Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

“Bridge to an Inner Mind”

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

• fundamental element of the nurse-client

relationship, client teaching, case management,
staff development, and all the activities
performed by nurses
• process of transmitting thoughts, feelings, facts,
and other information
• People cannot not communicate
• reciprocal in that both the sender and receiver
must be involved

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

• Sender
• encoder
• Generates a message.
• stem from a person’s need to relate
• to others,
• to create meanings,
• to understand various situations

• Sender
• Messages are generated
• external factors,
• internal stimuli
• Encoding
• the use of language and other specific signs and
symbols for sending messages

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

• The Message
• a stimulus produced by a sender and responded to
by a receiver.
• may be
• Verbal
• Nonverbal
• Written materials
• Arts

• The Channel
• The medium through which a message is transmitted.
• major communication channels:
• Visual
• sight, observation, and perception
• Auditory
• spoken words and cues
• Kinesthetic
• experiencing sensations

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

• The Receiver
• the person who intercepts the sender’s message.
• influenced by
• Complex physiological
• Psychological
• Cognitive processes

• Feedback

• The information the sender receives about the

receiver’s reaction to the message.

• Provide the sender with information about the

receiver’s perception of a situation.

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

• Specific rather than general

• Descriptive
• Provided in a supportive, nonthreatening
manner
• Given in a timely manner
• Usable and appropriate to client needs
• Clear and unambiguous
• Direct and honest

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

• Perception
• Cultural Context
• Space and Distance
• Time

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

• Perception
• person’s sensing and understanding of the world

• help a person determine the meaning of the words

and the content of the messages being
communicated.

• the listener to confirm what she thinks she has heard,

because interpretation of the message depends
upon the hearer’s perception of the message.

• Cultural Context

• Because behavior is learned, nonverbal

communication varies from culture to culture.

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

• Space and Distance

• Proxemics is the study of the distance between
people and objects.
• Each person has an invisible buffer zone or personal
space.
• Culturally defined, this boundary alerts a person as
to how close another can comfortably approach.
• respects the client’s personal space in several ways

• Space and Distance

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

• Space and Distance

• Space and Distance

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

• Time
• chronemics - The study of the effects of time on the
communication process
• The amount of time spent in communicating depends
on the client’s needs.
• Keeping clients waiting conveys a message that they
are unimportant.
• Prompt and who allows time for the client to talk
communicates nonverbally, “You are important to
me,” and “I value you as a person.”

Perception
Cultural Context
Space and Distance
Time

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

Verbal Messages
• messages communicated through words and
language, either spoken or written
• paraverbal (paralinguistic) cues:
• tone and pitch of voice;
• Speed
• Inflection
• Volume
• Grunts
• Other nonlanguage vocalizations

Nonverbal Messages
• Unspoken messages often carry more weight
• can be more reliable.
• Cues to determine the meaning of changes in
client behavior
• Facial Expression
• Posture
• Gesture
• Touch
• Physical Appearance and Artifacts

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Intelectual Property of Felix Alfredo Guiang 1/11/2011

Nonverbal Messages
• Unspoken messages often carry more weight
• can be more reliable.
• Cues to determine the meaning of changes in
client behavior
• Facial Expression
• Posture
• Gesture
• Touch
• Physical Appearance and Artifacts

• Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards & Practice,

Second Edition
by Sue C. DeLaune, Patricia K. Ladner
• Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing
by Sheila L. Videbeck, PhD, RN

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