacturers at their initial stages.
*They lacked thinking power and decision making capability.
*They could not provide any insight into their internal working.

Fourth Generation (VLSI microprocessor based)

Advantages:
 *They were very small in size, and cost of operation was very less.
*They were very compact faster and reliable as they used very large scale
integrated circuits.
*They were capable of facilitating the interactive on line remote programming by
which one sitting at the distant place can get his programs executed by centrally
located computer.
Disadvantages:
*They are less powerful and had less speed than the main frame computers.
*They lacked thinking power and decision making ability.
*They had less storage capacity and needed further improvement.

Fifth Generation (ULSI microprocessor based)

Advantages:
*They are oriented towards integrated data base development to provide decision
models.
*They faster very cheap and have the highest possible storage capacity.
*They have thinking power and decision making capability and thereby they will
be able to aid the executives in the management.
Disadvantages:
*They need very low level languages; they may replace the human force and
cause grievous unemployment problems.
*They may make the human brains dull and doomed.

6. Short Notes :
a) Micro Computer
Microcomputers are smaller computers that run on microprocessors in
their central processing units. They are much, much cheaper than
supercomputers, mainframe computers and even minicomputers, because
they’re meant for everyday uses that are more practical than professional. The
ranges of capabilities for microcomputers are still vast, though. A film editor
might use a microcomputer to run many intensive editing programs at once,
while a student might use a microcomputer for Facebook and word
processing.
b) Mini Computer
A minicomputer is not a personal computer like the desktop machine you
might have at home or work. They are much larger than that. Because of the
ways microcomputers which we’ll cover next have excelled in processing
power even beyond minicomputers, and at a much smaller size,
minicomputers have become pretty much obsolete.
c) Mainframe Computer
 It is like supercomputers, mainframe computers are huge, towering
machines with lots of processing power. Mainframe computers are mostly
used by corporations, government agencies, and banks – organizations that
need a way to store large quantities of information. They are not the same as
supercomputers. The processing capabilities of mainframe computers are
measured in MIPS, or millions of instructions per second. Supercomputers, on
the other hand, are measured in FLOPS, or floating point operations per
seconds.
d) Super Computer
Supercomputers are used in computational science to calculate and carry
out a plethora of complex tasks. Modeling molecular structures, weather
forecasting, and the field of quantum mechanics, among others, rely on
supercomputers and their intense processing power to solve their equations.

7. What is computer? Explain with block diagram.

CPU

Memory Unit

Input Unit Control Unit Output Unit

Examples: 1. Softcopy
Keyboard, Mouse, Devices
Light Pen, Joystick Arithmetic and Logic
2. Hard Copy
Unit
Devices

Secondary Storage
Device

8. What is database? Write the step-by-step process to create a database.

Peripheral Deivces
 Database, also called electronic database, any collection of data, or information,
that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are
structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval, modification, and deletion of data in
conjunction with various data-processing operations.

Step-by-step process to create a database:

*On the File tab, click New, and then click Blank Database.

*Type a file name in the File Name box. To change the location of the file from the
default, click Browse for a location to put your database Button image (next to the File
Name box), browse to the new location, and then click OK.

*Click Create.

*Access creates the database with an empty table named Table1, and then opens Table1
in Datasheet view. The cursor is placed in the first empty cell in the Click to Add column.

*Begin typing to add data, or you can paste data from another source, as described in the
section Copy data from another source into an Access table.

STORAGE MEDIA
1. What do you understand by Storage media? Write the various storage media
used in a computer.
Storage media is a capacity that keeps information, data and guidelines for
use later on. All computers use stockpiling to keep the product that makes the
equipment work. As a user you store a variety of information and data on your
computer or on storage media. Storage media are the actual materials on which
information, data and guidelines are kept. At the point when a client spares data or
information to a capacity medium the person in question is putting away a record,
and this cycle is called writing.
This are the various storage media used in computer:
 Hard Drive a medium comes with the computer and is
always inside the computer. It stores all the programs that
the computer needs to work. In addition users store their
data and information on the hard drive.
 Floppy Disk a storage medium is considered to be a
portable storage medium. You put it into the computer save
your information on it, take it out, and take it with you
wherever you go.
 CD&DVD are types of storage media hold much more
information than a floppy disk. They are also considered
portable storage. These types of storage media come in
different forms. This means that there are CDs and DVDs
that you can only save information on but you cannot erase
the information. In addition there are those that can both
save information on and erase the information you have
saved.
 Flash Drive is a storage medium that is very easy to carry
around and it also holds more data than a floppy disk. As
you can see from the picture below it is very small when
compared with the others.

2. What is peripheral device? Explain different type of peripheral devices.

Peripheral devices are devices that are connected to the computer, but it is not a
part of a core computer architecture (CPU) also it is used to put information into
or get information out of the computer.
These are the different type of peripheral devices:
 Input Device is used to interact with, or send data to the computer some
example of this are mouse and keyboard.
 Output Devices it provides output to the user form the computer som
examples are printer and monitor.
  Storage Devices it store data processed by computer some examples of
this are hard drives and flash drivs.

3. What is input and output device of a computer? Explain any four input and
output devices.
Input and output devices allow the computer system to interact with the outside
world by moving data into and out of the system. An input device is used to bring
data into the system.
Some input devices are:
 Keyboard it is made up of push button switches which send a signal to the
CPU each time we press them.
 Mouse is used to control the cursor or pointer on the screen and to give
commands to the computer.
 Scanner it is a light sensitive device that helps you copy or capture images,
photos, and artwork that exist on paper and converts it into digital form
that can be processed and stored by the computer.
 Web-Camera (Webcam) is a video camera that feeds its image to a
computer or computer network.

An output device is used to send data out of the system. Some output devices are

 Monitor is an electronic visual display for computers and it is a technology

used for computer monitor CRT and LCD.
 Printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer
and transfers the information to paper, usually to standard size sheets of
paper.
 Speaker is a device that produce computer output in form of sound.
 Projector is a multimedia projector is a compact, high resolution, full-color
projector capable of projecting text images, videos and audio content.

4. Write the characteristics of RAM and ROM

Random-access memory or RAM is a form of data storage that can be accessed
randomly at any time, in any order and from any physical location in contrast to other
storage devices, such as hard drives, where the physical location of the data
determines the time taken to retrieve it. RAM is measured in megabytes and the speed
is measured in nanoseconds and RAM chips can read data faster than ROM. While
Read-only memory or ROM is a form of data storage in computers and other
electronic devices that can not be easily altered or reprogrammed. RAM is referred to
as volatile memory and is lost when the power is turned off whereas ROM in non-
volatile and the contents are retained even after the power is switched off.
5. Short Notes:
a. Floppy is a storage medium is considered to be a portable storage medium.
You put it into the computer save your information on it, take it out, and take
it with you wherever you go.
b. Hard Disk is a magnetic storage medium for a microcomputer. Hard disks are
flat, circular plates made of aluminum or glass and coated with a magnetic
material.
c. Magnetic Tape it provides a compact, economical means of preserving and
reproducing varied forms of information. Recordings on tape can be played
back immediately and are easily erased, permitting the tape to be reused many
times without a loss in quality of recording.
d. Magnetic Disk are coated with a magnetic material such as iron oxide.
example of magnetic disk the hard disks made of rigid aluminum or glass, and
removable diskettes made of flexible plastic.
e. Compact Disk is a molded plastic disc containing digital data that is scanned
by a laser beam for the reproduction of recorded sound and other information.

6. Difference between Magnetic tape and Magnetic disk.

Magnetic tape contains thin plastic ribbon is used for storing data. It is a
sequential access memory. So the data write speed is slower. It is mainly used for
data backups. While, Magnetic Disk contains circular disk made of metal or plastic.
Both side of disk is usually used for storing data. The disk is coated by magnetic
oxide. The disk is divided into multiple concentric circles known as track and tracks
are divided into sectors in which data are stored.

7. Write shorts notes on Sector, Tracks and Cylinder.

A disk is divided into tracks, cylinders, and sectors. A track is that portion of a
disk which passes under a single stationary head during a disk rotation, a ring 1 bit
wide. A cylinder is comprised of the set of tracks described by all the heads on
separate platters at a single seek position. Each cylinder is equidistant from the center
of the disk. A track is divided into segments of sectors, which is the basic unit of
storage. A sector is 512 bytes 1 disk block of data, with header and trailer
information. The latter make it possible for the controller to identify sectors, detect
data errors, and perform error corrections when necessary.

8. What is secondary storage? How is different from primary storage

Secondary storage devices are storage devices that operate alongside the
computer’s primary storage, RAM, and cache memory. Secondary storage is for any
amount of data, from a few megabytes to petabytes. These devices store almost all
 types of programs and applications. This can consist of items like the operating
system, device drivers, applications, and user data. For example, internal secondary
storage devices include the hard disk drive, the tape disk drive, and compact disk
drive. A secondary storage device is a non-volatile device that holds data until it is
deleted or overwritten. Secondary storage is about two orders of magnitude cheaper
than primary storage. Consequently, a hard drive or an additional, slower SSD may
used as secondary storage to a primary, faster, PCIe SSD.

9. Distinguish between a Sequential access, a direct access and a Random access

device. Give one example of each
Sequential access must begin at the beginning and access each element in order,
one after the other. Ex: Magnetic tapes.
Direct access allows the access of an element directly by locating it by its index
number or address. Ex: CD.
Random-access device is a any memory device in which it is possible to find any
particular record as quickly, on average, as any other record. The computer’s internal
RAM and disk storage devices are examples of random-access devices.

10. Explain how information is recorded on a magnetic tape.

Magnetic tape recording works by converting electrical audio signals into
magnetic energy, which imprints a record of the signal onto a moving tape
covered in magnetic particles.
Tape recording relies on a plastic film coated with tiny magnetic particles
on one side moving at a consistent speed through a tape machine. This is
accomplished by unwinding the tape from one reel, passing it through a series of
stabilizing rollers and guides, and spooling it onto a second takeup reel to be
stored. If the speed is changed during playback or recording due to improper
settings or faulty motors, the pitch will be distorted.
Between the reels, the tape passes over a series of magnetic heads that
convert audio signals into magnetic energy and back again. First the tape passes
over the erase head, which scrambles anything stored on that track.
Next comes the record or sync head, which is essentially a stack of
magnets, each wound with a coil of wire. Between the positive and negative poles
of each magnet is a tiny gap where an electromagnetic field is created that
fluctuates in response to the changing signal. As the tape passes by, these pulses
align the tiny magnetic particles into patterns, leaving a record of the sound.
Finally, the tape moves across a dedicated playback head, which “reads”
the magnetic information stored on the tape and converts it back into electrical
signals that are sent to the machine’s outputs. The record head can also play back
what’s on the other tracks while recording to enable real-time overdubbing.
11. What is parity bit? How is it used for detecting error?
A parity bit, also known as a check bit, is a single bit that can be appended
to a binary string. It is set to either 1 or 0 to make the total number of 1-bits either
even "even parity" or odd "odd parity".
Parity bit is used to detect error, whenever a message is transmitted, it
may get scrambled by noise or data may get corrupted. To avoid this, we use
error-detecting codes which are additional data added to a given digital message
to help us detect if an error occurred during transmission of the message. A
simple example of error-detecting code is parity check.
12. Discuss the relative advantages and dis advantages of magnetic tape and
magnetic disk.
Magnetic tape Advantages:
 Probably the cheapest form of storage per megabyte of storage.
 Can store large amounts of data - up to 1 Terabyte per tape cartridge.
 Can be set up to do the back up overnight or over the weekend.

Disadvantages:

 Serial access so can be quite slow to access data.

 Need a special piece of equipment to record and read the data on the tape.
 The data may be corrupted if the tape is placed near a strong magnetic field a
large speaker or magnet.

Magnetic Disk Advantages:

 Relatively cheap per unit of storage. Fast access and retrieval times compared
to other storage devices.

Disadvantages:

 Can be easily damaged, will slow down and eventually break over time.
Slower access than Solid State Drives.

Magnetic Tapes and Magnetic Disks are the types of magnetic memory. Both are
called non-volatile storage and used for store data.

Magnetic tape contains thin plastic ribbon is used for storing data. It is a sequential
access memory. So the data reas/write speed is slower. It is mainly used for data backups.

Magnetic Disk contains circular disk made of metal or plastic. Both side of disk is
usually used for storing data. The disk is coated by magnetic oxide. The disk is divided
into multiple concentric circles known as track and tracks are divided into sectors in
which data are stored.
13. Why are I/O devices necessary for a computer system?
Computers are obsessed over the two letters Input and Output. Input and Output
stands for Input and Output, which are the two things a computer does best. Really,
Input and Output is pretty much the only thing a computer does. The devices
connected to your computer are divided into input and output camps.
Input devices: The computer receives information from input devices. The
keyboard and mouse are two input devices, as are a scanner and a digital camera.
They all send information to the computer.
Output devices: The computer sends information from output devices. Output is
simply anything the computer produces. The stuff displayed on the monitor is output,
sound is output, and the pages the computer prints are output. The monitor, speakers,
and printer are all output devices.
Devices that both input and output: Some devices can do both input and output.
For example, a disk drive can supply input to the computer as well as store output. A
modem both sends and receives information.

14. Why are l/O devices very slow compared to the speed of primary storage and
CPU?\
The difference is due to distance. Keep in mind the computations done within a
CPU only have to travel millimeter if not a micrometer or nanometer before either
performing an action or displaying something. When an input device does this
something different happens. The input device recognizes the signal just as the CPU,
and it does what it's programmed to do, THEN it sends a signal and/or data via cable
to the computer, which then sends to the CPU to perform the action within the
computer.
So in essence the CPU is only limited by the speed of which it can process
information and the output device displaying the information. Where as an input
device has the same parameters as the CPU plus the time it takes for itself to process
data and send the data/signal through the cord into the computer.
In short, an input device will never be as fast as your computer's CPU, as it relies
on it's own computations in addition to your computer's computations via the CPU.

15. What is printer? Explain the various categories of printer.

A printer is an output device that prints paper documents. This includes text
documents, images, or a combination of both. The two most common types of
printers are inkjet and laser printers. The two most common types of printers are
inkjet and laser printers. Inkjet printers are commonly used by consumers, while laser
 printers are a typical choice for businesses. Dot matrix printers, which have become
increasingly rare, are still used for basic text printing.

16. Difference between Impact and Non-Impact printer.

An Impact printer is a type of printer that operates by striking a metal or plastic
head against an ink ribbon. The ink ribbon is pressed against the paper, marking the
page with the appropriate character, dot, line or symbol. While Non-impact printers
are printers that form characters and images without direct physical contact between
the printing mechanism and the paper. Non-impact printers use a cartridge filled with
toner or liquid ink, which allows them to produce fine-quality images quickly and
quietly.

17. Write short on:

a. Letter quality printer
A letter-quality printer is a type of impact printer where the printing element
comes in direct contact with the paper, which gives a more professional look
to the printed form. Letter-quality printers provide crisp and clear printing,
similar to that of a printing press.
b. Dot Matrix printer
Dot matrix printers work by striking a grid of pins against a ribbon. Different
characters are printed by using different pin combinations.
c. Ink-Jet printer
Inkjet printers form images with tiny dots, they spray tiny drops of ink onto
the page from the four nozzles through holes in a matrix at high speed onto
paper.

18. What is Line printer? Why it is so call?

A line printer is an impact printer which makes use of a continuous feed of paper
and prints one line of text at a time. Although they have been replaced in most
instances by high-speed laser printers, they are still used in some business as they are
low cost and have the ability to print on multi-part forms. A line printer is also known
as a bar printer.

19. What is keyboard device? List out some of their characteristics?

A keyboard is one of the primary input devices used with a computer. Similar to
an electric typewriter, a keyboard is composed of buttons that create letters, numbers,
and symbols, and other functions. The following sections provide more in-depth
information and answers to some of the more frequently asked questions about the
keyboard.
 Characteristics of keyboard:
 There are a number of keys on the keyboard that perform specific functions.
 The function of the mouse can be performed by using a keyboard i.e. instead
of moving mouse we can use arrow keys on the keyboard.
 Keyboards are less expensive.
 There are four chief parts of a keyboard and they are the main keyboard,
cursor keys, numeric keypad and function keys.

20. What is MICR? What industry is the primary user of MICR?

Magnetic ink character recognition code, known in short as MICR code, is a
character recognition technology used mainly by the banking industry to streamline
the processing and clearance of cheques and other documents. MICR encoding, called
the MICR line, is at the bottom of cheques and other vouchers and typically includes
the document-type indicator, bank code, bank account number, cheque number,
cheque amount, and a control indicator. The format for the bank code and bank
account number is country-specific.

21. What is digitizer?

A digitizer is a hardware device that receives analog information, such as sound
or light, and records it digitally. Usually, the information is stored in a file on a
computing device. This process is called digitization.

22. What is a plotter? What is its principle use?

A plotter is a printer designed for printing vector graphics. Instead of printing
individual dots on the paper, plotters draw continuous lines. This makes plotters ideal
for printing architectural blueprints, engineering designs, and other CAD drawings.

 Give the full form of the following abbreviation: VDT, CRT, IOP, CAD, POS,
OMR, OCR, UPC, MICR, COM
VDT- Visual Display Terminal
CRT- Cathode-Ray Tube
IOP- Intraocular Pressure
CAD- Computer-Aided Design
POS- Point Of Sale
OMR- Optical Mark Recognition
OCR- Optical Character Recognition
UPC- Universal Product Code
MICR- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
COM-
 Indicate whether the following peripheral devices can be used for input, output or
both.

a) Card Reader - input

b) Magnetic Tape – both input and output
c) Visual Display Terminal- both input and output
d) Digitizer- input
e) Line Printer- input
f) Magnetic Disk- input
g) OCR device- input
h) Plotter- output

 Define the hardware and software.

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Computer Hardware
is any part of the computer that we can touch these parts. These are the primary electronic
devices used to build up the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the
Processor, Memory Devices, Monitor, Printer, Keyboard, Mouse, and the Central
Processing Unit.
Software is a collection of instructions, procedures, documentation that performs
different tasks on a computer system. we can say also Computer Software is a
programming code executed on a computer processor. The code can be machine-level
code or the code written for an operating system. Examples of software are Ms Word,
Excel, Power Point, Google Chrome, Photoshop, MySQL.

 How many types of software are there? Given two examples of each.
a) System software
 Operating system
 Language processor
b) Application software
 Word processor
 Spreadsheet,

 Define and distinguish between application software and system software.

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a
computer's hardware and application programs. System software is of three main types
Operating system, Language processor, Utility software. While Applications software
include such things as database programs, word processors, Web browsers and
 spreadsheets. An application is any program, or group of programs, that is designed for
the end user.

 Highlight the importance of system software for a computer system.

It provides the foundation for the infrastructure software that links and manages
hardware, networks, and software together. It’s comprised of operating systems, system
and network management, and information management. The operating system controls
the basic functions of a computer or network.

 What is firmware and what is its importance to the computer system architect?
Firmware is a term that is commonly used to describe certain programs that are
stored in ROM. Firmware often refers to a sequence of instructions that is substituted for
hardware. For example, in an instance where cost is more important than performance,
the computer system architect might decide not to use special electronic circuits to
multiply two numbers, but instead write instructions to cause the machine to accomplish
the same function by repeated use of circuits already designed to perform addition.

 Difference between Hardware, Software and Firmware

a) Software is the set of user programs running on a system that are designed to be
updated often by those users.
b) Firmware is semi-permanent software running on a system that may or may not
be updated often, and usually require a higher level of skill or effort.
c) Hardware is the physical components of a system that the software and firmware
run on, and that are updated least often.
 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND LANGUAGE

1. What is computer program? Explain the features of computer program.

Computer program is a detailed plan or procedure for solving a problem with a
computer; more specifically, an unambiguous, ordered sequence of computational
instructions necessary to achieve such a solution. The distinction between computer
programs and equipment is often made by referring to the former as software and the
latter as hardware.
The features of computer program are :
Portability , A program should be supported by many different computers. The
program should compile and run smoothly on different platforms. So, portability is
measured by how a software application can be transferred from one computer
environment to another without failure. A program is said to be more portable, if it is
easily adopted in different computer systems.
Maintainability, It is the process of fixing program errors and improving the
program. If a program is easy to read and understand, then its maintenance will be easier.
It should also prevent unwanted works, so that the maintenance cost in future will be low.
It should also have quality to easily meet new requirements.
Efficient, Program is said to be more efficient, if it takes less space and easily
converted to machine language. The algorithm should be more effective. The program
efficiency is also high if it has high speed during runtime execution of program.
Reliable, The user's actual needs will change from time-to-time, so program is
said to be reliable if it works smoothly in every version. It is measured as high reliable if
it gives same performance in all simple to complex conditions.
Machine Independence, Program should be machine independent. Program
written on one system should be able to execute on any other without any changes. It is
not system specific and provide more flexibility.
Cost Effectiveness, Cost Effectiveness is the key to measure the program quality.
Cost must be measured over the life of the program and must include both cost and
human cost of producing these programs.
Flexible, Program should be written in such a manner that it allows to add new
features without changing the existing module. It should be always ready to meet new
requirements. A high flexible software is always ready for a new world of possibilities.

2. What is computer language? Write the various level of computer language.

Computer languages are systems of communication with a computer. Such
languages are used to create computer code or program code, the set of instructions
forming a computer program which is executed by the computer.
There three level of computer language Machine Language is the fundamental
language of the computer’s processor, also called Low Level Language. All programs are
converted into machine language before they can be executed. Consists of combination of
 0’s and 1’s that represent high and low electrical voltage. Assembly Language a low
level language that is similar to machine language. Uses symbolic operation code to
represent the machine operation code. High Level Language Computer languages that
are easier to learn. Uses English like statements. Examples are C ++, Visual Basic,
Pascal, Fortran.

3. How does a computer language is different from a natural language?

Computer languages are designed to be easily used by machines, but not people
and unambiguous, while natural languages like English are easily used by humans, but
not machines. natural languages are often multiply ambiguous and require interpretation
in context to be fully. Natural languages are also creative and allow poetry, metaphor and
other interpretations. Programming does allow some variation in style, but the meaning is
not flexible.

4. What is machine language? Why is it required?

Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads
and interprets. Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of
understanding. It is required because a computer cannot directly understand the
programming languages used to create computer programs, so the program code must be
compiled. Once a program's code is compiled, the computer can understand it because the
program's code is turned into machine language.

5. What are the advantages and limitation of machine language?

Advantage of machine language:
 Machine language makes fast and efficient use of the computer.
 It requires no translator to translate the code. It is directly understood by the
computer.

Limitation of machine language:

 All operation codes have to be remembered.

 All memory addresses have to be remembered.
 It is hard to amend or find errors in a program written in the machine language.

6. What is an assembly language? What are its advantages over machine language?
Assembly language is a low-level programming language designed for a specific
type of processor. It may be produced by compiling source code from a high-level
programming language such as C++but can also be written from scratch. Assembly code
can be converted to machine code using an assembler.
Advantages of assembly language over machine language:
  The symbolic programming of Assembly Language is easier to understand and
saves a lot of time and effort of the programmer.
 It is easier to correct errors and modify program instructions.
 Assembly Language has the same efficiency of execution as the machine level
language. Because this is one-to-one translator between assembly language
program and its corresponding machine language program.

7. What is an assembler?
Assembler is a computer program which converts or translate assembly language
into machine language. It assembles the machine language program in the main memory
of the computer and makes it ready for execution.

8. What is the difference between a source program and object program?

The main difference between source program and object program is that a source
program is a collection of instructions written using a programming language, while an
object program is an output generated after compiling the source program.
A program is a set of instructions that directs the computer to perform a task. A
programmer writes the program using a specific programming language, and this
program is called the source program. The compiler compiles the source code to
generate the object program. Overall, the programmer understands the source program
but does not understand the object program. On the other hand, the machine does not
understand the source program but understands the object program.

9. What is High level language? Why are they known as problem-oriented languages?
Name some high level languages.
High level language is abbreviated as HLL. High level languages are similar to
the human language. Unlike low level languages, high level languages are programmers
friendly, easy to code, debug and maintain. Examples of high-level programming
languages in active use today include Python, Visual Basic, Delphi, Perl, PHP, C# and
Java.
The term problem-oriented languages, if taken literally, is too general to be
useful in the taxonomy of programming languages. In its most general meaning, one
would have to include any programming language that helps solve problems.

10. What is translator? Explain the significance of it.

A translator is a programming language processor that converts a computer
program from one language to another. It takes a program written in source code and
converts it into machine code. It discovers and identifies the error during translation. It
translates high-level language program into a machine language program that the central
processing unit (CPU) can understand. It also detects errors in the program.
11. What do you understand by translator? Explain the various types of translator.
I understand that the translator is a generic term that can refer to anything that
converts code from one computer language into another. A program written in high-level
language is called source program. There are three types of translator the compiler,
interpreter and assembler. A compiler compiles entire C source code into machine code.
Whereas, interpreters converts source code into intermediate code and then this
intermediate code is executed line by line. A assembler is a program that converts
assembly level language low level language into machine level language. An interpreter
is a computer program, which coverts each high-level program statement into the
machine code.
12. Difference between Compiler and Interpreter.
Interpreter translates just one statement of the program at a time into machine
code. An interpreter takes very less time to analyze the source code. However, the overall
time to execute the process is much slower. An interpreter does not generate an
intermediary code. Hence, an interpreter is highly efficient in terms of its memory. Keeps
translating the program continuously till the first error is confronted. If any error is
spotted, it stops working and hence debugging becomes easy. Interpreters are used by
programming languages like Ruby and Python for example.
Compiler scans the entire program and translates the whole of it into machine
code at once. A compiler takes a lot of time to analyze the source code. However, the
overall time taken to execute the process is much faster. A compiler always generates an
intermediary object code. It will need further linking. Hence more memory is needed. A
compiler generates the error message only after it scans the complete program and hence
debugging is relatively harder while working with a compiler. Compliers are used by
programming languages like C and C++ for example.

13. What is compiler? Why is it required?

A Compiler is a program or set of programs that converts source code written in
a high-level language to low-level language (assembly language or machine language). A
programming language can have many compilers. For example – GCC C, Turbo C,
Quick C etc. are different compilers for C programming language.
The compiler is required because a computer understands only binary language
and executes instructions coded in binary language. It cannot execute a single instruction
given in any other form. Therefore, we must provide instructions to the computer in
binary language. Means we must write computer programs entirely in binary language
 APPLICATION SOFTWARE

1. What is word Processor? Explain the features of word processor.

2. What is word? Explain any ten features of words.
3. What is mail merge? Explain the feature of word processing.
4. Write the steps for creating a document in mail merge.
5. Explain the various documents used in mail merge with example.
6. What is spread sheet? Explain the different features of spread sheet.
7. Write the different application area of spread sheet.
8. What is excel? Write all the facilities provided by Excel.
9. Write the steps for generating graph in Excel.
10. What is Workbook, Worksheet and Workspace in Excel?
11. What is Power Point? Write the application of power point.
 OPERATING SYSTEM

1. What is an Operating System? Explain the various function of Operating

System(OS).
2. What is the significance of OS? Explain the various type of OS.
3. Difference between Single program and Multiprogramming.
4. Write the advantages of Multi-program over Single program.
5. Difference between DOS and WINDOWS.
6. Explain the various features of WINDOWS Operating System.
7. What is file? Explain the use of file.

COMPUTER NETWORK

1. What is protocol? Explain the use of File Transfer Protocol(FTP).

2. Write the various connections achieved in FTP.
3. What is computer network? Explain the feature of computer network.
4. What is E-Mail? Explain the features of email.
5. What is email? Explain the various parts of email.
6. Write the steps for sending a message through email.
7. What is World Wide Web(WWW)? Explain the feature of WWW.
8. How the WW is related to Internet?
9. What is Internet? Write the various features of Internet.