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Submitted To
Saima Rana
Shafaq Saeed
Sadia Tabassum
Fozia Dost
Rabia Saeed
Sonia Arif
3rd Semester
2
IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, WHO IS
MOST GRACIOUS, MOST MERCIFUL.
O LORD
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LIST OF CONTENTS
Introduction of Budgeting
I 05
Cash Budget
II 07
IV
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Executive Summary
Cash budget is the forecast of estimated cash receipts and disbursements for a
specific period of time. It consists of four major sections. it is an important mgt
task that shows the cash position of the company and allows u to evaluate n plan
for your capital need. There are two methods to prepare it. Cash Receipt and
Disbursement Method, Adjusted Income Method. But most effective is Cash
receipt and Disbursement Method.
Electronic cash mgt is the nation wide electronic transfers that accelerate the
collection of deposit from local banks into a central account.
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Budgeting:
Benefits of Budgeting:
Types of budgeting:
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“Capital Expenditures are long term commitments of resources to realize
future benefits.”
• Important areas of managerial decisions
• Managerial errors could be costly because of long time
period
• Research:
“Research is planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of
new knowledge.”
• Development:
“It is the translation of research findings into a plan or design for a new
product or process for a significant improvement.”
The controller’s staff may assist in the preparation of budgets with clearly
defined goals and properly evaluated cost data.
It should be supported by a specific budget request which indicates the
jobs and steps within each project.
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Accounting for research and development costs:
The costs of research and dev. must be expensed in the period incurred
because of the uncertainty of the extent of future benefit to the co.
An exception to the to expensing requirement applies to research
a) Conducted for others
b) Unique to extractive industries
c) Incurred by a govt. regulated enterprise
Cash Budget:
A forecast of estimated cash receipt and disbursement for a
specific period of time .Budget for cash planning and control that presents
expected cash inflow and outflow for a designated time period. It aids in avoiding
idle cash and possible cash shortages. The cash budget typically consists of four
major sections: (1) receipts section, which is the beginning cash balance, cash
collections from customers, and other receipts; (2) disbursement section
comprised of all cash payments made by purpose; (3) cash surplus or deficit
section showing the difference between cash receipts and cash payments; and
(4) financing section providing a detailed account of the borrowings and
repayments expected during the period.
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Cash Disbursement:
Next step is to forecast the cash disbursement. It shows cash outflows. It further
includes Production outlays and other disbursement.
• Indicate cash requirement needed for plant & equipment expansion and
for additional funds.
• Shows the availability of excess fund for short term and long term
investment.
The period of time covered by a cash budget varies with type of business .A
yearly cash budget should usually be prepared by months, with changes made at
the end of each month in order to (1) incorporate deviation from the previous
forecast. (2) Add a month to replace a month just passed rolling cash budget
covering the next 12 months. It includes no accrual items
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Cash Receipt and Disbursement Method:
In this method, all anticipated cash receipts, such as cash collections on
accounts receivable, dividend, interest on loan, are estimated. The primary
source of cash receipts are cash sales and collection of account receivable.
Estimates of collection of account receivable based on the sale budget and on
company's collection experience. Collection during the month will be the result of
(1) month's sale (2) account receivable of prior months.
2 months old.......................................................................................8%
3 months old.......................................................................................6%
4 months old.......................................................................................3%
Doubtful accounts.......................................................................................1%
100.0%
On the basis of this percentage, collections for the month of July are computed
as follows:
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March....................................... 180,000 3 5,400
Material Budget, Labors Budget, Expense Budget, Plant and Equipment Budget,
Treasurer’s Budget
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Payments to suppliers and contractors
Rent payments
Payments for utilities
Tax payments
Investing activities include capital expenditures – disbursements that are not
charged to expense but rather are capitalized as assets on the balance sheet.
Investing activities also include investments (other than cash equivalents as
indicated below) that are not part of your normal line of business. These cash
flows could include:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment
Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment
Purchases of stock or other securities (other than cash equivalents)
Proceeds from the sale or redemption of investments
Financing activities include cash flows relating to the business’s debt or equity
financing:
Proceeds from loans, notes, and other debt instruments
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before income tax. Finally, the provision for income tax is deducted to determine
net income.
Projected Income Statement
Fixed Expenses
Rent/mortgage
Utilities
Insurance
Licenses/permits
Loan payments
Depreciation
Other
Total Fixed
Expenses
Variable Expenses
Payroll
Supplies
Travel/auto
Professional fees
Dues/subscriptions
Advertising/marketin
g
Other
Total Variable
Expenses
Total Expenses
Taxes
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How to fill out the income projection statement:
3. When determining total sales, include any likely discounts, returns, and
bad debts.
4. Subtract cost of sales from total net sales to arrive at gross profit.
5. Divide gross profits by total net sales to arrive at gross profit margin.
10. Subtract total expenses from gross profit to arrive at net profit before
taxes.
11. Subtract taxes from net profit before taxes to arrive at net profit after
taxes. (Remember that payroll taxes are included in your payroll
expenses.)
12. Complete line projections for each month, bearing in mind seasonal and
other cyclic effects on your business. Then total the twelve months to
arrive at the “Annual Total” figures. Adjust the columns to fit your yearly
totals, if necessary.
13. Divide the annual total by the total net sales to determine the annual
percentage, then compare your percentage to the industry average.
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• The Percent of sales method:
This method simply takes the last available year and uses the balance sheet and
income statement to forecast next year by assuming that most items on the
statements will have to go up if sales go up.
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FINANCIAL FORECASTING FOR EXTERNAL USERS
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shows predetermined sales and profit, generally on a six months basis following
the two merchandise seasons: spring summer and fall winter .The merchandise
budgets includes sales, purchases, expenses, capital expenditures, cash, and
annual statements.
Nonprofit Organizations;
Basically, the objective of nonprofit organizations are directed
towards the economic, social, educational, or spiritual benefit of individuals or
groups who have no vested interests in these organizations in the form of
ownership or investment. The president, board of directors, trustees or
administrative officers are changed with the stewardship of economic resources,
except that their job is primarily to use or spend these resources instead of trying
o derive monetary gain. It is expressly for this nonprofit objective that these
organizations should install adequate or effective methods and procedures in
planning, budgeting, and cost control.
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manager to justify the entire budget request in detail and places the burden of
proof on the manager to justify why authorization to spend any money at all
should be granted. It starts with the assumption that zero will be spent on each
activity - thus, the term ‘‘zero base’’. What a manager is al-ready spending is not
accepted as a starting point.
The zero base budgeting approach asserts that in building the budget
from zero , two types of alternatives should be considered by managers :
1) Different ways of performing the same activity.
2) Different levels of effort in performing the activity.
Success in implementing zero base budgeting requires:
1- Linkage of zero budgeting to the long range planning process.
2- Commitment from executive managements.
3- Innovation among the managers who make the budget decision packages.
4- Sale of the procedure to the people who must perform the work to keep the
concept vigorous.
Therefore, the zero base budgeting procedure is new and unique mainly in
approach rather than in basic planning and control philosophy.
CPM and PERT are powerful tools that help to schedule and manage complex
projects. They were developed in the 1950s to control large defense projects, and
have been used routinely since then.
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Critical Path Method (CPM) or the Critical Path Method (CPM) helps to plan all
tasks that must be completed as part of a project. They act as the basis both for
preparation of a schedule, and of resource planning. During management of a
project, they allow to monitor achievement of project goals. Both;
• Graphically display the relationships & sequence of activities
• Estimate the project’s duration
• Identify critical activities that cannot be delayed without delaying the project
• Estimate the amount of slack associated with non-critical activities
• Two network planning techniques are PERT and CPM. Pert uses
probabilistic time estimates. CPM uses deterministic time estimates.
• Pert and CPM determine the critical path of the project and the estimated
completion time. Reducing the cost of the project.
Examples: Both are useful management tools for planning, coordinating, and
controlling large, complex projects such as formulation of a master
(COMPREHENSIVE) budget, a political campaign, construction of buildings,
installation of computers and designing a political campaign.
Crashing:
• Reduced project completion time is “crashing”
• Crashing is the same whether you have used CPM or PERT.
• Project completion times may need to be shortened because
i. Different deadlines
ii. Need to put resources on a new project
iii. Promised completion dates
PERT Chart:
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The milestones generally are numbered so that the ending node of an activity
has a higher number than the beginning node. Incrementing the numbers by 10
allows for new ones to be inserted without modifying the numbering of the entire
diagram. The activities in the above diagram are labeled with letters along with
the expected time required to complete the activity.
Benefits of PERT:
No doubt PERT has some limitations like time estimate is somewhat subjective
and depends upon judgment but it is useful because it provides the following
information:
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• The activities that have slack time and that can lend resources to critical
path activities.
• Activity starts and end dates.
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