[Chemical Engineering Laboratory #1]

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SOLUBILITY

Candidate's Name : Stiffany Conahap

Student ID : SUKD1602796
Group Member’s Name : 1. Sahira Binti Mohammad Raffi
2. Safira Binti Mohammad Raffi
3. Yashvini A/P Mohan
4. Paavithraa A/P Palanisamy
Lecturer/Supervisor : Ms Nazlina
Date of Submission : 19th April 2018
1.0 Abstract
In this experiment, we studied the effect of changing temperature on the amount of solute that
will dissolve in a given amount of water. To start off, we labelled 5 test tubes (1-5) and we
measured out the amount of solid according to the given table in procedure. Next, we added
distilled water in the same test tubes.We filled a beaker with distilled water, heat it to a certain
temperature and placed the test tubes. We stirred the mixture in the test tubes until it is
completely dissolved and placed it to the test tube rack. Then, we cooled down the test tubes
with ice bath and recorded the temperature once the crystal starts forming. We conducted the
experiment twice with two different substances but with the same volume of water and the same
temperature. The graph for the substances used in the experiment which is KNO3 and NH4Cl was
drawn and we can see that the graph line increases. This shows that the solubility increases as the
temperature increases. And we also determined whether the solution is saturated or unsaturated
based on the graph.

2.0 Introduction/Theoretical Background

Water solubility is important physical property in chemistry. Solubility is a chemical property
that refer to the ability of a given substance which is called solute, to dissolve in a solvent. The
solvent is often a solid, which can be a pure substance or a mixture. The species that dissolves,
the solute, can be a gas, another liquid, or a solid. Solubility is measured in terms of the
maximum amount (in grams) of solute dissolved in a solvent at a certain temperature. The
resulting solution is called a saturated solution. Most solute will become more soluble as the
temperature of the solution increase. There are some factors that affect the solubility of a solution
which are temperature, air pressure and the type of solvent used. The solubility of substances
differ from each other. For example, certain substances may dissolve easily in water while others
does not dissolve that easily.

Saturation is reached when the solute cannot be dissolved in the solvent anymore. The remaining
solute can be dissolved in the solvent either by increasing the temperature of the solvent or
adding more solvent. When the temperature of such saturated solvent reduced, crystals will start
forming inside the solvent. In this experiment, we completely dissolved two substances which is
called potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate in the same amount of water at the same
temperature. Then we use ice bath to cool down the temperature once the solute is completely
dissolved in the solvent and we observe the temperature when the solid crystals starts to form.

3.0 Experimental Method

3.1 Equipments
Apparatus
5 test tube Temperature probe
1 utility clamp Hot plate
25 mL graduated cylinder Crucible plate
Spatula Stirring rod
Test tube rack 500 mL beaker
150 mL beaker Weighing scale
Ice cubes

Chemicals
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
Distilled water

3.2 Methods/Steps
1. Five test tubes was labelled (1-5). Next, the amounts of solid was measured as shown in
the second column of Table 1 (amount per 5 mL) and was placed into each test tube. The
third column (amount per 100g of water) was proportional to the measured quantity in
column 2.
 Table 1 : Amount of solid required per amount of water

Test tube number Amount of KNO3 used per 5 mL Amount of KNO3 used per 100 g
H2O (g) H2O (g)

1 2.0 40

2 4.0 80

3 6.0 120

4 8.0 160

5 10.0 200

2. 5 mL of distilled water was added to each of these test tubes (assuming 1g/mL of water)
3. The amount of KNO3 was placed in the test tubes according to Table 1.
4. A 500 mL beaker was filled three-fourths of distilled water and the five test tubes was placed
in the beaker carefully.
5. The distilled water was heated to 100 0C. The temperature probe was placed in the water bath
to warm the probe and to monitor the temperature. The heat was adjusted to maintain the water at
temperature about 1000C.
6. The mixture was stirred starting with test tube 1. The test tubes was placed to the test tube rack
once the mixture was completely dissolved.
7. The temperature probe was removed from the water bath, wiped dry and was placed into the
solution in the test tubes.
8. The crystallization temperature was recorded as the first sign of crystal was formed.
9. The steps 1 through 8 was repeated for NH4Cl and there was some suggestions given to save
time :
- One lab partner was stirring the solute-water mixture until it dissolves while the other
partner watches for the formation of crystallization.
- Test tube 1 and 2 were suggested to be cooled to the lower temperature by using ice bath
to form a white crystal. This reduces the temperature much faster than air temperature.
 - The test tubes was warmed briefly in the hot-water bath and redissolved the solid if the
crystals formed too quickly. The cooling process was repeated and the data was collected.
10. The crystallization temperature for each sample was recorded in the data table.
11. The solubility curve for KNO3 and NH4Cl was drew and was discussed based on theory.

4.0 Results

Solubility data for KNO3

Test tube Amount of KNO3 used per 5 Solubility (g/100 g of Crystallization

number mL H2O (g) H2O) temperature (0C)

1 2.0 40 20

2 4.0 80 43

3 6.0 120 64

4 8.0 160 72

5 10.0 200 79

Solubility data for NH3Cl

Test tube Amount of KNO3 used per 5 Solubility (g/100 g of Crystallization

number mL H2O (g) H2O) temperature (0C)

1 2.0 40 40

2 4.0 80 51

3 6.0 120 62

4 8.0 160 69

5 10.0 200 75
5.0 Discussion

Solubility Curve for KNO3 and NH4Cl

Red line - KNO3

Blue Line - NH4Cl

Solubility is the ability of a given volume of solvent to dissolve a substance. One of the factor
that affect solubility is temperature where we can see based on the graph that the solubility
increase as the temperature increases. During the experiment, we dissolved the substances with a
given volume and constant temperature which is at 100 0C. Once it is completely dissolved, we
cooled down the test tube with ice bath and took the temperature once the crystals start forming.
Based on the graph, 60g of NH4Cl in 100g of water at 700C will be an Saturated solution. Next,

110g of KNO3 in 100g of water at 40 0C and 140g of KNO3 in 200g of water at 60 0C will be an
unsaturated solution. Moving forward, 50g of NH4Cl will be supersaturated and there will be
residue left. Lastly, according to the graph 60g of NH4Cl will not completely dissolve in 100g of
water at 700C because the graph shows that it is a saturated solution. Saturated solution means
that all solute dissolve in the solvent.
Some precautions needs to take note off. Be careful while using the temperature probe and do
not leave the temperature probe in the beaker while the water is heated because it contains
mercury and it might explode. Next, we made sure that the scale is zeroize to avoid any error
during weighing that might affect the results. Last but not least, we made sure that we place our
eye at the same level as the meniscus to obtain the accurate temperature reading to avoid parallax
error.

6.0 Conclusion
As a conclusion, the crystallization temperature increases as the solubility (g/100 g of H2O)
increases. Bond breaks faster in higher temperature. NH3Cl have higher crystallization
temperature as compared to KNO3.

7.0 References
1. sciencedaily.com (2016).Solubility.[online]. Available at :
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/solubility.htmu [Accessed 17 April 2018]

2. chem.libretexts.org(2016)Factors affecting solubility[online]. Available at :

https://chem.libretexts.org/_Properties_of_Solutions/13.2%3A_Saturated_Solutions_and
_Solubility [Accessed 17 April 2018]