Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Effectiveness of
Brazil’s Federal
Protected Areas
Ministry of the Environment
Marina Silva
Edições Ibama
SCEN, Trecho 2, Bloco B, Sub-solo
70.818-900 - Brasília, DF
Telephone: 55 61 3316 1065
E-mail: editora.sede@ibama.gov.br
Printed in Brazil
Management
Effectiveness of
Brazil’s Federal
Protected Areas
Written by
IBAMA
WWF-Brasil
Organized by
Cristina Aragão Onaga
Maria Auxiliadora Drumon
Translated by
Adriana Casanova Guedes de Almeida
Brasília, 2007
WWF-Brasil
Board of Directors
President Emeritus
Dr. Paulo Nogueira-Neto
President
Álvaro de Souza
Vice-Presidents
Cláudio Valladares Pádua - Conservation
José Pedro Sirotsky - Marketing e Communications
Marcos Falcão – Finances and Control
Mário Augusto Frering – Institutional Relations
Board of Advisors
Bia Aydar
Eduardo de Souza Martins
Eduardo Plass
Everardo de Almeida Maciel
Francisco Antunes Maciel Müssnich
Haakon Lorentzen
José Eli da Veiga
Luís Paulo Saade Montenegro
Paulo César Gonçalves Egler
Sérgio Besserman Vianna
Superintendents
Carlos Alberto Scaramuzza – Thematic Programs
Cláudio Maretti – Regional Programs
Mônica Rennó - Marketing and Corporate Relations
Regina Cavini – Organizational Development
WWF - Brasil
Marisete Inês Santin Catapan
Marco Aurélio Rodrigues
Address
SHIS EQ QL 6/8
Conjunto E, 2º andar
71620-430 - Brasilia, DF
Telephone: 55 61 3364-7400
Ibama “The wisdom of nature WWF-Brasil
is such that it doesn’t
The Brazilian produce anything WWF-Brasil is a non-profit Brazilian
Institute of Environment and civil society organization,
Renewable Resources is a superfluous or useless.” recognized by the government as an
government agency associated to the institution of public utility. Created
Ministry of the Environment. Ibama is in 1996, WWF-Brasil works
a corporate entity of public law. It was Nicolau Copernico throughout the entire country.
enacted in 1989 through the fusion of WWF-Brasil´s mission is to
four Brazilian agencies that worked contribute to a Brazilian society that
with environmental matters: the conserves its natural environment
Secretariat for the Environment by harmonizing human activity with
(SEMA), the Superintendence for the conservation of biodiversity and
Rubber Development (SUDHEVEA), the rational use of natural resources,
the Superintendence for Fishery to the benefit of the citizens of
Development (SUDEPE) and the
today and of future generations.
Brazilian Institute for Forest
Development (IBDF). Since then,
IBAMA has become responsible for
formulating, coordinating, carrying The WWF-Brasil has programs that
out and overseeing the National are related to the Amazon, the
Policies for the Environment, the Pantanal, the Atlantic Forest, climatic
preservation, conservation and changes, agriculture and the
rational use, fiscalization, control and environment, environmental
protection of renewable natural education, among others. Its
resources. With the advent of headquarters are located in Brasilia,
Provisional Measure 366 of April and there are six regional offices in
26th, 2007, the management of the country.
federal Protected Areas under full
protection and of sustainable use The main themes addressed by
became a responsibility of the Chico WWF-Brasil include promotion of
Mendes Institute for Biodiversity the sustainable use of natural
Conservation, whose attribution is to resources, understanding of threats
carry out the national protected areas to degradation of nature and finding
policy pertaining to the federal solutions to minimize them and
attributions related to the provide support to protected areas.
proposition, implantation, In this field, the WWF-Brasil
management, protection, fiscalization participates in the Protected Areas
and monitoring of Protected Areas of the Amazon Program (ARPA),
which is coordinated by the Ministry
instituted by the Union. of the Environment, carried out by
Ibama, Amazonian state
The Chico Mendes Institute organizations and the Funbio, in
for Biodiversity Conservation is partnership with the World Fund for
responsible for managing 290 the Environment through the World
protected area sites distributed Bank, and with the German
throughout Brazil and that encompass Cooperation through the KfW and
about 8% of the entire national GTZ.
territory. Of these protected area
sites, 126 are sites under full WWF-Brasil is also a member of the
protection and 164 are of sustainable world’s largest environmental
use. The first group of protected network: the WWF Network.
areas totals 4% of the territorial Created in 1961, the WWF Network
extension and is comprised of 62 consists of similar and autonomous
national parks, 29 biological reserves, organizations from 40 countries and
32 ecological stations and 3 wildlife is supported by some 5 million
refuges. The second group – that of people, including registered
protected areas of sustainable use, is members and volunteers. The WWF
comprised by 31 environmental Network operates in more than 100
protection areas, 17 areas of relevant countries throughout 5 continents.
ecological interest, 64 national The international headquarters of
forests, 51 extractivist reserves and 1 the WWF Network is located in
sustainable development reserve. Switzerland.
Editing Team
Office for Strategic Management (Diretoria de Gestão
Estratégica – Diget)
Mônica Borges Gomes Assad
Office for Forests (Diretoria de Florestas – Diref)
Ana Lúcia das Graças A. Chagas
Rosa Lia Gondim de Castro
Office for Ecosystems (Diretoria de Ecossistemas – Direc)
Maria Iolita Bampi
Office for Social-Environmental Development
(Diretoria de Desenvolvimento Socioambiental – Disam)
Sandra Maria da Silva Barbosa
Rodrigo Rodrigues
WWF-Brasil
Marisete Inês Santin Catapan
Marco Aurélio Rodrigues
Organizers
Cristina Aragão Onaga
Maria Auxiliadora Drumond
Publishing Team
Ibama
Coordination
Cleide Passos
Proofreading and Editing
Cleide Passos
Maria José Teixeira
Layout, Diagram and Cover
Paulo Luna
Bibliographic Standardization
Helionidia C. Oliveira
WWF-Brasil
Ana Cíntia Guazzelli
Cataloging-in-publication data
IBAMA- Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources
I59e Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural
Resources
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas:
Implementation of the Rappam Method – Rapid Assessment and
Prioritization of Protected Area Management / IBAMA. WWF-Brasil.
Brasilia, 2007.
Tradução do: Efetividade de Gestão da Unidades de Conservação
Federal do Brasil.
96 p. ; color il. ; 29 cm.
ISBN 978-85-7300-271-3
1. Environmental management – Brazil. 2. Protected Areas. 3.
Rappam Methodology I. Onaga, Cristina Aragão. II. Drumond, Maria
Auxiliadora. III. Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable
Natural Resources. IV. WWF-Brasil. V. Title.
7. Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 83
8. Technical Team .................................................................................................................................. 85
12
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph 1 – Number of protected area sites assessed by the Rappam methodology per
region of Brazil. ............................................................................................................... 24
Graph 2 – Number of protected area sites assessed by the Rappam methodology per
biome. .................................................................................................................................... 25
Graph 3 – Biological and socioeconomic importance of Ecological Stations and federal
Biological Reserves. ......................................................................................................... 29
Graph 4 – Vulnerabilities of federal Biological Reserves and Ecological Stations. ........... 30
Graph 5 – Effectiveness of management in federal Ecological Stations and Biological
Reserves, per management element and analysis module. ............................... 31
Graph 6 – Planning element for federal Ecological Stations and Biological Reserves, per
analysis module. ....................................................................................................... 32
Graph 7 – Inputs element for federal Ecological Stations and Biological Reserves, per
analysis module. .............................................................................................................. 32
Graph 8 – Processes element for federal Ecological Stations and Biological Reserves,
per analysis module. ........................................................................................................ 33
Graph 9 – Outcomes element for Federal Ecological Stations and Biological Reserves. .. 33
Graph 10 – Biological and socioeconomic importance of National Parks and Federal
Wildlife Refuges. ................................................................................................................ 39
Graph 11 – Vulnerability of National Parks and federal Wildlife Refuges. ........................... 40
Graph 12 – Management effectiveness of National Parks and federal Wildlife Refuges,
per management element and analysis module. .................................................. 41
Graph 13 – Planning element of National Parks and Federal Wildlife Refuges, per analysis
module. ................................................................................................................................ 42
Graph 14 – Inputs element of National Parks and federal Wildlife Refuges, per analysis
module. ............................................................................................................................... 42
Graph 15 – Processes element of National Parks and federal Wildlife Refuges, per analysis
module. .............................................................................................................. 43
Graph 16 – Outputs element of National Parks and federal Wildlife Refuges. .................... 43
Graph 17 – Biological and socioeconomic importance of federal Environmental Protection
Areas and Areas of Relevant Ecological Interest. .............................. 48
Graph 18 – Vulnerability of frederal Environmental Protection Areas and Areas of Relevant
Ecological Interest. ............................................................................................................... 49 13
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
14
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC – Acre
AL – Alagoas
AM – Amazonas
AP – Amapá
APA – Environmental Protection Area
Arie – Area of Relevant Ecological Interest
BA – Bahia
CE – Ceará
CMAP – World Comission on Protected Areas
DF – Federal District (Distrito Federal)
Diget – Office for Strategic Management
Dipro – Office for Environmental Protection
Direc – Office for Ecosystems
Diref – Office for Forests
Disam – Office for Social-Environmental Development
EE – Ecological Station
EPP – Office of Programs and Projects
ES – Espírito Santo
FN – National Forest
GO – Goiás
GPS – Global Positioning System
GT – Workgroup
Ha – Hectares
Ibama – Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources World
Conservation Union (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources)
MA – Maranhão
MG – Minas Gerais
MMA – Ministry of the Environment
MS – Mato Grosso do Sul
MT – Mato Grosso
NUC – Nucleus of Protected Areas
ONG – Non-governmental organization
15
PA – Protected Area
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
PB – Paraíba
PE – Pernambuco
PI – Piauí
PN – National Park
PR – Paraná
Rappam– Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Areas Management (Erin, 2003)
RB – Biological Reserve
RDS – Sustainable Development Reserve
Resex – Extractivist Reserve
RH – Human Resources
RJ – Rio de Janeiro
RN – Rio Grande do Norte
RO – Rondônia
RR – Roraima
RS – Rio Grande do Sul
RVS – Wildlife Refuge
SC – Santa Catarina
SE – Sergipe
Siuc – System of Information on Protected Areas
Snuc – National System for Nature Protected Areas
SP – São Paulo
TO – Tocantins
UF – State of the Federative Republic of Brazil
UICN – The World Conservation Union
16
F ORWARD
17
2T HE RAPPAM METHODOLOGY
Outlook, Goals
What are the and Objectives
Wath de we
weaknesses of the expect to attain?
management cycle?
Figure 1 – Management and assessment cycle proposed by the IUCN - WCPA. (Source: Hockings et al.,
2000) 19
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
three different modules: (1) design and species that face extinction, biodiversity,
planning of the area, which verifies if ecosystemic diversity, level of endemism,
biodiversity conservation objectives and social- critical purpose of the areas of ecologic
cultural aspects are being fulfilled; (2) policies processes, representativeness in the protected
for protected areas, which include planning area system, the area’s capacity to sustain
and system management practices; and the minimum viable populations of key species,
(3) political context, which assesses public balance between the structural diversity and
policies related to the conservation of natural the history of interferences in the area,
resources. representativeness of ecosystems that are
Biological importance is assessed by: becoming rare and the maintenance of natural
the richness of rare endangered species or processes.
21
3 METHOD APPLICATION IN
PROTECTED AREAS
BRAZIL’S FEDERAL
Table 1 – Number of questionnaire answered and participants per Rappam phase for Ibama’s federal
protected areas.
Oficinas e participantes
Oficina de capacitação - 19
Oficina de recomendações 87 59
3.2 Data Analysis Procedures relevant element for placing the protected
areas mentioned in item 2 within a context
Table 2 presents the framework of the and for assessing their management
questionnaire used for method application in effectiveness. The complete questionnaire,
federal protected areas of Brazil. The questions which details the specific approach for each
are grouped by theme, according to the question, is included in the annexes.
Table 2 – Framework of the assessment questionnaire applied in the federal protected areas of Brazil.
1 √ Profile 15
2 √ Pressures and threats Variable 1
√ Context 29
3 • Biological importance 10
4 • Socioeconomic importance 10
5 • Vulnerability 9
6 • Objectives 5
7 • Legal framework 5
8 • Area design and planning 6
√ Inputs 22
9 • Human resources 5
10 • Communication and information 6
11 • Infrastructure 5
12 • Financial resources 6
√ Processes 17
13 • Planning 5
14 • Decision-making process 6
15 • Research, assessment and monitoring 6
√ Outputs 16 12
For the analysis of pressures and infrastructure; (11) conversion of soil use;
threats, 16 activities that potentially impact (12) presence of invasive exotic species; (13)
protected areas were defined: (1) lumbering; pressures by human populations over the
(2) mining; (3) clearing of land for grazing; natural and cultural resources; (14) external
(4) hunting; (5) fishing; (6) collection of non- influences; (15) urban expansion; and (16)
wood products; (7) tourism and recreation; fires due to anthropic influences. Table 3
(8) waste disposal; (9) occurrence of semi- lists the assessment standards, or elements,
natural processes (natural processes magnified and the values respectively attributed to
by anthropic influence); (10) construction of them.
24 1
For this item, 16 activities of impact are assessed. Their occurrence varies in each protected area site.
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
For each question for modules 3 to Values greater than 60% are considered high,
19 (Table 2), there are four possible answers, those between 40 and 60% are considered
whose point values are listed in Table 4. The average, and those under 40% are considered
scores obtained are given in percentage values. low.
Answer
Tabela 4 – Pontuação utilizada para a análise dos módulos 3 a 19 do Point value
questionário.
Yes (Y) 5
Tabela 4. Os resultados obtidos são
Predominantly yes (p/y) enunciados em 3valores percentuais, sendo co
Predominantly no (p/n) 1
No (N) 0
All of the Brazilian states were Acre, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and São
represented by the protected area sites Paulo (10); Espírito Santo (9); Ceará,
assessed through the Rappam Methodology Maranhão, Piauí and Roraima (8); Amapá,
(Table 6), in order from greatest to least Goiás and Mato Grosso (6); the Federal District
participation: Pará (30); Amazonas (20); Rio and Pernambuco (5); Alagoas, Paraíba Rio
de Janeiro (16); Minas Gerais (14); Santa Grande do Norte and Tocantins (4); Sergipe
Catarina (13); Rondônia (12); Bahia (11); (3); and Mato Grosso do Sul (2).
Table 6 – Number of protected area sites assessed through the Rappam methodology per state and
category.
MG
AM
MA
GO
MS
MT
RO
RR
AC
RN
CE
RS
SC
PR
TO
BA
AP
ES
PB
SE
PE
SP
AL
DF
Group Category
RJ
PA
Total
PI
Full protection
EE 1 1 3 1 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 1 30
RB 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 28
PN 1 2 2 5 2 1 1 2 3 6 1 2 2 1 3 4 5 2 3 3 2 1 1 55
RVS 1 1 1 3
APA 2 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 2 2 1 28
Sustainable Use
Arie 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
FN 2 7 1 1 2 1 3 2 3 6 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 5 1 3 52
Resex 5 1 5 1 2 1 4 15 1 1 4 1 1 1 43
RDS 1 1
Total 10 4 20 6 11 8 5 9 6 8 14 2 6 30 4 5 8 10 16 4 12 8 10 13 3 10 4 246
Graph 1 – Number of protected area sites assessed by the Rappam methodology per region of Brazil.
The Amazon was the most assessed (Graph 2). The Atlantic Forest
represented biome, with 93 sites and biome followed with 61 sites, but
26 approximately 75% of the total area of sites represents only 5% of the total area as each
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
site is on average 10 times smaller than Marine Zone, Cerrado, Caatinga, Pantanal and
those in the Amazon. Pampa. These biomes were little represented
Other biomes, in order from greatest in the system analyzed as they each have two
to least representativeness are: Coastal and and one protected area sites, respectively.
Graph 2 – Number of protected area sites assessed by the Rappam methodology per biome.
27
Ecological
Stations and
Biological
Reserves
4R ESULTS
Table 7 – Federal Ecological Stations assessed through the Rappam methodology, per biome, state,
area of extension (in hectares), and date of creation.
1
Ecological Stations (EE) are for the purpose of conserving nature and carrying out scientific research, according
to Brazilian Law 9985/2000
2
Biological Reserves (RB) have the objective of providing full protection of the biota and other natural attributes
present within its limits, without direct human interference or environmental modifications, except for measures
for the recovery of their altered ecosystems and management measures that are necessary for the recovery
and preservation of natural balance, biological diversity and natural ecological processes. Article 10 of Brazilian 29
Law 9985/2000.
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Table 8 – Federal Biological Reserves assessed through the Rappam methodology, per biome, state,
area of extension (in hectares), and date of creation.
Biomes State Protected Area Area (hectares) Date of Creation
Biological Reserves (RB) 3.883.995,45
Amazon AM RB do Abufari 288.000,00 20/09/82
RB do Uatumã 950.000,00 06/06/90
AP RB do Lago Piratuba 392.000,00 16/07/80
MA RB do Gurupi 341.650,00 01/01/88
PA RB do Rio Trombetas 389.000,00 21/09/79
RB do Tapirapé 103.000,00 05/05/89
RB Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo 342.477,60 20/05/05
RO RB do Guaporé 600.000,00 20/09/82
RB do Jaru 268.150,00 11/07/79
Caatinga PE RB de Serra Negra 1.100,00 20/09/82
Cerrado DF RB da Contagem 3.462,81 13/12/02
Coastal and Marine ES RB de Comboios 833,23 25/09/84
Zone RN RB do Atol das Rocas 36.249,00 05/06/79
SC RB Marinha do Arvoredo 17.800,00 12/03/90
SE RB de Santa Isabel 2.766,00 20/10/88
Atlantic Forest BA RB de Una 11.400,00 12/10/80
ES RB Augusto Ruschi 3.589,41 20/09/82
RB de Sooretama 24.250,00 20/09/82
RB do Córrego do Veado 2.392,00 20/09/82
RB do Córrego Grande 1.504,80 02/04/89
MG RB da Mata Escura 51.890,00 05/06/03
PB RB Guaribas 4.321,60 25/01/90
PE RB de Pedra Talhada 4.469,00 13/12/89
RB de Saltinho 548,00 13/12/83
PR RB das Perobas 8.716,00 20/03/06
RJ RB de Poço das Antas 5.000,00 11/03/74
Ecological RB do Tinguá 26.300,00 23/05/89
Stations and RB União 3.126,00 22/04/98
Biological
Reserves The ecological stations occupy a total 3,883,995.45 hectares, of which 95% are also
area of 7,039,091.65 hectares, of which 85% within the Amazon biome.
30 are within the Amazon biome. The biological The state of Pará has the greatest area
reserves have an area of extension of of ecological stations (3,600,277.00 hectares),
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
distributed among two protected area sites. Two biological importance (79%) and average
biological reserves comprising 1,238,00.00 socioeconomic importance (48%) (Graph
hectares are located in the state of Amazonas. 3). Among the biological importance
analysis elements, only the levels of
4.1.1.1 Biological and endemism were considered average. The
Socioeconomic socioeconomic importance is accentuated
Importance by its educational or scientific value, the
existence of plants or animals that have
The biological reserves and ecological cultural or economic importance and the
stations that were analyzed have great benefits provided by the ecosystem.
Graph 3 – Biological and socioeconomic importance of Ecological Stations and federal Biological
Reserves.
Table 10 – Absolute frequency and percentage of protected areas per assessment of vulnerability of
federal National Parks, Biological Reserves, Ecological Stations and Wildlife Refuges.
4.1.1.3 Pressures and Threats external influences and fishing. Such activities
were also the most frequent and presented
The most critical impacts upon federal the greatest tendency for growth over the last
biological reserves and ecological stations were five years, as well as the greatest probability of
hunting, the presence of invasive exotic species, occurring over the next ten years (Table 11).
Table 11 –Summary of analysis elements of activities that negatively impact federal Ecological Stations
and Biological Reserves*.
Hunting + + + + + +
Invasive Exotic
+ + + + + +
Species
External Influences + + + + + +
Fishing + + + + + +
Fires due to anthropic influences + + + + +
Urban Expansion + + + +
Ecological Presence of Human +
+ + +
Stations and Populations
Biological
Reserves Pasture Lands + + +
Construction of Infrastructure + + +
+
32 Conversion of Soil Use +
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Waste Disposal + +
Semi-natural Processes + +
Tourism and Recreation +
Collection of +
+
Non-Wood Products
Lumbering +
Mining
The “+” sign is used when the element analyzed presents a value greater than the average attained in each
impacting activity for both pressures (activities that took place over the last five years) as well as for the threats
(activities that may take place within the next five years). The first two columns present the analysis of the extent
of pressures and threats. The third and fourth columns point to the frequency of occurrence of the impacting
activity in the protected area sites. The last two columns point to the tendency of increasing occurrence of
pressure and also if there is high probability for occurrence of the activity as a threat.
Graph 5 – Effectiveness of management in federal Ecological Stations and Biological Reserves, per
management element and analysis module.
In general, the only two modules that Two elements standout in the
present high scores (above 60%) are those planning of objectives for ecological stations
pertaining to the objectives of protected areas and biological reserves: inclusion of
Ecological
and to the decision-making processes. The low biodiversity protection and conservation Stations and
effectiveness scores are attributed to the among these areas’ objectives and their staffs’ Biological
Reserves
human resources, financial resources, and managers’ understanding of such
management planning and to items pertaining objectives. The existence of officially-
to research, assessment and monitoring. acknowledged legal instruments provides 33
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
support to the module that analyzes the location and connection with other protected
legal framework of protected areas. The area sites and the design are favorable for
human and financial resources for federal biological reserves and ecological
implementation of the law face critical stations to attain their objectives, despite the
situation, and should be increased so that fact that the process for choosing, delimiting
protected areas can rely on fiscalization and and defining management categories is
preventive protection measures. The generally not a participatory one (Graph 6).
Graph 6 – Planning element for federal Ecological Stations and Biological Reserves, per analysis
module.
As regards the inputs element (Graph human and financial resources, elements
7), the most critical aspect pertains to human pertaining to communication, information and
resources that are insufficient for the effective insfrastructure show that more efficacious
management of protected areas. Two mechanisms need to be developed for
elements related to financial resources are processing, collecting and disclosing information.
more critical: funds that existed in the past In addition, there must be improvement to field
and long-term stability of the financial equipment and installations, especially for
perspective. Although they scored better than visitors.
Ecological
Stations and
Biological
Reserves
Graph 7 – Inputs element for federal Ecological Stations and Biological Reserves, per analysis
34 module.
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
In the processes element, the decision- (Graph 8). In general, it is necessary that
making module stands out. Whereas the improvements be made in the management
collaboration with partners was deemed effective, planning and in the research, assessment and
it is necessary that councils be implemented monitoring of protected areas processes.
Graph 8 – Processes element for federal Ecological Stations and Biological Reserves, per analysis
module.
Graph 9 – Outcomes element for Federal Ecological Stations and Biological Reserves.
35
National
Parks and
Wildlife
Refuges
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Table 12 – National Parks Assessed through the Rappam methodology, per biome, state, area of extension
(in hectares), and date of creation.
Table 13 – Wildlife Refuges assessed through the Rappam Methodology, per biome, state, area of
extension (in hectares), and date of creation.
Graph 10 – Biological and socioeconomic importance of National Parks and federal Wildlife Refuges.
Table 14 – Absolute frequency and percentage of protected areas per assessment of the biological and
socioeconomic importance of National Parks and Federal Wildlife Refuges.
Table 15 – Absolute frequency and percentage of protected areas per assessment of the vulnerability of
National Parks and federal Wildlife Refuges.
Table 16 – Summary of analysis elements of activities that negatively impact National Parks and federal
Wildlife Refuges*.
Hunting + + + + + +
Conversion of Soil Use + + + + + +
Invasive Exotic Species + + + + + +
External Influences + + + + + +
Presence of Human Populations + + + + + +
Fires due to anthropic influences + + + + +
Pasture Lands + + + + +
National
Parks and Construction of Infrastructure + + +
Wildlife
Refuges
Tourism and Recreation + + + +
Semi-natural Processes + +
Fishing + +
The “+” sign is used when the element analyzed presents a value greater than the average attained in each
impacting activity for both pressures (activities that took place over the last five years) as well as for the threats
(activities that may take place within the next five years). The first two columns present the analysis of the extent
of pressures and threats. The third and fourth columns point to the frequency of occurrence of the impacting
activity in the protected area sites. The last two columns point to the tendency of increasing occurrence of
pressure and also if there is high probability for occurrence of the activity as a threat.
Graph 12 – Management effectiveness of National Parks and federal Wildlife Refuges, per management
element and analysis module.
of protected areas to attain its objectives, generally not a participatory one, and that
despite the facts that the process for use of surrounding land does not foster
choosing , delimiting and defining proper management of protected sites
management and zoning categories is (Graph 13).
Graph 13 – Planning element of National Parks and federal Wildlife Refuges, per analysis module.
The most critical aspects of the inputs financial resources are also critical: funds that
element are the insufficiency of human existed in the past and the perspective for long-
resources and inadequacy of installations for term financial stability. Although funds for the
visitors. The strongest aspects pertain to the following five years and the capacity to raise
means of communication among protected funds contribute to diminish difficulties,
areas and other sectors related to their infrastructure elements point to the need for
management and to the communication improvement. Only the element that deals
between protected areas and the local with infrastructure maintenance obtained an
communities. Two elements related to average assessment score (Graph 14).
National
Parks and
Wildlife
Refuges
44 Graph 14 – Inputs element of National Parks and federal Wildlife Refuges, per analysis module.
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
In the Processes element, the decision- greater community participation in the activities
making module stands out. The items that that affect them, as well as to the implementation
obtained the best assessment scores pertain to of councils (Graph 15). There is also need to
the communication flow between staff and strive for improvement in the processes
managers of protected areas, collaboration with pertaining to management planning, research
partners and the transparency of decision- development, assessment and monitoring of
making. The results point to the need to foster national parks and wildlife refuges.
Graph 15 – Processes element of National Parks and federal Wildlife Refuges, per analysis module.
National
Graph 16 – Outputs element of National Parks and federal Wildlife Refuges. Parks and
Wildlife
Refuges
45
Environmental
Protection Areas
and Areas of
Relevant
Ecological
Interest
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Table 17 – Environmental Protection Areas assessed through the Rappam methodology, per biome,
state, area of extension (in hectares), and date of creation.
Environmental
6 Protection
APA - Environmental Protection Area (APA) is generally a large area, with a certain degree of human occupation,
Areas
and which has abiotic, biotic, aesthetic or cultural attributes that are especially important for the quality of life and and Areas of
well-being of human populations, and whose basic objective is to protect biological diversity, discipline the Relevant
occupation process and ensure sustainability of natural resources. Article 15 of Brazilian Law 9985/2000. Ecological
7
Arie - Area of Relevant Ecological Interest (Arie) is generally a small area with little or no human occupation, and Interest
which has extraordinary natural characteristics or is home to rare populations of the regional biota, and whose
basic objective is to maintain the natural ecosystems of regional or local importance and regulate the admissible use
of these areas in a manner that is compatible with nature conservation. Article 16 of Brazilian Law 9985/2000. 49
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Table 18 – Areas of Relevant Ecological Interest assessed through the Rappam methodology, per
biome, state, area of extension (in hectares), and date of creation.
The environmental protection areas as shown in Graph 14. Nearly 79% of these
have greater representation in the Caatinga areas present high biological importance,
biome, whereas the areas of relevant ecological 18% present average importance, and only
interest have greater representation in the one site (2.9%) presents low importance.
Coastal and Marine Zone. The state of Piauí Twenty-two protected area sites (64.7%)
has 1,906,350.00 hectares of APAs. Paraíba present high socioeconomic importance, 8
has only one Arie unit and represents 34% of (23.5%) present average socioeconomic
the category’s total. importance, and 4 (11.8%) present low
socioeconomic importance. Among the
4.2.1.1 Biological and elements on biological importance that were
Socioeconomic analyzed, only the levels of endemism
Importance obtained average results. The great majority
of socioeconomic elements presents high
The environmental protection areas importance, with the exception of religious
and the areas of relevant ecological interest or spiritual importance and the relevance
have, in all, very high biological importance of the areas as sources of employment
(76%) and socioeconomic importance (69%), (Graph 17 and Table 19).
Environmental
Protection
Areas
and Areas of
Relevant
Ecological
Interest
Graph 17 – Biological and socioeconomic importance of federal Environmental Protection Areas and
50 Areas of Relevant Ecological Interest.
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Table 19 – Absolute frequency and percentage of protected areas per assessment of the biological and
socioeconomic importance of federal Environmental Protection Areas and Areas of Relevant
Ecological Interest.
Graph 18 – Vulnerability of federal Environmental Protection Areas and Areas of Relevant Ecological
Interest.
Table 20 – Absolute frequency and percentage of protected areas per assessment of the vulnerability of
federal Environmental Protection Areas and Areas of Relevant Ecological Interest.
Environmental
4.2.1.3 Pressures and Threats are the most critical and frequent activities. Protection
Areas
They are also those which had the greatest and Areas of
The construction of infrastructure, tendency for growth over the past five years Relevant
Ecological
conversion of soil use, waste disposal, urban and the greatest probability of occurrence Interest
expansion, and the negative aspects resulting over the next years in federal APAs and
from the presence of human populations Aries. 51
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Table 21 – Summary of analysis elements of activities that negatively impact Environmental Protection
Areas and Areas of Relevant Ecological Interest*.
Extent of Frequency Positive Positive
Extent of Frequency of
Pressure of Pressure Tendency of Probability of
Impacting Activity Threat and Threat and
and and Increased Occurrence as
> Average > Average
> Average >Average Pressure a Threat
Hunting + + + +
Collection of Non-Wood Products + +
Construction of Infrastructure + + + + + +
Conversion of Soil Use + + + + + +
Waste Disposal + + + + + +
Invasive Exotic Species + + + + +
Urban Expansion + + + + + +
Lumbering + + + + +
Fires due to anthropic influences + +
External Influences + + + +
Mining + +
Pasture Lands + + + +
Fishing + +
Presence of Human Populations + + + + + +
Semi-natural Processes + +
Tourism and Recreation + +
The “+” sign is used when the element analyzed presents a value greater than the average attained in each
impacting activity for both pressures (activities that took place over the last five years) as well as for the threats
(activities that may take place within the next five years). The first two columns present the analysis of the extent
of pressures and threats. The third and fourth columns point to the frequency of occurrence of the impacting
activity in the protected area sites. The last two columns point to the tendency of increasing occurrence of
pressure and also if there is high probability for occurrence of the activity as a threat.
Environmental
Protection
Areas
and Areas of
Relevant
Ecological
Interest
The modules pertaining to the decision- policies and plans and the protected area’s
making processes and to the objectives objectives. The existence of officially-
established for the protected areas are those that acknowledged legal instruments and the
most contribute to the effective management of legalization of the land strengthen the protected
federal APAs and Aries (over 60%). The most areas, unlike the shortage of human and
critical elements are those pertaining to financial financial resources for implementing the law.
resources, human resources, management The location and connection with other
Planning, research, assessment and monitoring, protected area sites and the design also help
outputs and infrastructure (scores under 40%). attain the objectives of this set of group of
The following items stand out in the protected areas, despite the facts that the process
Planning elements for APAs and Aries: inclusion for choosing , delimiting and defining
of biodiversity protection and conservation management and zoning categories is generally
among these areas’ objectives and their staffs’ not a participatory one, and that use of
and managers’ understanding of such objectives, surrounding land does not foster proper
and the coherence between management management of protected sites (Graph 20).
Graph 20 – Planning element in Environmental Protection Areas and Areas of Relevant Ecological
Interest, per analysis module.
As regards inputs (Graph 21), the and equipment, and the capacity to raise
strongest aspects are the means of funds. The other aspects are critical,
communication among managers, boards of especially the insufficiency of human
directors and other protected areas. Average resources, the funds that existed in the past
levels are shown in communication with local and long-term stability of the financial
communities, maintenance of infrastructure perspective.
Environmental
Protection
Areas
and Areas of
Relevant
Ecological
Interest
Graph 21 – Inputs element of Protected Environmental Areas and Areas of Relevant Ecological Interest,
53
per analysis module.
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Graph 22 – Processes element of Environmental Protection Areas and Areas of Relevant Ecological
Interest, per analysis module.
Finally, most results attained do not local communities, all of which attained
reach a satisfactory level of performance, average scores. All remaining matters are
except for measures pertaining to outreach, critical, especially visitor control and
threat prevention and relationships with the monitoring of results (Graph 23).
Environmental
Protection
Areas Graph 23 – Outputs element of federal Environmental Protection Areas and Areas of Relevant Ecological
and Areas of Interest.
Relevant
Ecological
Interest
54
National
Forests
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Table 22 – National Forests assessed through the Rappam Methodology, per region, state, area of
extension (in hectares), and date of creation.
Nearly 40% of national forests are especially due to its high biodiversity,
located in the Amazon region, but they representativeness within the protected
correspond to 99% of the area occupied by areas system, diversity of natural processes,
this category of protected area (11,829,748.73 regimes of natural disturbs and the
hectares). The state of Amazonas is home to presence of ecosystems that have been
5,268,013.00 hectares distributed throughout
suffering from significant reduction. The
seven protected area sites.
socioeconomic importance (average of
4.2.2.1 Biological and 57%) is accentuated by the educational
Socioeconomic Importance and scientific value of the sites and by the
The set of 52 national forests are presence of socioeconomically important
of great biological importance (69%), plant species (Graph 24).
National
Forests
Nearly 65% of areas are of high forests (40%) present elevated socioeconomic
biological importance (34 protected area sites), importance, 22 (42%) present average
23% (12) are of average importance and 11.5% socioeconomic importance and 9 (17%) have
(6) are of low importance. Twenty-one national low biological importance (Table 23).
Table 23 – Absolute frequency and percentage of Protected Areas per assessment of the biological
and socioeconomic importance of federal National Forests.
Table 24 – Absolute frequency and percentage of Protected Areas per vulnerability assessment.
4.2.2.3 Pressures and Threats were also the most frequent and presented
the greatest tendency for growth over the last
The presence of invasive exotic five years, as well as the greatest probability
species, lumbering and external influences of occurring over the next years in national
were the most critical activities. Such activities forests (Table 25)*.
Table 25 – Summary of analysis elements of activities that negatively impact federal National
Forests*.
Extent of Frequency Positive Positive
Extent of Frequency of
Pressure of Pressure Tendency of Probability of
Impacting Activity Threat and Threat and
and and Increased Occurrence as
> Average > Average
> Average >Average Pressure a Threat
Lumbering + + + + + +
External Influences + + + + + +
Hunting + + + +
Mining + + +
Pasture lands + +
Urban Expansion + + +
Construction of infrastructure + +
Semi-natural process + +
Waste Disposal +
Fishing +
The “+” sign is used when the element analyzed presents a value greater than the average attained in each
impacting activity for both pressures (activities that took place over the last five years) as well as for the threats
(activities that may take place within the next five years). The first two columns present the analysis of the extent
of pressures and threats. The third and fourth columns point to the frequency of occurrence of the impacting
activity in the protected area sites. The last two columns point to the tendency of increasing occurrence of
pressure and also if there is high probability for occurrence of the activity as a threat.
Graph 26 – Effectiveness of management of National Forests per management element and analysis
module.
Only the module that assessed national the demarcation of frontiers and the just and
forest objectives presented values greater than effective resolution of conflicts strengthen the
60%, but decision-making and legal framework protected area sites. On the other hand,
(about 59%) are also worthy of mention. The most management of these areas is weakened by
critical modules include assessment of human the lack of human and financial resources
resources, infrastructure, financial resources, with which to carry out measures pertaining
management planning, research, assessment, to implementation of the law. The location
monitoring and results (values under 40%). and connection with other protected area
As regards planning of national forest sites and the design are favorable for national
objectives, the following aspects stand out: forests to attain their objectives, despite the
inclusion of biodiversity protection and fact that the process for choosing, delimiting
conservation among these areas’ objectives and and defining management and zoning
their staffs’ and managers’ understanding of categories is generally not a participatory one,
such objectives. and that use of surrounding land does not
The existence of officially-acknowledged foster proper management of protected sites
legal instruments, the legalization of the land, (Graph 27).
National
Forests
As regards the Inputs element, the protected areas; and communication among
strongest aspect is the communication with local communities. Nonetheless, all other aspects are
communities. Average scores were obtained by considered critical, especially the insufficiency of
the following items: capacity to raise financial human resources, funds that existed in the past
resources; means of communication between and long-term stability of the financial perspective
management, boards of directors and other (Graph 28).
National
Forests
62 Graph 29 – Processes element for federal National Forests, per analysis module.
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
National
Forests
63
Extractivist
Reserves and
Sustainable
Development
Reserves
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
4.2.3 Extractivist Reserves9 and Chico Mendes Resex, in Acre; Rio Cajari Resex
Sustainable Development in Amapa; and Ouro Preto Resex in Rondônia)
Reserves10 and 2005 (8 extractivist reserves in the state
of Pará) (Table 26 and Table 27). The total
Forty-four protected area sites area of this set of protected area sites is of
belonging to this management category were 8,371,505.75 hectares, varying between
assessed – 43 extractivist reserves and one 601.00 hectares (Batoque Resex in Ceará) and
sustainable development reserve. These sites 1,300,000.00 hectares (Verde para Sempre
were created between 1990 (Alto Juruá and Resex in Pará).
Table 26 – Federal Extractivist Reserves assessed through the Rappam methodology, per biome, state,
area of extension (in hectares), and date of creation.
Biome State Protected Area Site Area (hectares) Date of Creation
Extractivist Reserve(Resex) 8.306.772,75
Amazon AC Resex Alto Juruá 538.000,00
01/01/90
Resex Alto Tarauacá 162.000,00
08/11/00
Resex Chico Mendes 932.000,00
12/03/90
Resex do Cazumbá-Iracema 750.794,70
19/09/02
Resex Riozinho da Liberdade 225.000,00
17/02/02
AM Resex Auatí-Paraná 147.548,50
07/08/01
Resex Baixo Juruá 188.000,00
01/08/01
Resex do Lago do Capanã Grande 304.146,00
03/06/04
Resex do Rio Jutaí 275.532,88
16/07/02
Resex Médio Juruá 253.226,50
04/03/97
AP Resex Rio Cajari 501.000,00
12/12/90
MA Resex Ciriaco 7.523,00
20/05/92
Resex da Mata Grande 9.000,00
20/05/92
Resex de Cururupu 185.042,00
02/06/04
Resex Quilombo do Frechal 9.542,00
20/05/92
PA Resex Arióca-Pruanã 83.445,13
16/11/05
Resex Chocoaré-Mato Grosso 2.785,72
13/12/02
Resex Ipaú-Anilzinho 55.816,10
14/06/05
Resex Mãe Grande de Curuçá 37.062,09
13/12/02
Resex Mapuá 94.563,93
20/05/05
Resex Maracanã 30.018,88
13/12/02
Resex Marinha de Araí-Peroba 11.479,95
20/05/05
Resex Marinha de Caeté-Taperaçu 42.068,86
20/05/05
Resex Marinha de Gurupi-Piriá 74.081,81
20/05/05
Resex Marinha de Soure 27.463,58
22/11/01
Resex Marinha de Tracuateua 27.153,67
20/05/05
Resex Riozinho do Anfrísio 736.340,20
09/11/04
Resex São João da Ponta 3.203,24
13/12/02
Resex Tapajós Arapiuns 647.610,74
06/11/98
Resex Verde para Sempre 1.300.000,00
09/11/04
RO Resex Barreiro das Antas 106.248,47
07/08/01
Resex do Rio do Cautário 73.817,00
07/08/01
Resex do Rio Ouro Preto 204.583,00
13/03/90
Resex Lago do Cuniã 55.850,00
10/11/99
TO Resex do Extremo Norte do Tocantins 9.280,00
20/05/92
Coastal and AL Resex da Lagoa do Jequiá 10.203,90
21/09/01
Marine Zone
9
Resex - Extractivist Reserve is an area used by traditional extractivist populations, whose subsitence is Extractivist
based on extractivism and is complemented by agriculture and small-animal ranching. Their objective is to protect Reserves and
these populations’ ways of life and to ensure sustainable use of the site’s natural resources. Article 18 of Sustainable
Brazilian Law 9985/2000. Development
10
RDS - Sustainable Development Reserve is a natural area that is home to traditional populations whose subsistence Reserves
is based on sustainable systems for using natural resources, which were developed over generations and
adapted to the local ecological conditions, and which have a fundamental role in protecting nature and maintaining
biological diversity. Article 20 of Brazilian Law 9985/2000. 67
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Table 27 – Federal Sustainable Development Reserves assessed through the Rappam methodology,
per biome, state, area of extension (in hectares), and date of creation.
Extractivist
Reserves and
Sustainable
Development
Reserves
Graph 31– Biological and socioeconomic importance of federal Extractivist Reserves and the Sustainable
68 Development Reserve.
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Table 28 – Absolute frequency and percentage of protected areas per assessment of the biological and
socioeconomic importance of federal Extractivist Reserves and Sustainable Development
Reserve.
Table 29 – Absolute frequency and percentage of protected areas per assessment of the vulnerability
of federal Extractivist Reserves and the Sustainable Development Reserve.
4.2.3.3 Pressures and Threats most frequent and presented the greatest Extractivist
tendency for growth over the last five years, Reserves and
Sustainable
Hunting, urban expansion, fishing and as well as the greatest probability of occurring Development
the negative aspects resulting from the over the next ten years in federal extractivist Reserves
presence of human populations are the most reserves and in the sustainable development
critical activities. Such activities were also the reserve (Table 30). 69
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Table 30 –Summary of analysis elements of activities that negatively impact federal Extractivist Reserves
and the Sustainable Development Reserve*.
Extent of Frequency Positive Positive
Extent of Frequency of
Pressure of Pressure Tendency of Probability of
Impacting Activity Threat and Threat and
and and Increased Occurrence as
> Average > Average
> Average >Average Pressure a Threat
Hunting + + + + + +
Urban Expansion + + + + + +
Fishing + + + + + +
Presence of Human Populations + + + + + +
External Influences + + + +
Conversion of Soil Use + + + + +
Lumbering + + +
Collection of Non-Wood Products + +
Construction of Infrastructure + +
Waste Disposal + +
Invasive Exotic Species + +
Fires due to anthropic influences + +
Pasture Lands + +
Semi-natural Processes + +
Tourism and Recreation +
Mining
The “+” sign is used when the element analyzed presents a value greater than the average attained in each
impacting activity for both pressures (activities that took place over the last five years) as well as for the threats
(activities that may take place within the next five years). The first two columns present the analysis of the extent
of pressures and threats. The third and fourth columns point to the frequency of occurrence of the impacting
activity in the protected area sites. The last two columns point to the tendency of increasing occurrence of
pressure and also if there is high probability for occurrence of the activity as a threat.
Extractivist
Reserves and
Sustainable
Development
Reserves
Graph 34 – Planning element for federal Extractivist Reserves and the Sustainable Development Reserve,
per analysis module
The strongest Inputs (Graph 35) pertain especially the insufficiency of human resources,
to the effective communication among and assessment of staff performance, workplace
within local communities. There is relative fund conditions, means for processing data, funds that
raising capacity and allocation of these resources existed in the past and long-term stability of
in accordance with the protected area’s priorities the financial perspective (all of which obtained
and objectives. All other elements are critical, scores of under 10%). Extractivist
Reserves and
Sustainable
Development
Reserves
71
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Graph 35 – Inputs element of for federal Extractivist Reserves and the Sustainable Development Reserve,
per analysis module.
Graph 36 – Processes element for federal Extractivist Reserves and the Sustainable Development
Reserve, per analysis module.
Extractivist
Reserves and Finally, with the exception of measures aspects are critical, especially the development
Sustainable
Development pertaining to outreach, threat prevention, and of measures for the recovery, implantation
Reserves
relationships with local communities, which and maintenance of infrastructure,
yielded average analysis results, most results professional training , and monitoring of
72 obtained were not satisfactory. All other results (Graph 37).
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Graph 37 – Outputs element for federal Extractivist Reserves and the Sustainable Development Reserve,
per analysis module.
Extractivist
Reserves and
Sustainable
Development
Reserves
73
4.3 General Overview on the Graphs 39 and 40 respectively show
Effectiveness of the number and percentage of protected area
sites per management category and
Management of Federal effectiveness of management. It can be noted
Protected Areas that a smaller number of protected area sites
present high rates of effectiveness in all
Of the 246 protected areas that were management categories (from 0% to 20%).
assessed, 32 (13%) present high effectiveness The average percentage of management
of management, 125 (51%) average effectiveness varies between 27% and 46%
effectiveness, and 125 (51%) low effectiveness among categories, and the low percentage of
(Graph 38). effectiveness varies between 40% and 66%.
Graph 38 – Number of federal protected area sites per rate of management effectiveness.
74
75
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Graph 40 – Percentage of federal protected area sites per rate of management effectiveness and groups
76 of management category.
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Table 31 – Summary of analysis elements of the context and management aspects of federal protected
areas, per groups of management category.
The Environmental Protection Areas, years, in three out of the five groups of
Areas of Relevant Ecological Interest and the protected areas that were assessed.
Sustainable Development Reserves are the Impacts pertaining to fishing more
most vulnerable categories of protected area intensely concern managers of ecological
sites. Although the factors that yield stations, biological reserves, extractivist
vulnerability were similar among all groups, reserves and sustainable development
the easy access to sites that belong to these reserves. Urban expansion is the factor that
groups favor the development of illegal most worries managers of environmental
activities. Furthermore, these areas face protection areas, areas of relevant ecological
difficulty in recruiting and maintaining staff, interest, extractivist reserves, and the
great demand for vulnerable resources, and sustainable development reserve. Soil
the high market value of their natural conversion greatly concerns managers of
resources. The difficulties in monitoring illegal national parks, wildlife refuges, environmental
activities are common in four out of the five protection areas and areas of relevant
sets of protected areas assessed, and the low ecological interest. As extremely critical
incidence of law enforcement is evident in impacts, which are present in all analysis
three of them (Table 32). elements in their greatest intensity, are:
Hunting, presence of invasive exotic lumbering in national forests; construction
species, external influences, and the negative of infrastructure; and waste disposal in
aspects resulting from the presence of human environmental protection areas and areas of
populations were considered to be the most relevant ecological interest.
critical pressures and threats. These activities As regards management analysis
also presented the greatest tendency for itself, aspects pertaining to the protected
growth over the last five years, as well as the areas’ objectives, which are included in the
greatest probability of occurring in upcoming planning element, positively contribute to the 77
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
effectiveness of areas belonging to all groups infrastructure and outputs are critical in four
assessed. of the five groups assessed. It is worth noting
On the other hand, human resources, that analysis modules that obtained low scores
financial resources, and matters pertaining to are common to at least four groups. Such fact
research development, assessment and allows us to conclude that the problems
monitoring are critical throughout the entire pertaining to the management of federal
system, whereas management planning , protected area sites of Brazil are systemic.
Table 32 – Consolidation of vulnerability, pressures, threats and management effectiveness elements
per different groups of management category.
RB and EE PN and RVS APA and ARIE Flona Resex and RDS
Vulnerability Easy access Easy access Easy access Easy access Difficulty in
(values above the favoring favoring favoring favoring the recruiting and
group’s average) illegal activities illegal activities illegal activities development of maintaining staff
illegal activities
Difficulty in Difficulty in Great demand Difficulty in maintaining staff
recruiting and recruiting and for vulnerable recruiting and favoring illegal
maintaining staff maintaining resources maintaining staff activities
staff
Market value Difficulty in Difficulty in Market value of Low incidence of
of natural monitoring illegal recruiting and natural resources law enforcement
resources activities maintaining
Great demand for Market value of
Great demand staff
Great demand vulnerable resources natural resources
for vulnerable for vulnerable Difficulty in
resources Difficulty in Great demand for
resources monitoring illegal
monitoring illegal vulnerable resources
Difficulty in Low incidence of activities
activities
monitoring illegal law enforcement
activities Market value Low incidence of
Market value
of natural law enforcement
of natural
resources resources
79
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
Graph 41 – Analysis on the Federal Protected Areas System, per module and question.
80
5R ECOMMENDATIONS
As shown in Table 33, nearly half of tools) were also numerous, as were those
all measures and recommendations pertain pertaining to the legal framework (legalization,
to inputs (52.9% for Brazil and 48.4% for the fiscalization, delimitation of land). The most
Amazon biome). Of these, the most frequently frequently mentioned items pertain to area
mentioned items during all workshops pertain design and planning. The measures that were
to human and financial resources. Measures mentioned regard implementation of the
pertaining to management planning buffer zone and ways to form the protected
81
(management plans and other management areas mosaics.
Management Effectiveness of Brazil’s Federal Protected Areas
82
6F INAL REMARKS
83
7B IBLIOGRAPHY
ERVIN, J. WWF rapid assessment and prioritization of protected area management - Rappam
methodology. Gland, Swizertland, WWF. 2003(b). 70 p.
IBAMA. Ecossistemas Brasileiros. Moacyr Bueno Arruda (org.). Brasília: Edições Ibama, 2001.
49 p.
85
8T ECHNICAL TEAM
Consultants
Cristina Aragão Onaga
Maria Auxiliadora Drumond
WWF-Brasil
Marisete Inês Santin Catapan
Marco Aurélio Rodrigues
Assistant
Blanche Levenhagen
Jacqueline Rutkowski
Support
Ana Cíntia Guazzelli
Fernando Vasconcelos
José Maria de Freitas Fernandes
Ibama11
Diget - Mônica Borges G. Assad
Direc - Pedro Eymard Camelo Melo
Diref - Ana Lúcia Chagas
Disam - Paulo Oliveira
Focal Points
Amarílio Coutinho Fernandes
Carlos Augusto de Alencar Pinheiro
Daniel Rios de Magalhães Borges
Eduardo Junqueira Santos
Emerson Austin Nepomuceno Marcondes
Fernando Siqueira
Maria Fernanda Scian Meneghin
Maria Iolita Bampi
Jorge Moritzen
Kátia Cury Roselli
Rodrigo Rodrigues
Sebastião Santos da Silva
11
These participants were responsible for adequating the Rappam questionnaire for its application in 87
federal protected area sites.
9P ARTICIPANTS IN THE PROCESS
92
A NNEX
Profile
a) Name of protected area site
b) Date on which PA was created
c) Date on which PA was established
d) Area of the PA
e) Full name of the person responsible for providing the information
f) Title of the person responsible for providing the information
g) Time of office of the person responsible for providing the information in the PA
h) Date on which questionnaire was completed
i) Financial budget of the last year
j) General objective of the PA
k) Specific management objectives
l) Critical measures for management of the PA
m) Number of Ibama employees working in the PA: permanent and temporary
n) Number of persons from third-party contracts
o) Number of persons from formal partnerships established
b. The PA contains a high number of species whose populations are decreasing as a result of several
pressures.
c. The PA has relatively high levels of biodiversity.
d. The PA has a relatively high level of endemism.
e. The PA plays a vital role in the landscape.
f. The PA greatly contributes to the representativeness of the EPA system.
g. The PA has minimum viable populations of key species.
h. The PA’s structural diversity is coherent with historic standards.
i. The PA includes ecosystems whose scope has been greatly decreasing.
j. The PA conserves a significant diversity of natural processes and regimes of natural disturbs.
4. Socioeconomic Importance
a. The PA is an important source of employment for the community.
b. The local communities depend upon natural resources of the PA for subsistence.
c. The PA provides opportunity for community development through the sustainable use of natural
resources.
d. The PA has religious or spiritual importance.
e. The PA has special aesthetic characteristics.
f. The PA has plants species that have high social, cultural or economic importance.
g. The PA has animal species that have high social, cultural or economic importance.
h. The PA has high recreational value.
i. The PA contributes with services or significant benefits of the ecosystem to the communities.
j. The PA has high educational and/or scientific value.
5. Vulnerability
a. It is difficult to monitor illegal activities in the PA.
b. Law enforcement in the region is not strong.
c. The PA is suffering from civil unrest and/or political instability.
d. Cultural practices, beliefs and the traditional uses are conflicting with the PA’s objectives.
e. The market value of resources from the PA is high.
f. The protected area is easily accessible for illegal activities.
g. There is a great demand for vulnerable resources of the PA.
h. The head of the PA site suffers pressure to manage or exploit the PA’s natural resources in an
undue manner.
i. Recruiting and maintaining staff is difficult.
Effectiveness of Management
Planning
6. Objectives
a. The PA’s objectives include biodiversity protection and conservation.
b. The specific objectives related to biodiversity are clearly stated in the management plan.
c. The policies and action plans are coherent with the PA’s objectives.
d. The PA’s employees and administrators fulfill the PA’s objectives and policies.
e. The local communities support the PA’s global objectives.
7. Legal framework
a. The PA is legally grounded.
b. The situation of the land is regular.
c. Demarcation of frontiers is appropriate for the clear identification of the site’s limits.
d. Financial resources are appropriate so that critical measures pertaining to implementation of the
law can be carried out.
e. Conflicts with the local communities are settled in a just and effective manner.
b. PA model and configuration optimize biodiversity conservation and/or socio-cultural and economic
aspects.
c. The PA’s zoning system is appropriate for PA objectives to be attained.
d. Use of surrounding land fosters effective management of PA.
e. The PA is associated with another protected area site.
f. Definition of PA design and category was a participatory process.
Inputs
9. Human resources
a. There are sufficient human resources for the effective management of the PA.
b. Employees are apt to carry out the critical management activities.
c. There are training and development opportunities that are appropriate to employee needs.
d. There is period evaluation of employee performance and progress concerning objectives.
e. Labor conditions are sufficient so as to maintain high-quality staff.
11. Infrastructure
a. The transportation infrastructure is appropriate for carrying out critical management measures.
b. Field equipment is appropriate for carrying out critical management measures.
c. PA facilities are appropriate for carrying out critical management measures.
d. Infrastructure for visitors is appropriate for visitor use.
e. Maintenance and care for the equipment and infrastructure is appropriate to ensure their long-
term use.
16. Outputs
a. Management plan.
b. Recovery of areas and mitigatory measures.
c. Management of wildlife or wildlife habitat, and of natural resources.
d. Education and outreach to society.
e. Control of visitors and tourists.
f. Infrastructure implantation and maintenance.
g. Prevention and detection of threats and law enforcement.
h. Supervision and evaluation of staff performance.
i. Training and development of human resources.
j. Organization, training and development of local communities and councils.
k. Development of research in the PA.
l. Monitoring of results.
i. There is an effective training and professional development plan for protected area staff.
j. There is effective professional development training for stakeholders involved in the management
process.
k. Protected area management is routinely assessed.
l. There are guidelines, goals and strategies geared toward the sustainability of natural resources,
both within and around the protected area site.
m. There are guidelines, goals and strategies pertaining to the socio-cultural aspects and that are
committed with the development of traditional populations both within and around the protected
area site.
n. The organizational structure for the Protected Area System fosters Effectiveness of Management.
97
Jalapão National Park / GO
IBAMA image bank - Ricardo Maia
Fernando de Noronha
National Park / PE
Xingu River / PA Banco de Imagens - Ibama
WWF-Brasil/Alex Silveira
Lençóis Maranhenses
Chapada dos Veadeiros
National Park / MA
National Park / GO
Álvaro D’Antona Allan Crema
Sloth
Floresta Amazônica / AM
IBAMA image bank
Ricardo Maia IBAMA image bank
Maps elaborated by: Ana Paula Rocha Medeiros and Bernardo Ferreira Alves de Brito