Constitutionof India Acts

1 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PREAMBLE
W E , T HE P EO P LE OF I ND I A, h avin g sol emnl y r esolved to

const itut e Indi a into a S OVERE IGN S O CI ALIST S E CULAR
D E M O C R AT I C R E P UB LI C an d t o s e cu r e t o all i t s ci t i z en s :
J US TI C E, so ci al , econo mi c and polit i cal;
LI BERT Y of thought , expr ession , b eli ef , f aith and worship;
E Q U A LI T Y o f s t atu s an d o f o p p o r t u n it y;
and to pro mot e amo ng th em al l
F R ATERNI TY assur ing th e dignit y of th e individu al and th e unit y

and int egri t y o f th e Nation;
I N OU R C O NS TI T UE N T ASS E MB L Y t h i s t w en t y- s i x t h d ay of
N o v e mb e r , 1 9 4 9 , d o H E REB Y A D OP T , E N A C T AN D G I V E TO
O U RS E L V ES TH I S CO NS TI T UT I O N.
PART I
THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
1 . Na me a nd t errito ry of th e Union .—(1 ) Indi a, th at is Bh ar at , sh all b e
a Un ion o f S t at es .
(2 ) Th e St at e s a n d th e t er rito ri es th er eo f sh all b e as sp e c ifi ed in th e
Fir st Sch edu l e.
(3) Th e t errito ry of Indi a sh all co mpris e —
(a ) t h e t err itori es of th e St at es ;
(b ) t h e Union t erri tori es sp ecif ied in th e First Sch edul e; and
(c ) s u ch oth er t erri tori es as may b e acquir ed .
2 . Ad mi ssion or es tablish men t of n ew Stat es .—Parli ament may b y l aw
ad mit in to th e Union , or est ab lish , n ew S t at es on su ch t er ms and condit ions
as it th inks fit .
2 A . [S i kki m to b e asso ciat ed with th e Union .] Rep . b y th e Const itution
(T h i rt y- si xth Am e n d men t ) A c t, 1 9 7 5 , s . 5 ( w.e. f. 2 6 - 4 - 1 9 7 5 ) .
3 . Fo rma tion of n ew S tat es and a lt eration of a rea s, bounda ri es o r
na me s of ex isting Stat es .—P arli ament may b y l aw—
(a ) f o r m a n ew St at e b y s ep ar ation of t errito r y fro m an y St at e or b y
unit ing t wo o r mo r e St at es or p arts of S t at es or b y unit ing any t err itor y
to a p art o f an y St at e ;
(b ) i n cr e as e t h e a r e a o f an y S t ate ;
(c ) d i mini sh th e ar ea of an y St at e;
(d ) al t er the bound ari es of an y St at e;
(e ) al t er th e n ame o f an y St at e:
Provid ed th at no Bill for th e purpos e sh al l be introdu ced in ei th er Hous e
of P arli a me nt ex cept on th e r eco mme nd ation of th e Pr esid en t and un l ess ,
wh er e th e propos al cont ain ed in th e Bi ll aff ects th e ar ea, bound ari es or
n a me of an y of th e St at es , th e Bil l h as b e en r e ferr ed b y th e Pr esid ent to th e
Legisl atur e of th at S t at e for expr ess ing its vi ews th er eo n within su ch
p eriod as ma y be sp ecifi ed in the r e f er en ce or with in su ch further p e riod as
th e Pr esid en t may allo w and th e p eriod so sp ecifi ed or allo wed h as expir ed .
Explanation I .— In this arti cl e, in cl aus es (a ) to (e), “ St at e’ ’ in clud es a
Union t erritor y, bu t in th e proviso , “St at e’’ do es not in clud e a Union
t err itor y.
Explanation II .— Th e p o w e r co n f err ed o n P ar l i a men t b y cla u s e (a )
in clud es th e power to for m a new St at e or Union t erritor y b y unit ing a p ar t
of an y St at e or Union t erri tor y to an y oth er St at e or Union t erritor y.
4 . Law s ma d e und er a rti cl es 2 and 3 to p rovide f o r th e a mend men t of
th e Fi rst and th e Fou rth S chedul es and suppl emen tal , in cid ental and
cons equ entia l ma t t e rs . —(1 ) An y l a w r ef err ed to in arti cl e 2 or ar ti cl e 3
sh al l co n t ain such provision s for th e amend men t of th e Firs t S ch edul e an d
th e Fou rth S ch edul e as ma y b e n ecess ar y to give eff e ct to th e provis ions of
2
th e l aw and may al so cont ain su ch suppl ement al , in cid ent al and

cons eq u ent ial provis ions (in cluding prov isions as to r epr es en t a tion in
P arl i ament and in th e Legis l atur e or Legisl atur es e Stat ( )89t at-67(e)8(s1(n )]TJ 0.0314
PART II
CITIZENSHIP
5 . Citiz enship at th e co mmen cemen t of th e Co nstitu tion .— At th e
co mmen cement of this Constitution , ev er y p erson who h as hi s do mi cil e in
th e t err itor y of Indi a and —
(a ) wh o was born in th e t erri tory of Indi a; or
(b ) ei th er of whos e p ar ents was born in th e t erritor y of Indi a; or
(c ) wh o h as b e en ordin ar il y r esid ent in th e t erritor y of Indi a for not
l ess th an f iv e years i mmed i at el y pr eceding su ch co mmen cement ,
sh al l b e a citi zen of Indi a.
6 . Rights of cit iz enship of certain p e rson s w ho hav e mig rat ed to
India f ro m P aki s tan. —Not withst and ing an ything in arti cl e 5 , a p erson
who h as migr ated to th e t e rritor y of Indi a from t h e t er ritor y no w in clud ed
in P ak ist an sh all b e d eemed to b e a cit i z en of Indi a at th e comme n cemen t
of this Const itution if —
(a ) h e o r eith er of hi s p ar ents or an y of his gr andp ar ents was born in
Indi a as d ef in ed in th e Gov ern me nt of Indi a Act , 1935 ( as orig in all y
en act ed); and
(b )(i ) i n th e c as e wh er e su ch p erson h as so mi gr at ed b efor e th e
nin et e en th d a y of Ju l y, 1948, h e h as b e en ordin ar il y r esid ent in th e
t err itor y of India sin ce th e d at e of his migr ation, o r
(i i ) i n th e cas e wh er e su ch p erson h as so migr at ed on or aft er th e
nin et een th d ay of Jul y, 1948 , he h as b een r egist er ed as a ci ti zen of Ind i a
b y an offi cer appoint ed in th at b eh alf b y th e Go v ern me nt of th e
Do minion of Indi a on an appli cation ma d e b y h i m th er efor to su ch
offi cer b efo r e th e co mmen cement of thi s Const itution in th e for m and
ma n n er pr es cribe d b y th at Gov ern me nt:
Provid ed th at no p erson sh all b e so r eg ist er ed unl ess h e h as b e en

r esid en t in th e t er ritor y of Indi a fo r at l e ast six months i mme d i at el y
pr eceding th e dat e of his appli cation .
7 . Rights of cit iz enship of certain mig rants to Pa kis tan.—

Not withs t anding an ything in arti cl es 5 and 6, a p er son who h as aft er th e
fir st d a y of Ma r ch , 1947, migr at ed fro m the t err itor y of Indi a to th e
t err itor y no w includ ed in P ak ist an sh al l not b e d eemed to b e a cit i z en o f
Indi a:
Provid ed th at nothing in this art i cl e sh al l apply t o a p erson who , aft er
h aving so migr at ed to th e t e rritor y no w in clud ed in P akis tan , has r eturn ed
to th e t erri tor y of Ind i a und er a p er mit for r es ettl ement or p er man en t r e turn
is su ed b y o r u n d er th e au th o r ity o f an y l a w an d ev er y su ch p erso n sh al l fo r
4
th e purpos es of cl aus e ( b) o f art i cl e 6 b e d e eme d to h av e mig r at ed to th e

t err itor y of India aft er th e nin eteenth d ay of July, 1948 .
8 . Rights of citiz ensh ip of certain p ersons of Indian origin resid ing
outs id n-8([(8) - 95(—(() ] T J / T T0 1 Tf 0.5993 Tc 0.5507 8.40.6 0 Tddia ) N ( Ro1( ) - withstuts) a 9(
PART III
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
G e n er a l
1 2 . D ef i n i t io n .—In this P art , unl ess th e cont ext o th er wis e r equir es , “ th e
St at e’’ in clud es th e Gov ernmen t and P arli ament of Indi a and th e
Gov ern ment and th e Legisl atur e of each of th e St at es and all local or oth er
author iti es within th e t erri tor y of Indi a or und er th e contro l of th e
G o v er n me n t o f I n d i a .
13 . Law s in consi st ent w ith o r in deroga tion of th e funda me n tal
rights . —(1) All l a ws in for ce in th e t errito r y of Ind i a i mmed iat el y b efor e
th e co mmen cement of this Const itution , in so f ar as th ey ar e in cons ist ent
with th e prov isions of thi s Part , sh all , to th e ext ent of su ch in consi st en cy,
b e void .
(2) Th e S t at e sh all not mak e an y l aw whi ch t ak es aw ay or abridg es th e
righ ts conf err ed b y this P ar t an d an y l a w mad e in contr av ention of this
cl au s e sh al l, to th e ex t ent of th e contr av ention , b e void .
(3) In this ar ti cle, un l ess th e cont ext oth er wi s e r equir es,—
(a ) “ l aw” in clud es an y Ordin an ce, ord er , b ye-l aw, rul e, r egulation ,
noti fi c ation , cu sto m or us ag e having in th e t erri tor y o f Ind i a th e for ce
of l aw;
(b ) “ l aw s in force” in clud es l aws p ass ed or mad e b y a Legisl atur e o r
oth er co mp et ent autho rit y in th e t erritory of Indi a befor e th e
co mmen cement of this Consti tution and not pr evious l y r ep eal ed ,
not with st anding t h at an y su ch law or an y p art th er eof may n ot b e th en in
op er at ion ei th er a t all or in p arti cul a r ar e as .
(4) No thing in t his ar ti cl e shall appl y to any amen d ment of this
Consti tution mad e und er arti cl e 368 .
Right to Equali ty
14 . Equal ity befo re law .—The S t at e shall not d en y to an y p erson
equ ali t y b efor e th e l aw or the equ al pro t ection of th e l aws within th e
t err itor y of India.
15 . Prohib ition of dis cri mi nation on g rounds of relig ion, ra ce, ca st e,
s ex o r pla ce o f bi rth .—(1 ) The S t at e sh all not dis cr i min at e ag ainst an y
cit i zen on g rounds onl y of r eligion , r ace, caste, s ex , p l ace of bir th o r an y
o f t h e m.
( 2 ) N o cit i z en s h all , o n g r o u n d s o n l y o f r el ig i o n , r a c e , c a s t e , s ex , p l a c e
of birth or an y of th em, b e subject to an y dis abil it y, l i abilit y, restr i ction or
condit ion wi th reg ard to —
(a ) acces s to shops , publi c r es taur ants , hot els and pl aces of publi c
e nt er t ain men t; or
6
(b ) t h e us e of well s, t anks , b athing gh ats , ro ads and pl aces of publi c

r esor t ma int ain ed wholl y or p artl y ou t of St at e funds or d edi cated to th e
us e of th e g en eral publi c.
(3) Noth ing in thi s arti cl e shall p r ev ent th e St at e fro m making an y
sp eci a l prov ision for wo men an d ch ildr en .
(4) Noth ing in this arti cl e or in cl au s e (2) of arti cl e 29 sh al l prev en t th e
St at e fro m ma king an y sp ecial provision for th e ad v an c emen t o f an y
so ci all y and edu c ation a ll y back ward cl ass es of ci ti zens or for th e
S ch ed u l ed C ast es an d th e S ch ed u l ed Trib es .
16 . Equa lity of oppo rtunity in ma tt ers o f publ ic emp loymen t.—(1)
Th er e sh all b e eq u ali t y of opportuni t y for all citi zens in ma tt ers r el ating to
emp lo yment or appoint ment to an y offi ce und er th e St at e.
(2) No citi zen sh all , on grounds onl y of relig ion, r ace, cast e, s ex ,
d es cent , pl ace of bir th, r esid en ce or an y of th em, b e in eligibl e for, or
dis cr i min at ed ag ains t in r esp ect of , an y emplo yment or off i ce und er th e
S t at e .
(3) No thing in this arti cl e sh all pr ev en t P arl i amen t f ro m making an y l a w
pr es cr ibing , in r eg ard to a cl ass or cl as s es of emp lo yme nt or appoint me nt
to an off i ce und er th e Gov ernme n t of , or any lo cal or o th er author it y
within , a St at e or Union t err itor y , an y r equir emen t as to r es id en ce within
th at St at e or Union t err itor y prior to su ch emp lo yment or appoint ment .
(4) Noth ing in thi s arti cl e shall p r ev ent th e St at e fro m making an y
provis ion for th e r es erv ation of appoin t men ts or po sts in favour of an y
b a ck ward cl ass of ci ti zens whi ch , in th e opinion of th e St at e, is not
ad equ at el y r epres ent ed in th e servi ces und er the St at e.
(4 A) No thing in this art i cl e sh all pr ev en t the St at e fro m making an y
provis ion fo r res erv at ion in ma t t ers of promo tion , with cons equ ent i al
s enior it y, to any cl ass or cl asses o f posts in the s e rvi c es und er t h e St at e in
f avour of th e Sch edul ed Cast es and th e S ch edul ed Trib es whi ch , in th e
opinion of th e St at e, ar e not ad equ at el y r epr es ent ed in th e s ervi ces und er
th e St at e.
(4 B) Nothing in this art i cl e sh all pr ev ent th e Stat e fro m considering an y
u n fi ll ed v a c an cie s o f a y e ar wh i ch ar e r es erv ed fo r b ein g fi ll ed u p in th at
year in accord an ce wi th an y provis ion for r es erv at ion mad e und er cl aus e
(4 ) o r cl au s e (4 A ) as a s ep a ra te c l ass o f v a c an ci es to b e fil le d u p in an y
su cceeding year or years and su ch cl ass of v acan ci es sh all not b e
consid er ed tog eth er with th e v acan ci es of th e year in whi ch th ey ar e b eing
fi ll ed up fo r d et er min ing th e ce il ing of f ift y per cen t. r es erv ation on tot a l
n u mb er o f v a c an ci es o f t h at y ea r .
(5) No thing in thi s art i cl e sh all aff ect th e op er at ion of an y l aw w hi ch
provid es th at the in cu mb ent of an off i ce in conn ection wi th the aff ai rs of
an y r el igious or d eno min ation a l in stitut ion or an y memb er of the gov erning
bod y th er eof shall b e a p erson prof es sing a p arti cu l ar r el igion or b e longing

to a p arti cul ar deno min ation .
17 . Abolition of Untou chabi lity .—“ Un to u ch ab il it y’’ i s ab o lish ed an d
it s pr acti ce in an y for m i s forbidd en . Th e en for cement of an y di sab ilit y
aris ing out of “ Untou ch ab ilit y’’ shall b e an off en c e punish ab l e in
accord an ce with l aw.
18 . Abo lition of tit l es .—(1) No ti tl e, no t b eing a milit ar y or acad emi c
dis tin ction , sh all b e conf err ed by th e St at e.
(2) No citi zen of Indi a sh al l accept an y tit l e f rom an y for eign St at e.
(3) No p erson who is no t a citi zen of Indi a sh all , whil e h e holds an y
offi ce of profi t or trust und er th e St at e, accep t withou t th e cons ent of th e
Pr esid en t an y t itl e fro m an y foreign St at e.
(4) No p erson holding an y of fi ce of profi t or trust und er th e S tat e sh al l,
without th e cons ent of th e Pr esid en t, accept an y p res ent , emolu ment , or
offi ce of an y kind fro m o r und er an y for eign Stat e.
Right to Fr eedom
19 . Prot ection of certain rights rega rding f reedo m o f sp eech , et c.—
(1) All cit i zens sh al l h av e th e right —
(a ) t o fr eedo m of sp eech and expr ess ion;
(b ) t o ass embl e p eaceabl y and withou t ar ms ;
(c ) t o for m associ at ions or un ions;
(d ) t o mov e fr eel y throughou t the t erri tor y of Indi a;
(e ) t o r esid e and s ett l e in an y p art of th e t err itory of Indi a; and
* * * * *
(g ) t o pr actis e an y prof ess ion, or to carr y on an y o c cup ation , tr ad e
or busin ess .
(2) Nothing in sub- cl au s e (a) of cl aus e (1) sh all aff e ct th e oper at ion of
an y ex isting l aw , or p r ev ent th e S t at e fro m mak ing an y l aw, in so f ar as
su ch l a w i mpos es r e ason ab l e r est ri ctions on th e ex er cis e of th e righ t
conf err ed b y the s aid sub - cl au s e in th e int er est s o f th e sov er eign t y and
int eg rit y of Ind ia, th e s e cu ri t y of th e S t at e, fr iendl y r el ation s with for eign
St at es, publi c ord er , decen cy or mo r alit y, o r in r el ation to cont empt of
court , d ef a ma tion or in cit e me nt to an off en ce.
(3) Noth ing in sub- cl aus e (b ) o f th e s aid cl au s e sh al l aff e ct th e o p er at io n
of an y exist ing l aw in so f ar as it i mpos es , or pr ev ent th e S t at e fro m
ma k ing an y l aw i mpos ing, in the in t er ests o f the sov er e ignt y an d in t egrit y
of Indi a or publi c ord er , r e asonabl e r estr i ctions on th e ex er cis e of th e right
conf err ed b y th e s aid sub- cl aus e.
(4) Nothing in sub- cl au s e (c) o f th e s aid cl au s e sh al l af f e ct th e o p er at io n
of an y exist ing l aw in so f ar as it i mpos es , or pr ev ent t h e S t at e f r o m
ma k ing an y l aw i mpos ing, in the in t er ests o f the sov er e ignt y an d in t egrit y
of Indi a or publi c ord er or mor ali t y, r eason ab l e r est ri ctions on th e ex er cis e

of th e right conferr ed b y th e s aid sub- cl aus e.
(5) Nothing in sub- cl aus es (d ) and ( e
d et ain ed in cu stod y b eyond the s a id p eriod without th e au thori t y of a

ma g istr a t e.
(3) Nothing in cl aus es (1) and (2) sh all appl y—
(a) to an y p erson who for th e t ime b eing is an en emy ali en; or
(b) to an y p erson wh o is arr est ed or d e t ain ed und er an y l a w
provid ing fo r prev en tiv e d et en tion .
(4) No l a w providing for prev en tiv e d e t ention sh all au thoris e th e
d et ent ion of a person for a longer p eriod th an thr ee months unless —
(a) an Adv isor y B o ard con sisting of p ersons who ar e, or h av e b een ,
or ar e qu al ifi ed to b e appoint ed as , Judg es of a High Court h as r eport ed
b efor e th e exp iration o f th e s aid p eriod o f thr ee mo nths th at th er e is in
it s op inion suffici en t caus e for su ch d et ention :
Provid ed th at nothing in this sub- cl au s e sh all au thor is e th e d etention
of an y p er son beyond th e maximu m p eriod pr es crib ed b y an y l aw mad e
b y P arli a me nt und er sub- cl aus e (b) of cl aus e (7); or
(b) su ch p e rson is d e t ain ed in accord an ce with th e prov isions of an y
l aw mad e b y bP arl i a921 T8C / P .58und er 8(n)-8(ye)7(l)-7(ass)-7(e)-1( ()]TJ / T T1 1 Tf 21.856
(2) Nothing in this arti cl e sh all pr ev ent the S t at e fro m imp osing
co mpulsor y s ervi ce for publ i c purpos es , and in i mpos ing su ch s ervi ce th e
St at e sh all no t mak e an y dis cr imi n ation on grounds on l y of r eligion , r ace,
c a s t e o r cl ass o r a n y o f t h e m.
24 . Prohibition of emp loy ment of chi ld ren in fa cto ri es, et c. — No
child b e low th e ag e of four t e en years sh all be emp lo y ed to work in an y
f actor y or min e or eng ag ed in an y oth er h azardous emplo yment.
Right to Fr eedom of Religion

2 5 . F re ed o m o f co n s ci en c e a n d f r e e p ro f ess io n , p ra ct i c e a n d
p ropagation of relig ion. —(1) Subj ect to pub li c ord er , mo r alit y and h e alth
and to th e oth er provi sions of this P art , all p ersons ar e eq u ally ent itl ed to
fr eedo m o f cons ci en ce and th e right fr eel y to prof ess, pr act is e and
p r o p ag at e r el ig i o n .
(2) Nothing in this art i cl e sh all aff e ct th e op eration of an y ex ist ing l aw
or pr ev ent th e St at e fro m mak ing an y l aw —
(a) r egul ating or r est ri cting an y econo mi c, fin an ci a l, pol iti ca l or
oth er s e cul ar activ it y wh i ch ma y b e asso ci at ed with r el igious pr act i ce;
(b) providing for so ci al wel far e and r efor m or th e throwing op en of
Hindu r e ligious i n stitu tions of a p ubli c ch aract er to al l cl ass es and
s e ct i o n s o f Hin d u s .
Explanation I .—Th e wearing and carr ying of kirpans sh all b e deemed to
b e in clud ed in th e prof ession of th e Sikh r eligion .
Explanation II .— In sub- cl aus e (b ) o f cl aus e (2) , th e ref er en ce to Hindu s
sh al l b e con strued as in clud ing a r e f er en ce to persons prof ess ing th e Sikh ,
J ain a or Buddh ist r elig ion, and th e r ef er en c e to Hindu r eligious ins titution s
sh al l b e const rued accordingl y.
2 6 . F r e ed o m t o ma n a g e r el ig i o u s a f f a i rs .— Subj ect to publi c ord er ,
mo r ali t y and h ealth , ev er y r el igious d eno min ation or an y s e ction ther eof
sh al l h av e th e right —
(a) to est abli sh and maint ain inst itutions for r elig ious and ch arit ab l e
purpos es ;
(b) to man ag e its o wn aff airs in mat t ers of r el igion;
( c) to o wn and ac quir e mov abl e a nd i mmov ab l e prop ert y; and
(d) to ad minist er su ch prop ert y in accord an ce with l a w.
27 . F r e edo m a s to pay me n t of tax e s fo r p romo t ion of any pa rti cu la r
relig ion.— No person sh all b e co mp ell ed to p a y an y t axes, th e pro ceeds of
w hi ch ar e sp ec if i c all y appropri a t ed in p a yme n t of exp ens es for th e
pro motion o r ma i n t en an c e of an y p arti cul ar r eligion or r eligious
d eno min ation .
28 . Freedo m a s to att endan ce at religiou s ins truction o r relig ious

w orship in certain edu cational i nstitut ions .— (1) No r elig ious i nstru ct ion
sh al l b e provided in an y edu cation al ins titution wholl y mai ntain ed ou t of
S t at e f u n d s .
(2) Nothing in cl aus e (1) sh all appl y to an edu cation al in stitu tion wh i ch
is ad min ist er ed b y th e S t at e but h as b e en e st ablish ed und e r an y e ndo w me nt
or t rust whi ch requir es th at r eligious instru ct ion sh al l b e i mp art ed in su ch
ins titution .
(3) No p erson att end ing an y ed u c ation a l institut ion r e cognised b y th e
St at e or r eceiv ing aid out of St at e funds sh all b e r equir ed to t ak e p art in
an y r elig ious instru ction th at may b e i mp ar t ed in su ch inst itution or to
att end an y r e ligious worship that ma y b e condu ct ed in su ch inst itution or
in an y pr emis es at t a ch ed th er eto un l ess su ch person or, if su ch p er son is a
mi nor , his gu ardi an h as giv en his cons ent th er eto .
Cultura l and Edu cationa l Righ ts
29 . Prot ection of in t erests of mi no rit i es.— (1) An y s e ction of th e
cit i z en s r esiding in th e t erritor y of Indi a or an y p art th er eo f h aving a
dis tin ct l angu ag e, s c ript or cu ltu r e of its own shall h av e th e right to
c o n s erv e t h e s ame .
(2) No citi zen sh all b e d eni ed ad mission into an y edu cation al inst itution
mai nt ain ed b y th e St at e or r eceiving aid out of St at e funds on grounds onl y
o f r el i g i o n , r a c e, c a s t e , l an g u ag e o r an y o f t h e m.
30 . Right o f mi n o riti es to establ ish and ad mi nist er edu cationa l
ins titutions . — (1) Al l minoriti es , wh eth er b ased on r el igion or l angu ag e,
sh al l h av e th e right to est abl ish and ad mini st er edu cat ion al inst itutions of
th ei r ch o ic e .
(1 A) In making an y l a w providing for th e co mpulsor y acqu isition of an y
prop ert y of an edu cation al institu tion est abl ish ed and ad minist er ed b y a
mi nori t y, r ef e rred to in cl au s e (1) , th e St ate sh all en su r e th at th e amount
fix ed b y o r d et er min ed und er such l a w for th e ac quis ition of such prop ert y
is su ch as would no t r es tri ct or abrog at e th e right gu ar ant e ed und er th at
c l au s e .
(2) Th e St at e sh al l no t, in gr ant ing aid to edu cation al insti tutions ,
dis cr i min at e ag ains t an y ed u c ation a l inst itution on th e g round th at it is
und er th e manag ement of a mi nori t y, wh eth er b as ed on r el igion or
l an g u ag e .
* * *
31 . [ Co mpul sory a cquisit ion of prop ert y .] Re p . b y th e Const itution
(F o rt y- fo u rth Am e n d men t ) A c t, 1 9 7 8 , s . 6 ( w.e. f.
exis ting l a w r elating to l and t enur es in for ce in th at ar ea an d sh al l also

in clud e—
(i) an y jagir , ina m o r muafi or oth er si mil ar gr ant and in the
S t at e s o f T a mil N a d u and K er al a , an y jan ma m rig h t ;
(i i ) an y l and h eld und er r yot wari s et tl emen t;
(i i i ) an y l and h eld or l et for purpos es of agri cu ltur e or for
purpos es an cillar y th er eto, in cluding was t e l and , for est l and, l and
for p astur e o r sit e s of bu ildings and oth er stru ctur es o c cupi ed b y
cult iv ators of l and , ag ri cu ltur a l l abour er s an d vill ag e art is ans;
(b) th e expr ession ‘‘right s’’ , in r el ation to an est a t e, sh all in clud e
an y rights v esting in a propri eto r, sub-propri e tor, und er-propri e tor,
t enur e-ho ld er, r a i ya t , u n d er- ra i y a t o r o th er in te r me d i ar y an d an y rig h ts
or privi l eg es in r esp ect of l and rev enu e.
31 B. Va lidation of certain Ac ts and Regulation s. —Wi thout pr ejud ice
to th e g en er al ity of th e prov isions cont ain ed in arti cl e 31A, non e of th e
Acts and Regul at ions sp eci fi ed in th e Ninth S ch edu l e nor an y of th e
provis ions th ereof sh al l b e d eemed to b e void , or ev er to hav e b e co me
void , on th e ground th at su ch Act , Regul at ion o r provis ion is i n consist en t
w ith , o r t ak es a w a y o r ab rid g es a n y o f th e r ig h ts co n f err ed b y, a n y
provis ions of this P art , and notwiths t anding any j udg men t, d ecr ee o r ord er
of an y court or Tribun al to th e cont r ar y, each of th e said Acts and
Regul at ions sh all , subj ect to th e po wer of any co mp et ent Legis l atur e to
r ep eal or amend it , continu e in for ce.
31 C. Saving of law s giving eff e ct to certain di rectiv e p rincipl es.—
Not withs t anding an ything cont ain ed in ar ti cl e 13 , no l aw giving eff ect to
1
th e poli c y o f the S t at e to wards s e cu ring [ a ll or an y of th e prin cip l es l a id
do wn in P a rt IV] sh all b e d eemed to b e void on th e g round th at it is
in cons ist ent with , or t ak es away or abridg es any of th e r ights conf err ed b y
2
a rt i cl e 1 4 o r arti cl e 1 9 ; and no la w contain ing a d e clarat ion that i t is for
gi ving eff e ct to su ch po li cy sha ll b e ca ll ed in qu est ion in an y court on th e
ground that i t do es not gi ve eff ect to su ch poli cy:
Provid ed th at wh er e su ch l a w is ma d e b y th e Legisl atur e of a S t at e, th e
provis ions of this arti cl e sh all no t appl y th ereto un l ess su ch l a w, h av ing
b e en r es erv ed for th e consid er at ion of th e Pr esid en t, h as receiv ed his
a s s en t .
3 1 D. [Sa ving of la ws in r esp ect of anti-na tional a cti viti es .] Rep . b y th e
Consti tution (F ort y- third Amen d m en t ) Act ,1977, s .2 (w . e . f .13-4-1978 ).
Right to Consti tutiona l Remedi es
32 . Remedi es fo r enfo rcemen t of rights con ferred by thi s Pa rt .—(1)
Th e righ t to mov e th e Sup r eme Court b y appropri at e pro ceedings for th e
enfor cement of th e righ ts con ferr ed b y this P art is gu ar ant eed .
____________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 4, for “the principles specified in
clause (b) or clause (c) of article 39” (w.e.f. 3.1.1977). Section 4 has been declared invalid by the
Supreme Court in Minerva Mills Ltd. and others vs. Union of India and others (1980) s. 2, S.C.C. 591.
2. In Kesavananda Bharati vs. the State of Kerala (1973),Supp. S.C.R.1., the Supreme Court held the
provisions in italics to be invalid.
(2) Th e Sup r eme Court sh all h av e power to is su e dir e ction s or ord ers or
writs , in clud ing writs in the n atur e of hab eas corpus , mandamus ,
prohib ition , quo warranto a n d cert iorari , which ev er may b e appropri at e,
for th e enfor c emen t of an y of th e rights conf err ed b y this P art .
(3) Without pr ejudi ce to th e powers conf err ed on th e Supr eme Court b y
c l au s es (1 ) an d (2 ), P arli a me n t ma y b y l a w emp o w e r an y o th er co u rt to
ex er cis e wi thin th e lo cal li mits of it s jurisdi ction all or an y of th e po wers
e x er cis ab l e b y th e Supr e me Court und er cl aus e (2) .
(4) Th e right guar ant eed b y this ar ti cl e sh al l not b e susp end ed ex cept as
oth er wis e prov id ed for b y this Consti tution .
3 2 A . [ Consti tutional validi t y of S tat e la ws not to b e consid er ed in
pro ceedings und er arti cl e 32 .] Rep. b y th e Con stitut ion (F o rt y- third
A m e n d m en t ) A ct , 1977 , s . 3 (w . e . f . 1 3 - 4 - 1 9 7 8 ) .
33 . Pow er of Pa rlia men t to modify th e rights conf erred by thi s Pa rt
in th ei r appli cation to Fo rces , et c.—P ar li a me n t ma y , b y l a w, d e t er min e to
wh at ex t en t any of th e rights conf err ed b y th is P art sh all , in th eir
appli cation to ,—
(a ) t h e me mb ers o f th e A r med F o r c es; o r
(b ) t h e memb ers of th e For ces ch arg ed with th e maint en ance o f
publi c ord er ; or
(c ) p e rsons emp lo yed in an y bur eau o r oth er org anis at ion
est ab lish ed b y th e S t at e for purpos es of int e llig en ce or count er
int e llig en ce; or
(d ) p e rsons emp lo y ed in , or in conn ection with , th e
t el eco mmu ni cation s yst ems s et up for th e purpos es of an y For ce, bur eau
or org anis a tion r ef err ed to in claus es (a ) to ( c) ,
b e r e stri ct ed o r a b ro g a t ed so as to en su r e th e p ro p e r d is ch arg e o f th eir
duti es and th e maint en an ce of dis cip lin e among th em
34 . Rest ri ction o n rights conf erred by thi s Pa rt w hil e ma rtia l law is
in fo rce i n any a r ea . —Not with st anding an ything in the f o r egoing
provis ions of this P ar t, P ar li ament may b y l aw ind emnif y an y person in the
s ervi ce of th e Union or of a St at e o r an y oth er p erson in r esp ect of an y act
don e b y hi m in conn ection wi th th e ma int en an ce or r esto ration of ord er in
an y ar ea within th e t erri tor y of Indi a wh er e mar ti al l aw was in for ce or
v alid at e an y s ent en ce p ass ed , punish me nt in fli ct ed , forf eitur e ord er ed or
oth er act don e und er marti al l aw in su ch ar ea.
35 . Legislat ion to giv e ef fect to th e p rovis ions of this Pa rt . —
Not withs t anding an ything in this Constitu tion ,—
(a) P ar li ament sh al l h av e, and th e Legis l atur e of a St at e sh all not
h av e, po w er to mak e l aw s—
(i) with r esp ect to an y of th e matt ers whi ch und er cl aus e (3) of
art i cl e 16, cl ause (3) of art i cl e 32 , arti cl e 33 and arti cl e 34 may b e
provid ed for b y l a w mad e b y P arl i a ment ; and
(i i) for pr es cribing punish me nt for thos e acts wh i ch are
d ecl ar ed to b e off en ces und er this P art ;
and P arli ament sh al l, as soon as may b e af t er th e co mmen cement of thi s
Consti tution , mak e l aws fo r pr es crib ing pun ishmen t for th e acts r ef err ed
to in sub- cl au s e ( ii) ;
(b) an y l a w in for ce i mme d i at el y b efor e th e co mme n cement of this
Consti tution in th e t err itor y of Indi a with r espect to an y o f the mat t ers
r ef err ed to in su b - cl au s e ( i) of cl aus e (a) or provid ing fo r punish me nt
fo r an y a c t r ef err ed to in su b - cl au s e (ii ) o f th at cl au s e sh all , su b j e ct to
th e t er ms th er eof and to an y a d apt at ions and mo difi c at ions th at ma y b e
ma d e th er ein und er arti cl e 372 , cont inu e in f or ce unt il alt er ed or
r ep e al ed or a me nd ed b y P a rli a me nt .
Explanation . —In this ar ti cl e, the expr es sion "l aw in for ce'' h as th e s ame
mean ing as in arti cl e 372 .
PART IV
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
3 6 . D ef in i t i o n .
s ecuring justi ce ar e not d eni ed to an y cit i zen b y r eason of econo mi c or

oth er dis ab ilit i es .
40 . Organisation of vi llag e pan chayats .—Th e St ate sh all t ake st ep s to
org anis e vill age p an ch ayat s and endo w th em wi th su ch po wers and
author it y as ma y b e n ecess ar y to en ab l e th em to fun ction as unit s of s e lf-
gov ern ment .
41 . Right to wo rk, to edu cation and to publi c assis tan ce in certain
cas es .— Th e St at e sh all , within th e l i mits of it s econo mi c cap acit y and
d ev elop ment , ma k e ef fectiv e provis ion for s e curing th e r ight to work , to
edu cation and to publ i c assis tan ce in cas es of un emplo yment , old age,
s i ck n es s an d d i s a b l e me n t , an d i n o t h er c as es o f u n d es erv ed w an t .
42 . Provis ion fo r ju st and huma n e condit ions of w ork and ma t ernity
reli e f. —Th e S tat e sh al l mak e provision for s ecuring jus t and hu man e
condit ions of work and for materni t y r eli ef .
4 3 . Liv i n g w ag e, et c. , f o r w or ke r s .— Th e S t at e s h a l l en d e av o u r t o
s e cur e , b y suitabl e l eg isl ation or econo mi c org anis a tion or in an y oth er
way, to all work ers , agr i cultural , industri a l or o th erwis e, work , a living
wag e, condi tions of work ensuring a d ecent st and ard of lif e and ful l
enjo yment of l ei sur e an d soci al an d cu ltur al oppor tunities an d , in
p art i cul ar , th e St at e sh al l endeavour to pro mot e cott ag e industr i es on an
in d iv id u al o r co -o p er at iv e b as is in ru r al ar e as .
43 A. Pa rt i cipation of w orkers in ma nag emen t of indust ri es . — Th e
S t at e sh all t ak e st ep s , b y su it ab le l eg i sl atio n o r in an y o th e r w ay , to s e cu r e
th e p arti cip a tio n o f wo rk ers in th e ma n ag e me n t o f u n d ert ak in g s,
est ab lish ments or oth er org anisation s en g ag ed in an y industr y.
44 . Uni fo rm civil cod e fo r the citiz ens . —The St at e sh all en d e avour to
s e cu r e for th e cit i z en s a un ifor m civil co d e throughout th e t erri tor y of
India.
45 . Provision fo r f ree and comp u lso ry edu cation fo r chi ldren .— Th e
St at e sh all endeavour to provid e , within a p eriod of ten years fro m th e
co mmen cement of this Const itution , fo r fr ee and co mpulsor y edu cation for
all chi ldr en un til th ey co mpl et e th e ag e of fourteen years .
46 . Pro mo tion of edu cational and econo mi c int erest s of S ch edul ed
C a st es , S ch ed u l ed T rib es a n d o th e r w ea ke r s e ctio n s.— Th e S t at e s h a l l
pro mot e with sp eci al car e th e edu c ation a l and econo mi c inter est s of th e
weak er s ections o f th e p eopl e, and , in p arti cu lar , of th e S ch edul ed Cast es
a nd th e S ch edule d Trib es , and sh all p rot e ct th em f ro m so ci al injus ti c e and
all for ms of exploi t ation .
47 . Duty of th e Stat e to ra is e th e l ev el of nutrit ion and th e standa rd
of liv ing and to i mp r ov e publi c h eal th.— Th e S t at e sh all r eg ard th e
r ais ing of th e l ev el of nutrit ion and th e st an d ard of living of its p eopl e and
th e i mprov ement of pub li c health as among i ts pri mar y duti e s and , in
p art i cul ar , th e St at e sh all endeavour to bring about prohibit ion of th e
consu mption except for me di cin al pu rpos es of i ntoxi cating drinks and of
drugs whi ch ar e injur ious to h e alth .
48 . Organisation of ag ri cultu re and an i mal hu sband ry.—T h e St at e
sh al l en d e avour to org anis e ag ri cu ltur e an d an i mal husb and ry on mo d ern
a nd s ci en tifi c lin es and sh a ll , in p art i cul ar , t ak e st ep s for pr es erving a nd
i mproving th e br eeds , and prohibi ting th e s l aught er , of co ws and calv es
and oth er mil ch and dr aught cattl e.
4 8 A . P ro t e ct io n a n d i mp r o v eme n t o f en v i ro n me n t a n d s a f e g u a rd i ng
of fo rests and w ild lif e. —Th e St at e sh al l end eavour to prot ect and
i mprov e th e environ ment and to s af egu ard th e f o r ests an d wild lif e of th e
country.
49 . Prot ection of mo nu men ts and p la ces and obj ects of nationa l
i mp o rta n c e .—I t s h all b e th e oblig ation of th e S t at e to prot ect ev er y
mo nu men t or place or obj ect of ar tist i c or h istori c int er es t, d ecl ar ed b y or
u n d er l aw ma d e b y P a rli a me n t to b e o f n atio n a l i mp o rta n c e , fro m
spol i ation , disfigur ement , d estru ction , r e mo v al, dispos al o r export , as th e
c a s e ma y b e .
50 . S epa ration of judi cia ry f rom ex ecutiv e.—Th e St at e sh all t ak e st ep s
to s ep ar at e th e judi ci ar y fro m th e ex ecutiv e in th e publi c s ervi c es of th e
S t at e .
5 1 . P ro mo ti o n o f i n t e rn a t i o n a l p ea c e a n d s ec u rit y . —Th e Stat e sh al l
e n d e av o u r t o —
(a ) p ro mot e int ern at ion al peace and s ecurit y;
(b ) ma i nt ain just and honor abl e r el a tions b et w een n ations ;
(c ) f o s t er r esp ec t for int ern ation al l a w an d t rea t y obl ig ations in th e
d ealing s of org ani zed p eopl es with on e anoth er; and
(d ) en cour ag e sett l emen t of in tern at ion al d isput es b y arbit ration .
PART IVA
PART IVA
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
51 A. Funda me ntal du ti es .—I t sh al l b e th e dut y of ev er y cit i z en of
India—
(a ) t o ab ide b y th e Consti tution an d r esp ect i ts id eals and
ins titution s, th e Nation al Fl ag an d th e Nation al Anth em;
(b ) t o ch erish and fol low th e nobl e id ea ls whi ch in spired our
n ation a l struggle for fr eedo m;
(c ) t o uphold and prot ect th e sov er eign t y, unit y and int egrity of
Indi a;
(d ) t o def end th e coun tr y and r end er n at ion al s ervi ce wh en call ed
upon to do so;
(e ) t o pro mot e h ar mon y and t h e spir it of co mmon broth erhood
amo ngst all th e p eop l e of India t r ans cending r el igious , l inguis ti c and
r egion al or s ection al div ersi ti es; to r enoun ce p racti c es d erog ator y to th e
digni t y o f wo men;
(f ) t o v alu e an d p r es erv e th e ri ch h erit ag e o f o u r co mp o sit e cu ltu r e;
(g ) t o pro t ect and i mprov e th e n atur al environ ment in cluding
for es ts, l ak es , riv ers and wild li f e, and to h ave co mp assion for living
cr eatur e s;
(h ) t o d ev elop th e s ci en tifi c temp er , hu manism and the sp irit of
inqui r y and r efor m;
(i ) t o s af egu ard publi c prop er t y and to abjur e viol en ce;
(j ) t o striv e tow ards ex cell ence i n all sph eres o f indiv idu al and
coll ectiv e activit y so th at th e nation const an tl y ris es to high er l ev el s of
e n d e av o u r an d ac h i ev e me n t .
20
PART V
THE UNION
C HA P TE R I.—T H E E X EC U TI VE
(b ) i f , aft er t aking th e s a id mu ltipl e s of on e thous an d , th e r e maind er

is not l es s th an fiv e hundr ed , th en th e vot e of each me mb er r ef err ed to
in sub- cl au s e (a) s h all b e fu rth er in cr e as ed b y o n e;
(c ) e a c h e l e c t ed member of either House of Parliament shall have such number of
votes as may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members
of the Legislative Assemblies of the States under sub-clauses (a) and (b) by the total
number of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament, fractions exceeding one-
half being counted as one and other fractions being disregarded.
(3) The election of the President shall be held in accordance with the system of
proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting at such
election shall be by secret ballot.
Explanation.— In this article, the expression ‘‘population’’ means the population as
ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published:
Provided that the reference in this Explanation to the last preceding census of which the
relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken
after the year 2026 have been published, be construed as a reference to the 1971 census.
56. Term of office of President.—(1) The President shall hold office for a term of five
years from the date on which he enters upon his office:
Provided that—
(a ) t h e Pr es id en t may, b y writing und er his hand addr ess ed to th e
Vi ce-Pr es id ent , r esign hi s of fi ce;
(b ) t h e Pr esid en t may, for viol ation of th e Consti tution , b e r e mo v ed
fro m offi ce b y imp each men t in th e mann er prov id ed in arti cl e 61;
(c ) t h e Pr esid en t sh all , not withst an d ing th e expir a tion of his t er m,
continu e to hold offi ce unti l h is su ccessor ent e rs upon h is offi ce.
(2) Any resignation addressed to the Vice-President under clause (a) of the proviso to
clause (1) shall forthwith be communicated by him to the Speaker of the House of the People.
57. Eligibility for re-election.—A person who holds, or who has held, office as President
shall, subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, be eligible for re-election to that
office.
58. Qualifications for election as President.—(1) No person shall be eligible for election
as President unless he—
(a ) i s a citi zen of Indi a,
(b ) h as co mpl eted th e ag e of th irt y- fiv e years , and
(c ) i s qu al ifi ed for el ect ion as a memb er of th e Hous e of th e P eopl e.
(2) A p er son sh all not b e eligibl e for el ection as Pr esid ent if h e holds
an y offi ce of p rofi t und er th e Gov ern ment o f Indi a or th e Gov ern ment of
an y St at e or under an y lo cal or oth er au thorit y subj ect to th e contro l of an y
of th e s aid Gov ern ments .
Explanation . —For th e purpo s es of th is arti cl e, a p erson sh all not b e

d eemed to ho ld an y offi ce of profi t b y r e ason onl y th at h e is the Pr esid ent
or Vi ce- Pr esident of th e Un ion or th e Governor of an y St at e or i s a
Minist er eith er for th e Union or for an y S t at e.
59 . Condit ions of Presid ent's offi ce.—(1 ) Th e Pr esid en t sh all n o t b e a
memb er of either Hou s e of P arli ament or of a Hous e o f th e Legis l atur e o f
an y St ate, and if a memb er of eith er Hou s e of P arl i ament or of a Hous e of
th e Legisl atur e of an y St at e b e el ect ed Pr es ident , h e sh all b e d eemed to
h av e v acat ed his s eat in th at Hous e on th e d at e on whi ch h e enters upon hi s
offi ce as Pr es ident .
(2) Th e Pr esid ent sh al l no t hold an y o th er offi ce of profit .
(3) Th e Pr es id en t sh all b e en titl ed without p a ymen t o f r ent to th e us e o f
his of fi ci al r esid en c es and sha ll b e al so en tit l ed to su ch emo lu me nts ,
a llo w an c es and priv il eg es as ma y b e d e t er min ed b y P a rli a me nt b y l a w and ,
unti l provision in th at b eh alf i s so ma d e, su ch emo lu me nts , allow a n c es and
priv il eg es as are sp ecifi ed in the S e cond S ch edul e.
(4 ) T h e e mo lu me n ts a n d allo w a n c es o f th e P r esid en t sh all n o t b e
di mini sh ed dur ing his t er m of offi ce.
60 . Oath o r affi rma tion by the Presid ent . —Ev er y Pr es id ent a nd ev er y
p erson acting as Pr esid en t or dis ch arg ing th e fun ctions of th e Pr esid en t
sh al l, b efor e ent er ing upon hi s offi ce, ma k e and subs crib e in th e pr es en ce
of th e Chi e f Just i c e of Indi a or , in his abs en ce, th e s enior - most Judg e o f
th e Supr eme Court av ail abl e, an o a th or affir mation in th e fol lo wing for m,
th at i s to s a y—
"I , A. B . , d o s w e a r i n t h e n a m e o f G o d t h a t I wi l l f ai t h f u l l y ex e cu t e
solemnly affirm
th e of fi c e of President (or discharge the functions of the President) of India and will to the best of my ability
preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being
of the people of India.".
61 . P ro c edu re fo r i mp e a chme n t of th e P r esid ent . —(1) Wh en a
Pr esid en t is to b e i mp each ed for v iol ation of th e Cons titut ion, th e ch arg e
sh al l b e pr ef erred b y eith er Hous e of P arli ament .
(2) No su ch ch arg e sh all b e pr eferr ed unl ess —
(a ) t h e p ropos al to p ref er su ch ch arg e is contain ed in a r esolution
w h i ch h as b e en mo v ed af t er at l e ast fo u rt e en d a ys' n o ti c e in wri ting
sign ed b y not l ess th an on e-fou rth of th e tot al nu mb er of memb ers of th e
Hous e h as b een giv en of th eir int ent ion to mov e th e r esolu tion , and
(b ) s u ch r eso lu tio n h as b e en p ass ed b y a ma jo rit y o f n o t l ess th an
t wo-th irds of the tot al memb ership of th e House.
(3) Wh en a ch arg e h as b een so pr ef err ed b y eith er Hous e of P arl i ament ,
th e oth er House sh all inv e stigat e th e ch arg e or cau s e th e ch arg e to b e
in v es tig at ed an d th e P re sid en t sh al l h av e th e rig h t to ap p e ar an d to b e
r epr es en t ed at su ch inv est iga tion .
(4) If as a result of the investigation a resolution is passed by a majority of not less than
two-thirds of the total membership of the House by which the charge was investigated or
caused to be investigated, declaring that the charge preferred against the President has been
sustained, such resolution shall have the effect of removing the President from his office as
th at Hous e on th e d at e on whi ch h e ent ers upon hi s offi ce as Vi ce-

P r esid en t.
(3) No p erson sh al l b e eligib le for el ection as Vi ce-Pr esid ent un l ess
h e—
(a )
in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation in the following form, that is to say—
"I , A. B . , d o s w e a r i n t h e n a m e o f G o d t h at I w i l l b e ar t r u e f ai t h and
solemnly affirm
all eg i an ce to the Consti tution of Indi a as b y l aw est abl ish ed and th at I will
f ai thfull y dis charg e th e dut y upon whi ch I am about to ent er . "
70. Discharge of President's functions in other contingencies.—Parliament may make
such provisions as it thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the President in any
contingency not provided for in this Chapter.
71. Matt ers relating to , o r co nn ect ed w ith, th e el ection of a
Presid ent o r Vi ce- P resi den t.— (1) All doub ts an d disput es aris ing out o f
or in conn ect ion wi th th e el ection o f a Pr esid ent or Vi ce-P resident sh all b e
inqui r ed into and d e cid ed b y th e Supr eme Court whos e d e cision sh al l b e
fin a l.
(2) If the election of a person as President or Vice-President is declared void by the
Supreme Court, acts done by him in the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of
the office of President or Vice-President, as the case may be, on or before the date of the
decision of the Supreme Court shall not be invalidated by reason of that declaration.
(3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may by law regulate any
matter relating to or connected with the election of a President or Vice-President.
(4) The election of a person as President or Vice-President shall not be called in question
on the ground of the existence of any vacancy for whatever reason among the members of the
electoral college electing him.
72. Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute
sentences in certain cases.— (1) The President shall have the power to grant pardons,
reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence
of any person convicted of any offence—
(a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court Martial;
(b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any law
relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends;
(c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.
(2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the power conferred by law on any
officer of the Armed Forces of the Union to suspend, remit or commute a sentence passed by
a Court Martial.
(3) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of clause (1) shall affect the power to suspend, remit or
commute a sentence of death exercisable by the Governor of a State under any law for the
time being in force.
73. Extent of executive power of the Union.— (1) Subject to the provisions of this
Constitution, the executive power of the Union shall extend—
(a ) t o th e matt ers with r esp ect to whi ch P arliamen t h as power to
mak e l aw s; and
(b ) t o th e ex erc is e o f su ch r ig h ts , au th o r it y an d ju ri sd i ctio n a s ar e
e x er cis ab l e b y th e Gov ern me nt of Indi a b y v irtu e of an y tr ea t y or
agr eement:
Provid ed th at th e ex ecu tiv e po wer r ef er r ed to in sub- cl aus e (a ) s h all
not , s av e as expr ess l y provid ed in this Const itution or in an y law ma d e b y
P arl i a ment , extend in an y St at e to matt ers with r esp ect to whi ch th e
Legisl atur e o f th e St at e h as also po wer to make l aws .
(2) Un t il o th erwis e provid ed by P arli a ment , a St at e an d an y offi cer or
author it y of a St at e ma y, not withst and ing an ything in th is arti cl e, continu e
to ex er cis e in matt ers with r e spect to whi ch P arl i a ment h as power to mak e
l aws for th at S tat e su ch ex ecutiv e po wer or function s as th e S t at e or offi cer
or authorit y th er eof could ex ercis e i mme d i at ely b e for e th e comme n cemen t
of this Const itution .
Coun cil of Minist er s
74 . Coun cil of Min ist ers to aid and advise Presid ent .—(1) Th er e
sh al l b e a Council of Minist er s with th e Pri me Minis t er at th e h e ad to aid
and advi s e th e Pr esid en t who sh all , in th e ex ercis e of his fun ction s, act in
accord an ce with su ch advi ce:
Provid ed th at th e P r esid ent may r equi r e th e Coun cil o f Minis t ers to
r e consid er su ch adv i ce, eith er g en er al l y or o th er wis e, and the P r esid ent
sh al l act in accord an ce with th e advi ce t end er ed aft er su ch r e consid er ation .
(2) Th e qu es tion wh eth er an y, and if so wh at , adv i ce was t end er ed b y
Minist ers to th e Pr esid en t sh all not b e inquir ed into in an y court .
75 . Oth er p rovis ions as to Minist ers . —(1) Th e Pri me Minis t er sh all
b e appoint ed b y th e Pr esid ent and th e oth e r Minis t ers sh all b e appoint ed b y
th e Pr esid en t on th e advi ce of the Pri me Min ist er .
(1 A) Th e tot al nu mb er of Ministers , in clud ing th e Pri me Minister , in th e
Coun cil of Minist er s sh all not ex ceed fift een per cent . o f th e tot al nu mb er
of memb er s of th e Hou s e of th e P eopl e.
(1 B) A me mb er of eith er Hous e of P ar li ame nt belonging to an y pol iti cal
p art y who is disqu alifi ed for b eing a memb er of th at H ous e und er
p ar agr aph 2 of th e T enth S ch edul e sh al l a lso b e disqu al ifi ed to b e
appoint ed as a Minis t er und er cl aus e (1) for dur ation of th e p eriod
co mmen c ing from t h e d at e of his d isqu alif i c ation till th e d at e on whi ch th e
t er m of h is office as su ch memb er would expi re or wh er e h e cont es ts an y
el ect ion to eith er Hou s e of P arliamen t b efor e the expir y o f su ch p eriod , t ill
th e d at e o n wh i ch h e is d e cl ar ed e l e ct ed , wh i ch ev er is e arl ie r.
(2) Th e Mini st ers sh al l ho ld of fi ce during th e pl easur e of th e Pr esid en t.
(3) Th e Coun cil o f Min ist ers sh al l b e co ll ectiv el y r esponsible to th e
H o u s e o f t h e P eo p l e .
(4) Befor e a Minist er ent ers upon his off ice, th e P r esident sh all
ad minis ter to him t h e o aths of offi ce and of s e cr ecy accord ing to th e for ms
s et out for th e purpos e in th e Third S ch edul e.
CHAPTER II.—PARLIAMENT
General
79. Constitution of Parliament.—There shall be a Parliament for the Union which shall
(3) In this article, the expression “population” means the population as ascertained at the
last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published:
Provided that the reference in this clause to the last preceding census of which the
relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken
after the year 2026 have been published, be construed, —
(i) for the purposes of sub-clause (a) of clause (2) and the proviso to that clause, as a
reference to the 1971 census; and
(ii) for the purposes of sub-clause (b) of clause (2) as a reference to the 2001 census.
82. Readjustment after each census.—Upon the completion of each census, the
allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States and the division of each State into
territorial constituencies shall be readjusted by such authority and in such manner as
Parliament may by law determine:
Provided that such readjustment shall not affect representation in the House of the People
until the dissolution of the then existing House:
Provided further that such readjustment shall take effect from such date as the President
may, by order, specify and until such readjustment takes effect, any election to the House may
be held on the basis of the territorial constituencies existing before such readjustment:
Provided also that until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2026
have been published, it shall not be necessary to readjust—
(i) the allocation of seats in the House of People to the States as readjusted on
the basis of the 1971 census; and
(ii) the division of each State into territorial constituencies as may be readjusted
on the basis of the 2001 census,
under this article.
83 . Du ration of Hous es of Pa rlia men t .—(1) Th e Coun c il of St at es
sh al l no t b e subj ect to d issolution , but as n e arl y as pos sibl e on e-th ird of
th e me mb ers ther eof sh all r et ire as soon as ma y b e on th e expir a tion of
ev er y s e cond year in acco rd an ce with th e provision s mad e in that b eh al f b y
P arl i ament b y l aw .
(2) Th e Hous e o f th e P eopl e, un l ess soon er dis solv ed, sh all con tinu e
for fiv e years fro m t h e d at e appoint ed for its fir st me eting and no long er
and th e expi r ation of th e s a id p eriod o f fiv e years sh all oper at e as a
dis solution of th e Ho u s e:
Provid ed th at th e s aid p eriod ma y, w hil e a P ro cl a ma tion of Eme r g en c y
is in op er ation, b e ex t end ed b y P arli a me nt b y l a w for a p eriod not
ex ceeding on e year at a ti me and not ext ending in an y cas e b eyond a p eriod
o f six mo n th s aft er th e Pro cl a ma tio n h as c e as ed to o p er at e .
84 . Qualif i cation fo r me mb er ship of Pa rliamen t.— A p erson sh all not
b e qu alif ied to b e chos en to fill a s eat in P arli amen t unl ess h e—
(a ) i s a c it i zen o f In d i a , an d ma k e s an d su b s crib e s b efo r e so me
p erson au thorised in th at b eh alf b y th e El ection Co mmi ssion an o ath or
affi r mation according to the for m s et out for th e purpos e in th e Th ird

S ch edul e;
(b ) i s , in th e cas e of a s eat in th e Coun cil of St at es, not l ess th an
thi rt y years of ag e and , in th e cas e of a s eat in th e Hous e of the P eopl e,
not l ess th an t we nt y- fiv e ye ars of ag e; and
(c ) p oss ess es suc h o th er qu al ific a tion s as ma y b e pr e s crib ed in t h at
b eh al f b y o r u n d e r an y l a w ma d e b y P a r l i a me n t .
85 . S essions of Pa rlia me n t , p ro rogation and disso lution .—(1) Th e
Pr esid en t sh al l fro m t i me to time s u mmo n each Hous e of P arl i ament to
meet at su ch time an d p l ace as h e thinks f it , but six months sh al l no t
int e rv en e b e twee n it s l ast si tting in on e s ess ion and th e d at e appoint ed fo r
it s f irst si tting in th e n ext s ession .
(2) Th e Pr esid ent may fro m t i me to ti me—
(a ) p rorogu e th e Hous es or eith er Hous e;
(b ) d is solv e th e Hous e of th e P eopl e.
86 . Right of Presid ent to add ress and s end messag es to Hous es .—(1)
Th e Pr esid ent may ad dr ess eith er Hous e of P arl i ament o r both Hous es
ass e mbl ed tog eth er , and for th at purpos e requir e th e attend an ce of
memb er s.
(2) Th e Pr es id ent ma y s end me ss ag es to either Hous e of P arl i a ment ,
wh eth er with r esp ect to a Bi ll th en p ending in P arl i ament or o th er wis e, and
a Hou s e to whi ch an y me ss ag e is so s ent sh all w ith all conv enie nt d esp at ch
consid er an y matt er r equ ir ed b y th e mess ag e to b e t ak en into consid er ation .
87 . Sp ecia l address by th e Presid en t. —(1) At th e co mme n c ement of th e
fir st s es sion af ter each g en er al el ect ion to th e Hous e of th e P eopl e and at
th e co mme n cement of th e f irst s ess ion o f each year th e Pr esid en t sh all
addr ess both Hous es of P arli a me nt ass e mbl ed tog eth er and infor m
P arl i ament of the caus es of its su mmon s.
(2) Prov ision sh all b e ma d e by th e rul e s r egul at ing th e procedur e of
eith er Hous e for th e al lot ment of t i me fo r dis cus sion of th e ma tt ers
r ef err ed to in such addr ess .
88 . Right s of Minist ers and Atto rn ey- G en eral as resp ects Hous es. —
E v er y Mini st er a nd th e Attorn ey- G en er al of Indi a sh all h av e th e right to
sp eak in , and oth er wis e to t ake p a rt in th e pro ceedings of , eith er Hous e,
an y joint sit ting of th e Hous es , and an y co mmi tt ee of Parli a me nt of wh i ch
h e ma y b e n a me d a me mb er , but sh all not by virtu e of this arti cl e b e
enti tl ed to vot e.
Offi cers o f Par lia ment
89 . Th e Chai rma n and Deputy Chai rman of th e Coun cil of Stat es .—
(1) Th e Vi ce- Pr esid en t of Indi a sh all b e ex o ffi cio Ch airman of th e
C oun cil of St at es .
(2) Th e Coun ci l of S tat es sh all , as soon as may b e, choos e a memb er of

th e Coun ci l to b e Deput y Ch air man th er eof and , so oft en as th e offi ce o f
Deput y Ch air man b eco mes vacant , th e Coun cil sh al l choos e anoth er
me mb e r to b e De p u t y Ch air ma n th er eo f .
90 . Va ca tion and resignat ion of , and removal f ro m, t h e offi ce of
Deputy Chai rman .— A memb er hold ing offi ce as Deput y Ch air man of th e
C oun cil of St at es —
(a ) s h all v acate hi s offi ce if h e ceas e s to b e a me mb er of th e
C o u n cil ;
(b ) may at any ti me, b y writing und er h is hand addr ess ed to th e
Ch air man , resign his offi ce; and
(c ) ma y b e r e mov ed fro m h is offi c e b y a r eso lution of th e Coun cil
p ass ed b y a majori t y of al l th e th en memb ers of th e Coun cil:
Provid ed th at no r eso lution fo r th e purpos e of cl au s e (c ) s h al l b e mo v ed
unl ess at l e ast fourt e en d a ys ’ noti ce h as b e en giv en of th e int ent ion to
mo v e th e resolution .
91 . Pow er o f th e D eputy Chai rma n o r oth er p erson to p erfo rm t h e
duti es of th e offi ce o f, o r to a ct as , Chai rman .—(1 )Whil e th e off ice of
Ch air man i s v acant , or during an y p er iod wh en th e Vi ce-Pr esident is act ing
as , o r dis ch a rging th e fun c tions of, Pr esid en t, th e duti es of th e offi ce sh all
b e perfor med b y th e Deput y Ch air man , or , if th e off i ce of Deput y
C h air man is al so v acant , b y such memb er o f th e Coun cil of St at es as th e
Pr esid en t ma y appoint for th e purpos e.
(2) During th e abs en c e of th e Ch air man fro m an y si tting of th e Coun cil
of St at es th e Deput y Ch air man , or , if h e is also abs ent , su ch p erson as may
b e d et er min ed b y th e ru les of pro c edur e of th e Coun cil , or , if no su ch
p erson is pr es en t , su ch oth er p erson as ma y b e d et er min ed b y th e Coun cil ,
s h al l a c t as Ch air ma n .
92 . Th e Chai rma n o r th e D eputy Chai rma n not to p res id e w hi l e a
resolut ion fo r his remo val f ro m o ffi ce is und er consid eration .— (1) At
an y sit ting of th e Coun cil of St at es, whil e an y r esolu tion for th e r e mov al
of th e Vi ce-Pr esid ent fro m hi s offi ce is und er consid er ation , the Ch ai r man ,
or wh il e an y r esolu tion fo r th e r e mo v al of th e Deput y Ch air man fro m his
offi ce is und er consid er ation , th e Deput y Ch airman , sh all not , though he is
pr es ent , pr es id e, and th e provisions of cl aus e (2) of ar ti cl e 91 sh al l appl y
in r el ation to ev er y su ch s itting as th ey appl y in r el ation to a si tting fro m
w h i ch t h e Ch air ma n , o r, as t h e c a s e ma y b e , t h e D ep u t y Ch air ma n , i s
a b s en t .
(2) Th e Ch air man sh all h av e the r ight to sp eak in , and oth er wis e to t ak e
p art in th e pro ceedings of , th e Coun cil of S t ates wh il e an y r esolu tion fo r
th e r e mo v al of th e Vi ce-Pr esid ent fro m h is o ffice is und er consid er ation in
th e Coun cil , but , not withs t anding an ything in arti cle 100 , sh al l no t b e
enti tl ed to vot e at al l on su ch r esolu tion or on an y oth er ma t t er during such

p r o c e ed i n g s .
93 . Th e Sp ea ker and Deputy Sp ea ker of th e Hou s e of th e Peopl e.—

w h i ch t h e S p e ak e r , o r , as t h e c as e ma y b e , t h e D e p u t y S p e ak er , i s ab s en t .
(2) Th e Sp eak er sh all h av e th e righ t to sp eak in , and o th erwise to t ake
p art in th e pro ceedings of , th e Hous e of th e P eopl e whil e an y resolu tion for
his r e mo v al f rom o ff i ce is und er consid er ation in th e House and sh all ,
not with st anding an ything in articl e 100 , b e en t itl ed to vot e onl y in th e first
ins t an ce on su ch r eso lution o r on an y o th er ma tt er during such pro ceed ings
but not in th e cas e of an eq u a lity of vot es .
97 . Sala ri es and allow ances of th e Cha irma n and Deputy Chai rma n
a n d t h e S p ea ke r a n d D ep u t y S p ea ke r . — Th er e sh all b e paid to th e
C h air ma n and th e D epu t y Ch air ma n o f th e Coun cil of St at es , a nd to th e
Sp eak er and th e Deput y Sp eak er of th e Hous e of th e P eopl e, su ch s al ari es
a nd al low an c e s a s ma y b e r esp e ctiv e l y fix ed b y P arli a me nt b y l a w and ,
unti l prov ision in th at b eh alf is so mad e, su ch s al ari es and allo wan ces as
ar e sp ecif ied in th e S e cond S ch edul e.
98 . Secreta riat of Pa rlia men t.— (1) Each Hous e of P ar li ament sh all
h av e a s ep ar at e s e cr et a ri al st aff:
Provid ed th at nothing in this claus e sh all b e constru ed as pr ev en ting th e
cr eat ion of posts co mmon to both Hous es of P arl i ament .
(2) P arl i ament may b y l aw r egul at e th e r ecruit ment , and th e condit ions
of s ervi ce of p ersons appoint ed, to the s ecr et ari al st aff of either Hous e of
P arl i a ment .
(3) Un til provision is ma d e b y P arl i a ment und er cl au s e (2) , th e P r esid en t
ma y, aft e r consult a tion with the Sp eak er o f the Hou s e of th e P eopl e or th e
C h air man of th e Coun cil of St at es , as th e cas e may b e, mak e rul es
r egul ating th e r e cruit ment , and th e condi tions of s ervi ce o f p ersons
appoint ed , to the s ecr et ari al s t aff of th e Hous e of th e P eopl e o r th e Coun cil
of S t at es , and an y ru l es so ma de sh all h av e effect subj ect to the prov isions
o f an y l a w ma d e u n d er t h e s ai d c l au s e .
Condu ct of Busin ess
99 . Oath o r af fi rma tion by me mb ers .— Ev er y memb er o f either House
o f P ar li a men t sh all , b efo r e t ak in g h is s e at , ma k e an d su b s c rib e b efo r e th e
Pr esid en t, or so me p erson appoint ed in th at b eh al f b y hi m, an o a th or
S ch ed u l e .
100 . Vot ing in Hous es , power of Hous es to a ct notw ithstand ing
v a can ci es a n d q u o ru m. — (1) S av e as other wis e provid ed in this
Consti tution , all qu estions at an y s itting of eith er Hous e o r joint sit ting of
th e Hous es sh all b e d et er min ed b y a ma j o rity of vot es o f th e me mb ers
pr es ent and voting , oth er than th e Sp eak er or person acting as Ch air man or
Sp eak er .
Th e Ch air man or Sp eak er, or p erson acting as su ch , sh al l not vot e in th e

fir st in st an c e , b u t sh all h av e an d ex er cis e a c astin g v o t e in th e c a s e o f an
e q u al i t y o f v o t es .
(2) Eith er House o f P arl i a ment s h all h av e po we r to act not withst an d ing
an y v acan c y in th e me mb ersh ip t h er eof , and any p ro ceed ings in P a rli a me nt
sh al l b e v al id not with st anding th at it i s d is cov er ed subs eq u ent ly th at so me
p erson who was not en titl ed so to do s at or vo ted or o th er wis e took p art in
th e pro ceedings .
(3) Un til P arl i ame n t b y l a w other wis e provid es , th e quoru m to const itut e
a meet ing of eith er Hous e of P arl i a ment sh all b e on e-t enth of th e tot a l
n u mb er o f me m b ers o f t h e Ho u s e .
(4) If at an y time d uring a meeting of a House th er e is no quoru m, it
sh al l b e th e dut y of th e Ch airman or Sp eak er, o r p erson act ing as su ch,
eith er to ad journ the Hou s e or to susp en d the meet ing un til th er e is a
q u o r u m.
Disqual ifi cations of Memb ers
101 . Va cat ion of s eats .— (1) No p erson sh all b e a memb er of both
H ous es o f P arliamen t and provision sh all b e mad e b y P arli ament b y l aw fo r
th e v acat ion b y a p erson who is cho s en a memb er of both Hous es of his
s e at in on e Hous e or th e oth er .
(2) No p erson sh all b e a memb er bo th of P arliamen t and of a Hous e of
th e Legis l atur e of a St at e, and if a p erson is chos en a memb er both of
P arl i ament and of a Hous e of th e Legis l atur e of a St at e, th en , at th e
e xpir a tion of su ch p eriod as may b e sp e cifie d in ru l es mad e b y th e
Pr esid en t, th at p erson’ s s eat in P ar li ament sh all b eco me v acant , unl ess h e
h as pr evious l y resign ed his s eat in th e Legisl atur e of th e St at e.
(3) If a me mb er of eith er Hous e of P arli a me nt —
(a ) b eco mes subj ect to an y of th e disqu ali fi cation s men tion ed in
c l au s e ( 1 ) o r cl au s e ( 2 ) o f art i cle 1 0 2 , o r
(b ) r e sign s his s e at b y wri ting und er his hand addr ess ed to th e
Ch air man or the Sp eak er , as th e cas e may b e, and his r esign ation is
accept ed b y th e Ch air man or th e Sp eak er , as th e cas e may b e,
his s eat sh all ther eupon b eco me v acant:
Provid ed th at in th e cas e of an y r esign ation r eferr ed to in sub-cl aus e (b) ,
if fro m info r mation r e ceiv ed or oth er wis e an d aft er ma king su ch inquir y as
h e th inks fit , the Ch air man or th e Sp eak er , as th e cas e ma y b e , i s s atis fi ed
th at su ch resignation is not volunt ar y or g enuin e , h e sh all not accep t su ch
r esign ation .
(4) If for a p eriod of sixt y d a ys a me mb er o f eith er Hou s e of Parl i a ment
is without p er mis sion of th e Hous e abs ent f rom al l meet ings th er eof , th e
Hous e may d eclar e his s eat v acant:
Provid ed that in co mputing th e s aid p er iod of sixt y d a ys no account sh all

b e t ak en of an y p eriod dur ing whi ch th e Hous e is prorogu ed o r is adjourn ed
for mor e th an four cons ecutiv e days .
102 . Di squalifications fo r me mb ersh ip.— (1) A p erson sh al l b e
disqu a lifi ed for b eing chos en a s , and for b e ing, a me mb e r o f eith e r Hou s e
of P arli ament —
(a )
Po wers , Pr i vil eg es and Immuni ti es of Parl iament

and its Memb ers
105 . Pow ers , privi l eg es , et c., of th e Hous es of Pa rlia men t and of t he
me mb e r s a n d co mmi t t e es t h e re o f .—
(5) A Bill whi ch is p ending in th e Hous e of the P eopl e, or whi ch h aving

b een p ass ed b y th e Hous e of the P eopl e is p endin g in th e Council of St at es ,
sh al l, subj ect to th e provisions of arti cl e 108 , laps e on a di ssolution of th e
H o u s e o f t h e P eo p l e .
108 . Jo int si tting of both Ho us es in certain ca s es . — (1) If aft er a Bill
h as b e en p ass ed b y o n e Ho u s e an d tr an s mit t ed to th e o th er Ho u s e —
(a) th e Bill i s r ej ect ed b y th e oth er Hous e; or
(b) th e Hous es h av e fin all y disagr eed as to the amen d men ts to b e
mad e in th e Bi ll; or
( c) mor e th an six months el aps e f ro m th e d at e of th e r ecept ion of th e
Bil l b y th e oth er Hous e wi thout th e Bill b eing pass ed b y it ,
th e Pr esid en t ma y, un l ess th e Bil l h as el ap s ed by r e ason o f a disso lution of
th e Hous e o f the P eopl e, no tif y to th e Hous es by mes s ag e if th ey ar e sitt ing
or b y pub li c noti fi c ation if th ey ar e not sitt ing , his int ention to su mmon
th em to meet in a joint sit ting for th e pu rpos e of d elib er ating an d voting on
th e Bil l:
Provid ed th at nothing in th is claus e sh all appl y to a Mon e y Bill.
(2) In r eckoning an y su ch p eriod of s ix months as is r ef err ed to in cl au s e
(1) , no accoun t sh all b e t ak en of an y p er iod during whi ch th e Hou s e
r ef err ed to in sub- cl aus e ( c) of th at cl aus e i s prorogu ed or adjourn ed for
mo r e th an four cons ecut ive d ays .
(3) Wh er e th e Pr esid en t h as und er cl au s e (1) notifi ed his int ent ion of
su mmo ning th e Hous es to meet in a joint sit ting , n eith er Hous e sh all
pro ceed fur th er with th e Bil l, but th e Pr esid ent ma y at an y ti me aft e r th e
d at e of h is not ifi cation su mmo n th e Hous es to meet in a jo int sitt ing for
th e purpo s e sp ecif i ed in th e noti fi cation and , if h e do es so , th e Hous es
sh al l meet accordingl y.
(4) If at th e join t sit ting of th e t wo Houses th e Bi ll , with su ch
amen d men ts, if an y, as ar e agr e ed to in joint sitt ing, is pass ed b y a
ma j ori t y o f th e tot a l nu mb er of me mb ers of both Hous es pr es ent and
voting , it sh al l b e d eemed for th e purpos es of this Const itution to h av e
b e en p ass ed b y both Hous es:
Provid ed th at at a joint sit ting—
(a) if th e Bi ll, h av ing b een pass ed b y on e H ous e, h as no t b een
p ass ed b y th e oth er Hous e wi th amen d men ts and r etu rn ed to the Hous e
in whi ch it origin at ed , no amendmen t sh all b e propos ed to th e Bil l o th er
th an su ch a me n d me n ts (if an y) a s ar e ma d e n e ce ss ar y b y th e d el a y in th e
p ass ag e of th e Bil l;
(b) if th e Bi ll h as b e en so p ass ed an d re tu rn ed , o n l y su ch
amen d men ts as afor es aid shall b e propos ed to th e Bil l an d such oth er
amen d men ts as ar e r el ev ant to th e matt ers with r esp ect to whi ch th e
H o u s es h av e n o t agr e ed;
and th e d e cision of th e p erson pr esiding as to th e amen d ments whi ch ar e
ad missib l e und er this cl au s e sh all b e fin al .
(5) A joint s itting may b e h e ld und er this arti cl e an d a Bill p ass ed

th er eat, not withst and ing th at a dis solution of th e Hous e of th e P eop l e h as
int erv en ed sin ce th e P r esid ent noti fi ed h is int ention to su mmon th e Hous es
to meet th er ein .
109 . Special p ro cedu re in resp ect of Mon ey Bil ls.—(1) A Mon e y Bill
sh al l no t b e int rodu ced in th e Coun cil of St at es.
(2) Aft er a Mon e y Bill h as b ee n p ass ed b y the H ous e o f th e P eopl e it
sh al l b e tr ans mitt ed to th e Coun cil of S t at es for its r eco mmend ation s and
th e Coun cil of St at es sh all within a p eriod of fourt e en d a ys fro m th e d a t e
of its r eceipt of t h e Bill r eturn th e Bill to th e Hous e of th e P eopl e wi th it s
r e co mme nd ations and th e Hous e of th e P eopl e ma y t h er eupon eith er accept
or r ej ect al l or an y of th e r eco mmen d ations of th e Coun cil of Stat es .
(3) If th e Hous e of th e P eopl e accepts an y of the r eco mmen d ations of th e
C oun cil of St ate s , th e Mon e y B il l sh a ll b e d ee me d to h av e bee n p ass ed b y
both Hous es with th e amend ments r eco mmen d ed b y th e Coun cil o f St at es
and accept ed b y th e Hou s e of the P eopl e.
(4) If th e Hous e of th e P eopl e do es not accept any o f th e
r e co mme nd ations of th e Coun cil of S t at es , th e Mon e y Bill sh all b e d eemed
to h av e b e en p ass ed b y both Hous es in th e fo rm i n whi ch it wa s p as s ed b y
th e Hous e of the P eopl e wi thout an y o f th e amen d men ts r ecomme n d ed b y
th e Coun cil of St at es.
(5) If a Mon e y B il l p as s ed b y th e Hous e o f th e P eopl e and tr ans mit t ed to
th e Coun cil of St at es for i ts r eco mme nd ations is not r eturn ed to th e Hous e
of th e P eopl e with in th e s a id p eriod of fourt e en d a ys , i t sh all be d eemed to
h av e b een p ass ed b y both Hou s es at th e expir ation of th e s aid period in th e
for m in wh i ch it was p a ss ed b y th e Hou s e of th e P eopl e.
110 . Def inition o f "Mon ey Bil ls'' .— (1) For th e purpos es of thi s
Ch ap t er , a Bill sh all b e d eemed to b e a Mon e y Bill i f it cont ain s on l y
provis ions d e aling with all or an y of th e follo wing ma tt ers , n ame l y: —
(a) th e i mposition , abolit ion, remi ssion , al t er ation or r egul at ion of
a n y t ax ;
(b) th e r egul ation of th e borrowing of mon e y or th e giving of an y
g u ar an t e e b y th e G o v ern me n t o f In d i a, o r th e ame n d men t o f th e l a w wi th
r esp ect to an y fin an ci a l obl ig ations und ert ak en or to b e und ert ak en b y
th e Gov ern me nt of Indi a;
( c) th e custod y of th e Con solidat ed Fund o r th e Conting en c y Fund of
Indi a, th e p ayment of mon eys into or th e withdr awal of moneys fro m
an y su ch Fund;
(d) th e appropri at ion of mon eys out of th e Consolid at ed Fund of
Indi a;
( e) th e d e cl aring of an y ex p enditu r e to b e ex p enditu r e ch arged on

th e Consol idat ed Fund of Indi a or th e in cr easing of th e amount of an y
su ch ex p en d itu re ;
(f) th e r eceip t of money on account of th e Consolid at ed Fund of
Indi a or th e publi c account of Ind i a or th e custod y or is su e of su ch
mo n ey o r th e audit of th e accounts of th e Union or of a St at e; or
(g) an y mat t er in cid en t al to an y of th e matters sp ecifi ed in sub-
cl aus es ( a) to ( f) .
(2) A Bill sh all not b e d eemed to b e a Mon ey Bil l b y r eason onl y th at it
provid es for th e i mposition of fin es or oth er p ecuni ar y p en alt i es , or for th e
d emand or p ayment of f ees fo r li cen ces or f ees for s ervi ces r end er ed , o r b y
r eason th at it provid es for th e i mposi tion , aboli tion , r emiss ion , al t er ation
or r egul at ion of an y t ax b y an y lo cal authori t y or bod y for lo cal purpos es .
(3) I f an y qu estion aris es wh eth er a Bill is a Mon e y Bill or not , th e
d e cis ion of th e Sp eak er of th e Hous e of th e P eopl e th er eon sh all b e fin al .
(4) Th er e sh all b e endors ed on ev er y Mo n e y Bill wh en it i s tr an s mit t ed
to th e Coun cil of St at es und er art i cl e 109 , and wh en it i s pr esent ed to th e
Pr esid en t for ass ent und er arti cl e 111 , th e certifi cat e of th e Speak er of th e
Hous e of th e P eopl e sign ed b y hi m th at it is a Mon ey Bill .
111 . As s ent to Bil ls.—Wh en a B ill h as b een p ass ed b y th e H ous es of
P arl i a men t , i t sh all b e p r e s en t ed to th e Pr e sid en t , an d th e Pr esid en t sh all
d e cl ar e eith er th at h e as s ents to th e Bill , or th at h e withholds ass ent
th er ef ro m:
Provid ed th at th e Pr esid ent ma y, as soon as pos sibl e aft er th e
pr es en t a tion to hi m of a Bill for as s ent , r eturn th e Bill i f it is not a Mon e y
Bil l to th e Hous es with a messag e r equ esting th at th ey will r econsid er th e
Bil l or an y sp ecif i ed provi sions th er eof and, in p art i cul ar , wil l consid er th e
d esir ab ilit y of introdu cing an y su ch amend ments as h e may r eco mmend in
his mess ag e, an d wh en a Bill is so r eturn ed , th e Hous es sh all r e consid er
th e Bill accordingl y, and if th e Bill is p ass ed ag ain b y th e Hous es with or
without amend ment and pr es ent ed to th e Pr es id ent for ass ent , the Pr esid ent
sh al l no t wi thhold ass ent th erefro m.
Pro c edur e in Finan cial Matt er s
112 . Annua l finan cial stat ement .—(1 ) Th e P r esid ent sh all in r esp e ct of
ev er y fin an c ial year caus e to be l aid b efor e both th e Hous es of P arl i a ment
a st at ement of th e esti mat ed r eceipt s and exp enditu r e of th e Gov ern ment of
Indi a fo r th at year , in th is Part r e f err ed to as th e " annu al f in an ci al
st at ement ''.
(2) Th e es ti ma t es o f ex p enditur e embodi ed in th e annu al fin an c i al
st a t e men t sh a ll sh o w s ep ar at el y—
(a) th e su ms r eq u ir ed to me e t e x p en d itu r e d es c rib ed b y t h is

Consti tution as exp end itur e ch arg ed upon the Conso lid at ed F und of
Indi a; and
(b
(b) the expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India but not exceeding in
any case the amount shown in the statement previously laid before Parliament.
(2) No amendment shall be proposed to any such Bill in either House of Parliament which
will have the effect of varying the amount or altering the destination of any grant so made or
of varying the amount of any expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India, and the
decision of the person presiding as to whether an amendment is inadmissible under this clause
shall be final.
(3) Subject to the provisions of articles 115 and 116, no money shall be withdrawn from
the Consolidated Fund of India except under appropriation made by law passed in accordance
with the provisions of this article.
115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.— (1) The President shall—
(a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of
article 114 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to
be insufficient for the purposes of that year or when a need has arisen during the current
financial year for supplementary or additional expenditure upon some new service not
contemplated in the annual financial statement for that year, or
(b) if any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of
the amount granted for that service and for that year,
cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament another statement showing the
estimated amount of that expenditure or cause to be presented to the House of the People a
demand for such excess, as the case may be.
(2) The provisions of articles 112, 113 and 114 shall have effect in relation to any such
statement and expenditure or demand and also to any law to be made authorising the
appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India to meet such expenditure or
the grant in respect of such demand as they have effect in relation to the annual financial
statement and the expenditure mentioned therein or to a demand for a grant and the law to be
made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India
to meet such expenditure or grant.
116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.—(1) Notwithstanding
anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the House of the People shall have
power—
(a) to make any grant in advance in resp ect of th e estimat ed exp endi tur e for
a p ar t of an y fin an ci al year pending th e co mpl et ion of th e pro cedur e
pr es cr ib ed in arti cl e 113 fo r the voting of su ch gr an t an d th e passing of
th e l a w in accord an c e with th e provis ions of art i cl e 114 in rel at ion to
th at ex p en d i tu r e;
(b) to ma k e a gr ant for meeting an un exp ected d e mand upon th e
r esour ces of Indi a wh en on account o f th e ma gnitud e or th e ind efin it e
ch ar act er of the s erv i ce th e dema n d cannot be s tat ed with th e d et a ils
ordin ar il y giv en in an annu al f in an ci al s tat ement;
( c) to mak e an ex ception al gr ant whi ch for ms no p art of th e curr ent
s ervi c e of an y fin an ci al ye ar;
a n d P arl i a men t sh al l h av e p o w e r to au th o rise b y l a w th e with d r aw a l o f

mo n eys fro m t he Conso lid at ed Fund of Indi a for th e purpos es for whi ch th e
s aid gr ant s ar e mad e.
(2) Th e provis ions of art i cl es 113 and 114 sh all h av e eff ect in r el at ion to
th e making o f an y gr ant und er cl aus e (1) and to an y law to b e mad e und er
th at cl aus e as th ey h av e eff ect in r el ation to th e making of a gr ant wi th
r eg ard to an y exp enditu r e mention ed in th e annu al fin an ci al st at ement and
th e l a w to b e ma d e for th e au thoris ation of appropri a tion of mo n e ys out of
th e Consolid at ed Fund of Ind i a to meet su ch exp enditu r e.
117 . Special p rovis ions as to finan cia l Bills .— (1) A Bill or amen d men t
ma k ing provision for an y of th e ma t t ers sp ecif ied in sub- cl au ses (a) to (f)
of cl aus e (1) of ar ti cl e 110 sh all not b e introdu ced or mov ed ex cept on th e
r e co mme nd ation of th e Pr esid en t an d a Bill ma king su ch provis ion shall
not b e introdu ced in th e Coun cil of St at es:
Provid ed th at no r e co mme nd ation sh al l b e r equir ed und er this cl au s e fo r
th e moving of an amend ment ma king provision fo r th e redu ction or
aboli tion of an y t ax .
(2) A Bill or amen d men t sh al l no t b e d eemed to ma k e provision fo r an y
of th e matt ers afor es aid b y r e ason onl y th at it provid es for th e i mpos ition
of f in es or oth er p ecuni ar y p enalt i es , or for the d emand or p aymen t of fees
for li cen c es or fees for s ervi c es r end er ed, or b y r e ason that i t provid es for
th e i mposition , aboli tion , r e mission , alt er ation or r egul ation of an y t ax b y
an y lo cal authorit y or bod y for lo cal purpos es .
(3) A Bil l whi ch , if en act ed and brought into op er at ion, would involv e
exp enditu re from th e Consolidat ed Fund of Indi a sh all not b e pass ed b y
eith er Hous e of P arli ament un less th e Pr esid ent h as r eco mme nd ed to th at
Hous e th e consid er at ion of th e Bil l.
P ro c ed u r e G en era l l y
1 1 8 . Rul e s o f p ro c edu r e .— (1) Each Hous e of P arli ament may mak e
rul es for r egulating , subj ect to th e provi sions of th is Constitu tion , i ts
pro c edur e and th e condu ct of its busin es s.
(2) Until rul e s ar e mad e und er cl aus e (1) , th e rul es of pro c edur e and
st and ing ord ers in for ce i mme di at el y b efor e th e co mme n cement of this
Consti tution with r esp ect to th e Legisl atu r e o f th e Do minion of Indi a sh all
h av e eff e ct in r el a tion to P ar li a ment subj ect to su ch mo d ification s and
ad apt at ions as may b e mad e th er ein b y th e Ch air man of the Coun cil of
St at es or th e Speak er of th e Hous e of th e P eople, as th e cas e may b e.
(3) Th e Pr es id ent , aft er consu ltation wi th th e Ch air man of th e Coun cil of
St at es and th e Sp eak er of th e Hous e o f th e Peopl e, ma y make rul es as to
th e pro cedur e with r esp ect to joint sit tings of , and co mmu ni cations
b et w e en , th e two Hous es .
(4) At a join t sitt ing of th e t wo Hous es th e Sp ea k er of th e Hous e of th e

P eopl e, or in his abs en ce su ch p erson as ma y b e det er min ed b y rul es of
pro cedur e mad e und er cl aus e (3), sh all pr esid e.
119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business.—
Parliament may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by
law the procedure of, and the conduct of business in, each House of Parliament in relation to
any financial matter or to any Bill for the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated
Fund of India, and, if and so far as any provision of any law so made is inconsistent with any
rule made by a House of Parliament under clause (1) of article 118 or with any rule or
standing order having effect in relation to Parliament under clause (2) of that article, such
provision shall prevail.
120. Language to be used in Parliament.— (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII,
but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in Parliament shall be transacted in Hindi
or in English:
Provided that the Chairman of the Council of States or Speaker of the House of the People,
or person acting as such, as the case may be, may permit any member who cannot adequately
express himself in Hindi or in English to address the House in his mother-tongue.
that period resolutions disapproving it are passed by both Houses, upon the passing of the
second of those resolutions; and
(b) may b e withdr awn at an y time b y th e Pr es id ent .
t 8881.3(3)
1 . 3 16 Ilanation
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Explanation II .— In co mputing for th e purpose of this cl au s e th e p eriod

during whi ch a p erson has b een an advo cat e, an y p eriod during wh i ch a
p erson h as h e ld judi ci al offi ce not in f erior to th at of a d istri ct judg e af t er
h e b e c a me an ad v o c at e s h all b e i n clu d ed .
(4) A Judg e of th e Supr eme Court sh all not b e r emov ed fro m his of fi ce
ex cept b y an ord er of th e Pr esid ent p ass ed aft er an addr ess b y each Hous e
of P ar li a me nt support ed b y a ma j o ri t y of th e to t al me mb er ship of th at
Hous e and b y a maj ori t y of not l ess th an t wo-thirds of th e memb ers o f th at
Hous e pr es en t an d voting h as been pr es en t ed to th e Pr esid en t in th e s a me
s ess ion for such r e mov al on th e ground of prov ed misbeh aviour or
in c ap a ci t y.
(5) P arli ament may b y l aw r egul at e th e pro cedur e for th e pr esent at ion of
an addr ess and for th e inv estig at ion and proof of th e misbeh aviour or
in cap aci t y of a Judg e und er cl aus e (4) .
(6) Ev er y p erson appo int ed to b e a Judg e of th e Sup r eme Court sh all ,
b efor e h e ent er s upon his off i ce, ma k e and sub scrib e b efor e th e Pr esid en t,
or so me p erson appoint ed in th at b eh alf b y hi m, an o ath or affi r mation
according to th e for m s et out for th e purpos e in th e Third S ch edul e.
(7) No p e rson who h as h eld o ffice as a Judg e of th e Supr eme Court sh al l
pl ead or act in an y court or befor e an y authori t y wi thin th e t err itor y of
India.
1 2 5 . S a l a r i e s , e t c . , o f J u d g e s .— (1) Th er e sh all b e p aid to th e Judg es of
th e Supr eme Court su ch s a l ari es as ma y b e d et er min ed b y P arl i a ment b y
l aw and, unti l provis ion in that b eh alf is so mad e, su ch s al ar i es as ar e
sp ecif i ed in th e S e cond S ch edule.
(2) Ever y Judg e s h all b e entit l ed to su ch privileg es and allo wan c es and
to su ch right s in r esp ect of l eav e of abs en ce and p ension as may fro m ti me
to ti me b e d et er min ed b y o r u n d er l a w ma d e b y P arl i a men t an d , u n ti l so
d et er min ed , to su ch priv il eg es , allo wan ces and right s as ar e sp ecif i ed in
th e S econd S ch edul e:
Provid ed th at neith er th e privi leg es nor th e allo wan c es of a J udg e no r
his rights in r esp ect o f l e av e of abs en c e or p ension sh all b e v ari ed to his
dis adv an t age af ter his appoint ment .
1 2 6 . Appo int me nt o f a ct ing Chi ef J u sti c e .—Wh en th e offi ce of Chi ef
Jus ti ce of India is v acant or wh en th e Chief Just i c e is , b y r e ason of
abs en ce or oth er wis e, un abl e to p erfo r m th e duti e s of his offi ce , th e du ti es
of th e offi ce shall b e p erfor med b y su ch on e of th e oth er Judg es of th e
Court as th e Pr esid en t ma y appoint for th e purpos e.
127 . Appoint ment of ad ho c Judg es .— (1) If at an y ti me ther e should
not b e a quorum o f th e Judg es of th e Supr eme Court av ail abl e to hold or
continu e an y s ess ion of th e Court , th e Chi ef Just i ce of Indi a may, wi th th e
pr evious cons ent of th e Pr esid en t and after consult a tion with th e
Chi ef Justi ce of th e High Court con c ern ed , r equ est in writ ing th e
att end an ce at the sit tings of th e Court , as an ad ho c Judg e, for su ch p eriod

as may b e n ecess ar y, of a Judg e of a High Court dul y qu ali fi ed for
appoint ment as a Judg e of th e Supr eme Court to b e d esign at ed by th e Chi ef
Jus ti ce o f Ind i a.
(2) I t sh all b e th e dut y of th e Judg e who h as b e en so d esign at ed , in
prior it y to o th er duti es of his offi ce, to att end th e sitt ings o f th e Supr eme
Court at th e time an d for th e p eriod for wh i ch his att end an ce is r equir ed ,
a n d wh il e so att en d in g h e sh a ll h av e a ll th e ju r isd i ctio n , p o w ers an d
priv il eg es , and sh al l d is ch arg e th e duti e s, of a Judg e of th e Supr eme Cou rt .
128 . Att endance of reti red Judg es at sitting s of th e Sup reme
C o u rt .— Not withst an d ing an ything in this Ch apt er , th e Ch i ef Justi ce of
Indi a ma y at any ti me , with th e pr evious cons ent of th e Pr esident , r equ est
an y person who h as h eld th e offi ce of a Judg e of th e Sup reme Court or o f
th e F ed er al Court or who h as held th e off i ce of a Judg e of a High Court
and is dul y qu ali fi ed for appo int ment as a Judg e of th e Supr eme Co urt to
si t and act as a Judg e of th e Supr eme Court , and ev er y su ch p er son so
r equ est ed sh all , whil e so s itting an d acting , b e ent itl ed to su ch al lowan ces
as th e Pr esid en t may b y ord er d et er min e and h av e all th e jurisd i ction ,
po wers and privil eg es of , but shall not o th erwise b e d eemed to b e, a Judg e
of th at Court:
Provid ed th at nothing in this arti cl e sh all b e d eemed to r equi r e an y su ch
p erson as afor es aid to sit and act as a Judge of th at Court unl ess h e
cons en ts so to do .
1 2 9 . S u p r e me C o u rt t o b e a co u rt o f r e co rd .— Th e Supr eme Court sh al l
b e a court o f r ecord and sh all hav e all th e powers of su ch a court in cluding
th e po wer to punish for cont empt of its elf .
1 3 0 . S ea t o f S u p r e me C o u rt . —T h e S u p r e me C o u rt sh all sit in D e lh i o r
in such oth er place or p l aces, as the Chi ef Jus ti ce of Indi a may, with th e
approv al of th e Pr esid en t, fro m ti me to ti me, appoint .
131 . Orig inal ju risd i ction of th e Sup reme Cou rt . —Subj ec t to the
provis ions of this Constitu tion , th e Supr eme Court sh all , to the ex clu sion
of an y oth er court , h av e origin al jurisd i ction in an y disput e—
(a) b et w een th e Gov ern ment of Indi a and on e o r mo r e St at es; or
(b) b etween th e Gov ern ment of Indi a and an y St at e or St at es on on e
sid e and on e or mo r e oth er St ates on th e oth er; or
( c) b et w e en t wo o r mo r e S t a t es ,
if an d in so f ar as th e dispu t e involv es an y qu est ion (wh e th er of l a w or
f act) on whi ch th e exist en ce or ext ent of a l eg al right d ep ends:
Provid ed th at th e s a id jurisd i ction sh all no t ex t end to a disput e ar ising
out of an y t r e aty, a gr e e men t, cov en ant , eng ag eme n t , sanad or oth er s i mil ar
ins tru men t wh ich , h aving b een en t er ed into or ex ecut ed b efor e th e
co mmen cement of this Constitu tion , con tinues in op er ation aft er su ch
co mmen cement , or whi ch provid es th at th e s aid jur isdi ction sh all no t

ext end to su ch a disput e.
1 3 1 A . [ Exclu si ve ju risdi ct ion of th e Supr em e Court in r egard to
qu est ions a s to consti tutional va lid it y of Central la ws .] Rep. b y th e
Consti tution (F ort y- third Amen d m en t ) Act , 1977 , s. 4 (w . e . f . 13-4-1978 ).
132 . App el lat e ju ris di ction of Sup reme Court in app ea ls fro m Hi gh
Cou rts in certain ca s es .— (1) An app e al shall l i e to th e Supr eme Cour t
fro m an y judg ment , d ecr ee o r fin al o rd er of a High Cour t in th e t erritor y o f
Indi a, wh eth er in a civil , cri min al or oth er proceeding , if th e High Court
cert ifi es und er art i cl e 134A th at th e cas e involv es a subs t anti al qu es tion of
l a w as to th e interpr et a tion of this Const itution .
* * * * *
(3) Wh er e su ch a certif i c at e is giv en , an y p art y in th e cas e ma y app e al to
th e Supr eme Court on th e ground th at an y su ch qu estion as afor es aid h as
b een wrongl y d ecid ed .
Explanation . — For th e purposes of this arti cl e, th e expr ession “f in al
ord er ” in clud es an ord er d e ciding an i ssu e wh i ch , if d e cid ed in f avour o f
th e ap p ell an t, would b e suffi cien t for th e fin al dispo sal o f th e cas e.
133 . App el lat e ju ris di ction of Sup reme Court in app ea ls fro m Hi gh
C ou rts in rega rd to civ il ma t t ers .— (1) An ap p e al shall li e to th e
Supr eme Court fro m an y judg me nt , d ecr ee or fin al ord e r in a civil
pro ceeding of a High Court in th e t erritor y of Indi a if th e High Court
c e r t if i es u n d er art i cl e 1 3 4 A —
(a) th at th e case involv es a subst an ti al qu estion of l a w of gen er al
i mp o r t an c e; an d
(b) th at in th e opinion of th e High Court th e s aid qu es tion n eeds to
b e d ecid ed b y the Supr eme Court .
(2) No t with st anding an yth ing in art icl e 132, an y p art y ap p e aling to th e
Supr eme Court und er cl aus e (1) may u rg e as on e of th e grounds in su ch
app e al th at a subst an ti al qu estion of l aw as to th e int erpr et ation of this
C onsti tution h as b een wrong l y decid ed .
(3) No twithst anding an ything in this ar ti cl e, no ap p e al sh all, unl es s
P arl i a ment b y law oth er wis e provid es , l i e to th e Supr eme Court fro m th e
judg ment , d ecr ee or fin al ord er of on e Judg e o f a High Cour t.
134 . App el lat e ju ris di ction of Sup reme Cou rt in rega rd to cri mi nal
ma t t ers .—(1) An app eal sh all lie to th e Supr eme Court f ro m any judg ment ,
fin a l o rder o r sent en ce in a cri min al pro ceeding of a High Court in th e
t err itor y of India if th e High Court —
(a) h as on app eal r ev ers ed an ord er of acquit t al of an accus ed
p erson and s enten ced hi m to d eath; or
(b) h as wi thdraw n for t ri al befor e its elf an y cas e f ro m an y court

subordin a t e to its au tho rit y and h as in su ch tr ial convi ct ed th e accus ed
p erson and s enten ced hi m to d eath; or
(b
art i cl e 145, th e Supr eme Cour t sh all h av e power to r evi ew an y judg ment
pronoun ced or ord er mad e b y i t.
138 . Enla rg ement of th e ju risdi ct ion of th e Sup reme Cou rt . — (1) Th e
Supr eme Court sh al l h av e su ch furth e r jurisdi c tion an d po wers with r esp ect
to an y of th e matt ers in th e Union List as P arli amen t may b y l aw con f er.
(2) Th e Supr eme Court sh all hav e su ch fu rth er ju risdi ct ion and po wers
with r esp ect to an y ma tt er as the Gov ern me nt of Indi a and th e Gov ern me nt
of an y St at e may b y sp eci al agr eement conf er , if P ar li amen t b y l aw
provid es for th e ex er cis e of su ch jur isdi ction and po wers b y th e Supr eme
Court .
139 . Conf erme nt on th e Su pre me Co u rt of pow ers to i ssu e certa in
w rits .— P arli amen t may b y law conf er on th e Supr eme Court po wer to
is sue d ir ections, ord ers or writs , in cluding writs in th e n atur e of hab eas
c o r p u s , ma n d a m u s , prohibi tion , quo warran to an d certiorari , or an y of
th em, for an y purpos es oth er than thos e me ntion ed in cl aus e (2) of ar ti cl e
32.
1 3 9 A . T ra n s f e r o f c e r t a i n ca s es .— (1) Wh er e cas es involv ing th e s a me
or subst ant i all y th e s a me qu estions of l a w ar e p ending b efor e th e Supr eme
Court and on e or mor e High Courts or b efor e two or mo r e High Cour ts and
th e Supr eme Court is s ati sfi ed on i ts own mo tion or on an app li cat ion mad e
b y th e At to rn e y- G en er al o f In d i a o r b y a p art y to an y su ch c as e th at su ch
qu est ions ar e subst an ti al qu estions of g en er al i mport an ce, the Supr eme
Court ma y withdr aw th e cas e or cas es p ending b efor e th e High Court or th e
High Courts and dispos e of all th e cas es its el f:
Provid ed th at th e Supr eme Court ma y af ter d e t er mining t he s aid
qu est ions of l aw r eturn an y cas e so withdr awn tog e th er with a cop y of its
judg me nt on such qu estions to th e High Cou rt fro m whi ch th e cas e h as
b e en withdr awn, and th e High Court sh all on r eceip t th er eof , pro ceed to
dispo se of th e ca s e in confor mity with su ch judg me nt .
(2) Th e Supr eme Cour t ma y, if it d eems it exp edi ent so to do for th e
ends of justi ce, tr ans f er an y cas e, app eal or oth er pro ceed ings p ending
b efor e an y High Court to an y o th er High Cou rt .
140 . An cilla ry pow e rs of Sup reme Cou r t.— P arli ame nt may b y l aw
mak e provi sion for conf erring upon th e Supr eme Cour t su ch suppl ement al
po wers not in consi st ent with any of th e prov isions of this Const itution as
ma y ap p e ar to b e n ecess ar y or d esir ab l e for th e purpos e of en abling th e
Court mo r e eff ectiv el y to ex er cis e th e jurisd i ction conf er r ed upon i t b y or
und er this Constitu tion .
141 . Law d eclared by Sup reme Cou rt to b e bind ing on all cou rts .—
Th e l aw d ecl ared b y th e Supreme Cour t sh all b e b inding on all courts
within th e t er ritor y of Indi a.
1 4 2 . En f o r c e me n t o f d e c r e es a n d o rd e rs o f S u p r e me C o u rt a n d o rd e rs
as to dis cov ery , et c.— (1 ) Th e Supr eme Court in th e ex ercis e of its
ju r isd i ctio n ma y p as s su ch d e cr e e o r ma k e su c h o rd e r as is n e c e ss ar y fo r
doing co mpl et e ju sti ce in an y caus e or mat t er p ending b efor e i t, and an y
d e cr ee so p ass ed or o rd er so ma d e sh all b e enfor ceabl e throughout th e
t err itor y of India in su ch ma nn er as ma y b e pr es crib ed b y or und er an y l a w
mad e b y P arli amen t and , until provis ion in th at b eh alf is so mad e, in su ch
ma n n er as th e Pr esid en t ma y b y ord er pr es crib e.
(2) Subj ect to t h e provis ions o f an y l a w ma d e in this b eh alf b y
P arl i ament , th e Supr eme Court sh al l, as r esp ects the who l e of th e t er ritor y
of Ind i a, h av e all and ev er y po wer to mak e an y ord er for the purpos e o f
s e curing th e attend an ce of an y p erson , th e d is cov er y or produ ction of an y
do cu ments , or th e inv est igation or punish ment of an y cont emp t of its el f.
143 . Pow er o f Presid ent to consul t Sup reme Cou rt . — (1) If at an y
ti me i t ap p ears to th e Pr es id en t th at a qu es tion of l a w or f a ct has aris en , or
is lik el y to ar ise, whi ch is of su ch a n atur e an d of su ch pub lic i mport an ce
th at it is ex p edient to ob t ain the opinion o f th e Supr eme Court upon it , h e
ma y r e f er th e qu est ion to th at Court fo r consid er at ion an d the Court ma y,
aft er su ch h e aring as it th inks f it , r eport to th e Pr esid en t it s opinion
th er eo n .
(2) Th e Pr esid en t may, no twithst an d ing an ything in th e p roviso to arti cl e
131 , r ef er a disput e of th e kind men tion ed in th e s aid proviso to th e
Supr eme Court for opinion and th e Supr eme Court sh all , aft er su ch h ear ing
as it th inks fit , r eport to th e Pr esid en t its opinion th er eo n .
144 . Civil and judi cial autho rit i es to a ct in aid of th e Sup reme
C o u rt .— All authori ti es , civi l and judi ci al , in th e t errito r y of Ind i a sh al l
act in aid of th e Supr eme Cour t.
1 4 4 A . [ Special pro vis ions as to disposa l of qu est ions r elating to
const itutional va lid it y of laws.] Rep . b y th e Co n stitu tion (Fort y- third
A m e n d m en t ) A ct , 1977 , s . 5 ( w . e. f . 1 3 - 4 - 1 9 7 8 ) .
145 . Rul es of Cou rt , et c.— (1) Subj ect to th e provisions of an y l a w
mad e b y P ar li amen t , th e Sup r eme Co urt may f ro m t i me to time, wi th th e
approv al of th e Pr esid en t, mak e ru l es for r egulating g en er all y th e pr acti ce
and pro cedur e of th e Court in cluding —
(a) rul es as to th e p ersons pr actis ing b efo r e the Court;
(b) rul es as to th e pro c edur e for h earing ap p eals and oth er ma tt ers
p ert aining to app eals in cluding th e t i me within whi ch app eals to th e
Court ar e to b e ent er ed ;
( c) rul e s as to th e pro c eedings in th e Court fo r th e en for c ement of
an y of th e rights conf err ed b y Part III ;
( c c) rul es as to th e pro ceedings in th e Court under arti cl e 139 A;
(d) ru l es as to th e en t e rt ain me n t o f ap p e als u n d er su b - cl au s e (c) o f
cl aus e (1) of arti cl e 134;
( e) rul es as to th e condi tions subj ect to whi ch an y judg me nt

pronoun ced or o rd er mad e by t h e Court may b e r evi ewed and th e
pro c edur e for su ch r evi ew in cluding th e ti me within wh i ch appli cations
to th e Court for su ch r evi ew ar e to b e ent er ed;
(f) ru l es as to th e co sts o f an d in cid en t al to an y p ro c e ed in g s in th e
Court an d as to th e f e es to b e ch arg ed in r esp ect of pro ceedings th er ein ;
(g) rul es as to th e gr anting of bail ;
(h) rul es as to stay of pro ceedings;
(i) rul es providing for th e summa r y d e t er min ation of an y app e al
whi ch app e ar s to th e Court to b e f rivolous or v ex atiou s or b rought for
th e purpos e of del ay;
(j) ru l es as to the pro c edur e for inqui ri es r ef err ed to in cl au s e (1) of
a rt i cl e 317 .
(2) Subj ect to th e provision s of cl au s e (3) , rul es ma d e und er this art i cl e
may f ix th e mini mu m nu mb er of Judg es who ar e to sit for an y purpos e, and
may p rovid e for th e powers o f singl e Judg es and Division Courts .
(3) The mi ni mum n u mb er o f Judg es who ar e to sit for th e purpos e of
d e ciding an y cas e involving a subs t anti al qu est ion of l a w as to th e
int e rpr et ation of this Co n stitution or for the pu rpos e of h e aring an y
r ef er en ce und er art i cl e 143 sh all b e fiv e:
Provid ed th at , wh er e th e Court h e aring an app e al under an y of th e
provis ions of this Ch ap t er oth er th an arti cl e 132 consis ts o f l ess th an fiv e
Judg es and in th e cour s e of th e h e ar ing of th e app e al th e Court is s atisfi ed
th at th e app e al involv es a subs tan ti al qu est ion of l a w as to th e
int e rpr et ation of this Cons titution th e d et er mination of wh i ch is n ecess ar y
for th e d ispos al of th e app eal, su ch Court sh all r ef er th e qu est ion for
opinion to a Court cons titut ed as r equi r ed b y this cl aus e for the purpos e of
d e ciding an y cas e involv ing such a qu estion and sh all on r e ce ipt of th e
opinion di spos e of th e app eal in confor mit y with su ch opinion .
(4) No judg ment sh all b e d eliver ed b y th e Supr eme Court s ave i n op en
Court , and no report sh all b e mad e und er articl e 143 s av e in accord an ce
with an opinion also d el iver ed in op en Cour t.
(5) No judg me nt and no su ch opinion sh al l b e d eliv er ed b y th e Supr eme
Court s av e wi th th e con cur ren ce of a ma jor it y of th e Judg es pres ent at th e
h e aring o f th e ca s e , but no thing in this cl au s e sh all b e d eemed to p r ev en t a
Judg e who do es no t con cur fro m d eliv ering a di ss enting judg me nt or
opinion .
146 . Off i cers and s ervants and th e exp ens es of th e Sup reme Cou rt . —
(1) Appoin t ments of offi cers and s erv an ts of th e Sup r eme Court sh all b e
ma d e b y th e Chi ef Justi ce of Indi a or su ch oth er Judg e or offi cer of th e
Court as h e may dir ect :
Provid ed th at th e P resid en t may b y rul e r equir e th at in su ch cas es as

may b e sp ecif i ed in th e rul e , no p erson not alr e ad y at t a ch ed to th e Co u rt
sh al l b e appoint ed to an y offi ce conn ect ed with th e Court , s av e aft er
consul t ation with th e Un ion Publi c S erv i ce Co l -0.l -0.l -rUpon .
(4) Th e Co mptroll er and Aud itor- G en er al sh all not b e el igibl e for fur th er
offi ce eith er und er th e Gov ernme n t of Indi a or und er th e Gov ern me nt o f
an y St at e aft er h e h as ceas ed to hold his offi ce.
(5) Sub j ect to the prov isions of this Con stitut ion and of an y l a w mad e by
P arl i ament , th e condit ions o f s ervi ce of p ersons s erving in th e Indi an Audit
and Accounts Dep art ment and th e ad min istr ative po wers of the Co mptroll er
a n d Au d ito r- G en er al sh all b e su ch as ma y b e p r es cr ib ed b y ru l es ma d e b y
th e Pr esid en t aft er consul t ation with th e Co mptroll er and Auditor- Gen er al .
(6) Th e ad min istr a tiv e ex p enses of th e off ice of th e Co mp trol l er and
A u d ito r- G en era l , in clu d in g all s a l ari es , allo w a n c es an d p en sio n s p a y ab l e
to or in r esp ect of p e rsons s erv ing in th at offi ce, sh al l b e ch arged upon th e
Consolid at ed Fund of Indi a.
149. Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.—The Comptroller
and Auditor-General shall perform such duties and exercise such powers in relation to the
accounts of the Union and of the States and of any other authority or body as may be
prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament and, until provision in that behalf is so
made, shall perform such duties and exercise such powers in relation to the accounts of the
Union and of the States as were conferred on or exercisable by the Auditor-General of India
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in relation to the accounts of the
Dominion of India and of the Provinces respectively.
150 . Fo rm o f accounts of th e Union and of th e Sta t es.— Th e a c c o u n t s
of the Un ion an d of th e St at es sh al l b e k ept in su ch for m as th e Pr es id en t
may, on th e advi ce of th e Co mptrol ler and Aud itor- Gen eral of Indi a,
p r es cr ib e.
151 . Audi t repo rts .—(1) Th e r eport s of th e Co mptroll er and Aud itor-
Gen er al of Indi a r e l ating to th e accounts of th e Union sh all b e sub mitt ed to
th e Pr esid ent , who sh all cause t h em to b e laid b efor e each Hous e of
P arl i a ment .
(2) Th e r epor ts of th e Co mptro ll er and Audi tor-Gen er al of Ind ia r el a ting
to th e accoun ts of a St at e sh all b e sub mit t ed to th e Gov ernor of th e S t at e,
who sh all caus e th em to b e l aid b efor e th e Legisl atu r e of th e St at e.
PART VI
THE STATES
C HA P TE R I.—G EN ER A L
1 5 2 . D ef i n it i o n .— In th is P ar t, unl ess th e cont ex t oth er wis e r equir es , the
expr ess ion “S t ate” do es not in clud e th e St at e of J ammu and Kash mir .
C H A P T E R I I. — T H E E X E C U T I V E
Th e Governor
153 . Gov erno rs of Stat es .— Ther e sh all b e a Gov ernor for each St at e:
Provid ed th at nothing in this arti cl e sh all pr ev en t th e appoin t me nt of th e
s a me p er s o n as G o v er n o r f o r t wo o r mo r e S t a t es.
154 . Ex ecutiv e pow er of Stat e.—(1) Th e ex ecutiv e po wer o f th e St at e
sh al l b e v est ed in th e Gov ernor and sh a ll be e x er cis ed b y hi m ei th er
dir ectl y or through offi cers subordin a t e to him i n accord an ce with th is
Consti tution .
(2) Nothing in this art i cl e sh all—
(a) b e d eemed to tr an sf er to th e Go v ernor any fun c tions conf err ed
b y an y ex isting l aw on an y oth er authori t y; or
(b) pr ev ent Pa rl i a ment or th e L eg isl atur e of th e St at e fro m
conf err ing b y l a w fun ction s on an y authorit y subo rdin at e to th e
G o v er n o r .
155 . Appoint ment of Gov erno r.— Th e Gov ernor of a St at e sh all b e
appoint ed b y the Pr esid ent b y warr ant und er his h and and s eal.
1 5 6 . T e r m o f o f f i c e o f Go v e rn o r .—(1) Th e Gov ernor sh all hold offi ce
during th e pl easur e of th e Pr esid ent .
(2) Th e Gov ernor ma y, b y wri ting und er his h and addr essed to th e
Pr esid en t, r es ign his offi ce.
(3) Subj ect to th e fo r egoing provis ions of this ar ti cl e, a Gov ernor sh all
hold offi ce for a t e r m of fiv e years fro m th e dat e on whi ch h e en t ers upon
his off i ce:
Provid ed th at a Go v e rnor sh all, no twithst anding th e expir ation of his
t er m, continu e to hold offi ce unti l h is su ccessor ent ers upon his offi ce.
157 . Qualifi ca tions fo r appoint men t as Gov e rn o r .—No p erso n sh al l b e
elig ibl e for appoint ment as Governor unl ess h e is a cit i zen of Indi a and h as
co mpl et ed th e ag e of thirt y-fiv e years .
158 . Condit ions of Gov e rno r's offi ce.—(1 ) The Gov erno r sh all not b e a
memb er of either Hou s e of P arli ament or of a Hous e o f th e Legis l atur e o f
an y St at e sp ecifi ed in th e Firs t S ch edul e, and if a me mb er of eith er Hous e
55
of P arli ament or of a Hou s e o f th e Legislatur e of an y su ch S t at e b e

appoint ed Gov ernor , h e sh al l be d eemed to h av e v acat ed hi s s e at in th at
Hous e on th e d at e on wh i ch h e ent ers upon his offi ce as Gov ernor .
(2) Th e Gov ernor sh all not hold an y o th er office of profit .
(3) Th e Gov ernor sh all b e enti tl ed without p a ymen t o f r ent to th e us e of
his of fi ci al r esid en c es and sha ll b e al so en tit l ed to su ch emo lu me nts ,
a llo w an c es and priv il eg es as ma y b e d e t er min ed b y P a rli a me nt b y l a w and ,
unti l provision in th at b eh alf i s so ma d e, su ch emo lu me nts , allow a n c es and
priv il eg es as are sp ecifi ed in the S e cond S ch edul e.
(3 A) Wh er e th e s a me p e rso n is a p p o in t ed as G o v ern o r o f t wo o r mo re
St at es, th e emolu ments and al lo wan ces p ayable t o th e Gov ernor sh all b e
a llo c a t ed a mo n g th e S t at es in su ch p ro p o rtio n as th e Pr es id e n t ma y b y
o rd er d et er min e.
(4) Th e emo lumen ts and allowan ces of th e Gov ernor sh all not b e
di mini sh ed dur ing his t er m of offi ce.
1 5 9 . Oa th o r a ffi r ma tio n by the G o v e rno r .—Ev er y Gov ernor and ev er y
p erson di s ch arging th e fun c tions of th e Go v ernor sh all , b e for e en t er ing
upon his offi ce, ma k e an d subscrib e in th e pr es en ce of th e Ch i ef Jus ti c e o f
th e High Cour t ex er ci sing jurisdi c tion in r e l ation to th e St ate, or , in his
abs en ce, th e senior mos t Judg e of th at Court av ail abl e, an o ath or
affi r mation in th e follo wing form, th at is to s ay—
“ I , A . B. , d o s w e a r i n t h e n a m e o f G o d th at I will
solemnly affirm
f ai thfull y ex ecut e th e offi ce of Gov ernor (or dis ch arg e th e function s of th e
G o v er n o r ) o f . .. . . . .. . . .. .(na m e of th e S tat e) and w ill t o the b est of
my ab ilit y pres erv e , prot ect and def end th e Consti tution and th e
l a w and th at I will d evot e mys elf to th e s ervi ce and wel l-b eing of th e
p eopl e of .. ……… (n ame of th e Stat e) . ”
160 . Dis cha rge of th e functions of th e Gov erno r in certain
conting en c i es.— Th e Pr esid en t ma y ma k e su ch provision as h e thinks fit
for th e dis ch arg e of th e fun ction s of th e Gov ernor of a St at e in an y
conting en c y not provid ed for in this Ch apt er .
161 . Pow er of Gov erno r to g rant pa rdons , etc., and to susp end , remi t
o r co mmu t e s ent en ces in certain cas es .— Th e Gov ernor of a St at e sh all
h av e th e power to gr ant p ardons , r epr i eves, r espi t es or remi ssion s of
punish me nt o r to susp end , r e mit or co mmut e th e s ent en ce o f an y p erson
convi ct ed of any off en c e ag ainst an y l a w r el a ting to a ma tt er to wh i ch th e
ex ecutiv e po wer of th e St at e extends .
162 . Ex t ent of ex ecutiv e pow er of Stat e.—Subj ect to th e provis ions of
thi s Consti tution , th e ex ecutiv e po wer of a St ate s h all ex t end to th e matt ers
with r esp ect to whi ch th e Leg isl atu r e of th e St at e h as po wer to mak e l aws:
Provid ed th at in an y matt er with r esp ect to whi ch th e Legis l atur e of a
St at e a n d P arl i ame n t h av e p o w er to ma k e l a ws , t h e ex e cu tiv e p o w er o f th e
St at e sh all b e subj ect to, and li mit ed b y, th e ex ecutiv e po wer expr es sl y

conf err ed b y this Consti tution or b y an y l aw ma d e b y Parli a me nt upon th e
Union or authorit i es th er eof .
Coun cil of Minist er seo(8 2 o 1 Tf 1 0 . 23 Tc .5 -0 . 7 9 5 ) -2( )]TJ ET EMC / 2 < / M CI
appoint ed as a Minis t er und er cl aus e (1) for dur ation of th e p eriod

co mmen c ing from t h e d at e of his d isqu alif i c ation till th e d at e on whi ch th e
t er m of h is office as su ch memb er would expi re or wh er e h e cont es ts an y
el ect ion to th e Legisl ativ e Assemb l y of a Stat e or ei th er Hous e of th e
Legisl atur e of a St at e h av ing Legisl ativ e Coun cil , as th e cas e may b e,
b efor e th e expir y of su ch p eriod , til l th e d ate on whi ch h e is d e cl ar ed
e l e ct ed , wh i ch ev er is e arl ie r.
(2) Th e Coun cil of Minis t ers sh al l b e co ll ectiv el y r esponsibl e to th e
Legisl ativ e As semb l y of th e St at e.
(3) Befor e a Minist er ent er s upon his offi ce, th e Gov ernor sh all
ad minis ter to him t h e o aths of offi ce and of s e cr ecy accord ing to th e for ms
s et out for th e purpos e in th e Third S ch edul e.
(4) A Minis t er who for an y p eriod of six cons ecut iv e month s is no t a
memb er o f th e Legisl atur e of th e St at e sh all at th e expir ation of th at p er iod
ceas e to b e a Minis t er.
(5) Th e s al a ri es and al low an ce s of Mini st ers sh all b e su ch as th e
Legisl atur e of th e St at e ma y fro m ti me to ti me b y l a w d et e r min e and , unti l
th e Legisl atur e o f th e St at e so d e t er min es , sh all b e as sp ecif i ed in th e
S e co n d S ch ed u l e .
Th e Ad vo cat e- Ge n eral for th e Stat e
1 6 5 . Ad v o ca t e- G e n e ra l f o r t h e S t a t e. —(1) Th e Gov ernor of each S tat e
sh al l appoint a p erson who is qu ali fi ed to b e appoint ed a Judge of a High
C ourt to b e Advo cat e- G en er al for th e St at e.
(2) It sh al l b e th e du t y of th e Advo cat e- G en er al to giv e ad v ice to th e
Gov ern ment of t h e St at e upon su ch l eg al matt ers, and to p erfor m s u ch
o th er d u t i es o f a l eg al ch ar a c t er , as ma y fro m ti me to ti me b e r ef err ed o r
assign ed to hi m b y th e Gov e rnor , and to dis ch arg e th e fun c tions conf err ed
on hi m b y or und er this Const itution or an y other l a w for th e time b e ing in
force.
(3) The Advo cat e- G en er al sh all ho ld off i ce during th e p l easure o f th e
Gov ernor , and sh al l r eceiv e su ch r e mun eration as th e Gov ernor may
d et er min e .
Condu ct of Go vern ment Busin ess
166 . Condu ct of bus in ess of th e Gov ern ment of a S tat e. — (1) All
ex ecutiv e action of th e Go v ernme n t of a St at e sh al l b e expressed to be taken in
the name of the Governor.
(2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the Governor shall be
authenticated in such manner as may be specified in rules to be made by the Governor, and
the validity of an order or instrument which is so authenticated shall not be called in question
on the ground that it is not an order or instrument made or executed by the Governor.
(3) The Governor shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of
the Government of the State, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business in so
far as it is not business with respect to which the Governor is by or under this Constitution
required to act in his discretion.
* * * * *
167. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor,
etc.—It shall be the duty of the Chief Minister of each State—
(a) to communicate to the Governor of the State all decisions of the Council of
Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and proposals for
legislation;
(b) to furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the State
and proposals for legislation as the Governor may call for; and
(c) if the Governor so requires, to submit for the consideration of the Council of
Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not
been considered by the Council.
CHAPTER III.—THE STATE LEGISLATURE
General
168. Constitution of Legislatures in States.—(1) For every State there shall be a
Legislature which shall consist of the Governor, and—
(a) in the States of Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh, two Houses;
(b) in other States, one House.
(2) Where there are two Houses of the Legislature of a State, one shall be known as the
Legislative Council and the other as the Legislative Assembly, and where there is only one
House, it shall be known as the Legislative Assembly.
169. Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.—(1) Notwithstanding
anything in article 168, Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative
Council of a State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council in a State
having no such Council, if the Legislative Assembly of the State passes a resolution to that
effect by a majority of th e to t al me mb e rsh ip o f th e A ss e mb l y an d b y a ma jo ri t y
of not l e ss th an two -thirds of t h e me mb ers of th e Ass e mb l y p r es en t an d
voting .
(2 ) An y l a w r e fe rr ed to in cl au s e (1 ) sh all co n t ain su ch p ro v isio n s fo r
th e amend ment of this Consti tution as may b e n ecess ar y to giv e eff e ct to
th e provision s of th e l a w and ma y also cont ain su ch suppl ement al ,
in cid en t al and cons equ ent i al p rovis ions as P ar li ament may d eem n ecess ar y.
(3) No su ch l aw as afor es aid shall b e d eemed to b e an amend ment o f this
Consti tution for th e purpos es of arti cle 368 .
170 . Co mp osition o f th e Leg islat iv e Ass e mb li es.—(1) Sub j ect to th e
provis ions of art i cl e 333 , th e Legisl ativ e Assemb l y of each St at e sh all
consis t of not mo r e th an fiv e hundr ed , and not l ess th an sixt y, me mb ers

chos en b y dir ect el ection fro m terri tori al const itu en ci es in th e St at e.
(2) For th e purpos es of cl ause (1) , each St at e sh all b e divid ed in to
t err itori al consti tu en ci es in su ch mann er that th e r atio bet w een th e
popul at ion of each cons titu en cy and th e nu mb er of s e ats allott ed t o it sh all ,
so f ar as pr acti cabl e, b e th e s ame throughout th e St at e.
Explanation . —In this cl au s e , th e expr ession “popul at ion ” means th e
popul at ion as ascert ained at th e l as t pr eceding census of whi ch th e r el ev ant
figur es h av e b een publish ed :
Provid ed th at th e r ef er en ce in this Explanat ion to th e l ast pr eceding
c e nsus of wh ich th e r e l ev ant figur es h av e b e en publish ed sh all , until th e
r el ev an t figur es for th e firs t ce nsus t ak en after th e year 2026 h av e b e en
publi sh ed, b e constru ed as a r efer en ce to th e 2001 census .
(3) Upon th e comp l etion of each census , the tot al nu mb er of s eats in th e
Legisl ativ e Assemb l y of each St at e and th e divi sion of each St at e into
t err itori al constitu en ci es sh all b e r e ad jus t ed by su ch au tho rity and in su ch
ma n n er as P a rlia me n t ma y b y l aw d e t er min e:
Provid ed th at su ch r e ad jus t ment sh al l not affect r epr es en t ation in th e
Legisl ativ e As semb l y until th e dis solution of th e th en existing Ass e mbl y:
Pro v id ed fu rth er th at su ch r e ad ju s t men t sh a ll ta k e eff e ct fro m su ch d at e
as th e Pr esid en t ma y, b y ord er , sp eci f y an d unti l su ch r e ad just me nt t ak e s
eff ect , an y el ection to th e Legisl ativ e As sembly may b e h eld on th e b asis
of th e t err itori al consti tu enci es exis ting b efor e su ch r e adjus t ment:
Provided also that until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2026
have been published, it shall not be necessary to readjust—
(i) the total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of each State as readjusted
on the basis of the 1971 census; and
(ii) the division of such State into territorial constituencies as may be readjusted on
the basis of the 2001 census,
under this clause.
171. Composition of the Legislative Councils.—(1) The total number of members in the
Legislative Council of a State having such a Council shall not exceed one third of the total
number of members in the Legislative Assembly of that State:
Provid ed th at th e tot al nu mb er of me mb er s in th e Legisl at iv e Coun cil of
a St at e sh all in no cas e b e less th an fort y.
(2 ) Un til P arli ame n t b y l a w o th er wis e p ro v id es , th e co mp o sit io n o f th e
Legisl ativ e Coun cil of a St at e sh all b e as provid ed in cl aus e (3) .
(3) Of th e tot al nu mb er o f me mb ers of th e Legisl ativ e Coun cil of a
S t at e —
(a) a s n e arl y a s ma y b e , o n e-th i rd sh al l b e el e ct ed b y el e cto r at es

consis ting of me mb ers of municip al iti es , distr ict bo ards and su ch oth er
lo cal au thor iti es in th e St at e as P arl i a ment may b ys1 Tm ( )TjTm ( m ( (3i)1(ctGl)-8y1(c;)-
173 . Qual ifi cation fo r me mb ership of the Stat e Leg islatu re.—A
p erson sh al l not b e qu alifi ed to b e chos en to fill a s e at in th e Legisl atur e
o f a S t at e u n l ess h e—
(a) is a c it i zen o f In d i a , an d ma k e s an d su b s crib e s b efo r e so me
p erson au thorised in th at b eh alf b y th e El ection Co mmi ssion an o ath or
S ch edul e;
(b) i s, in th e ca s e of a s e at in th e Legis l ative Ass e mbl y, not l e ss
th an t w ent y-f ive years of age and , in th e cas e of a s eat in the
Legisl ativ e Coun cil , not l ess than thir t y years of ag e; and
( c) poss ess es such o th er qu al ification s as may b e pr es crib ed in t h at
b eh al f b y o r u n d e r an y l a w ma d e b y P a r l i a me n t .
174 . S essions of th e Stat e Legis latu re, p ro rogation and dis solut ion.—
(1) Th e Governor sh al l f ro m t ime t o ti me su mmo n th e Hou se or each Hou s e
of th e Legis l atur e of th e St at e to meet at su ch ti me and pl ace as h e think s
fi t, but six months sh al l not int e rv en e b et w ee n its l ast sit ting in on e
s ess ion an d th e d at e appoint ed for its f irst sit ting in th e n ext s ession .
(2) Th e Gov ernor may f ro m ti me to ti me—
(a) prorogu e th e Hous e or ei th er Hous e;
(b) dis solv e th e Legisl ativ e As semb l y.
175 . Right of Gov erno r to address and s end mes sag es to th e Hous e o r
H o u s es .—(1) Th e Gov erno r may addr ess th e Legisl ativ e Assemb l y o r, in
th e cas e of a St at e h aving a Legis l ativ e Coun cil , eith er Hous e of th e
Legisl atur e of th e St at e, or both Hou ses as sembl ed tog eth er , and ma y for
th at purpos e r equir e th e att end an ce of memb ers .
(2) Th e Gov ernor ma y s end me ss ag es to th e Hous e or Houses of th e
Legisl atur e of th e S t at e, wh ether wi th r esp ect to a Bill th en pending in th e
Legisl atur e or oth er wis e, and a Hous e to wh ich an y mes s ag e is so s ent
sh al l with all conv en i ent d esp at ch consid er an y ma tt er r equir ed b y th e
mes s ag e to b e t ak en into consid er at ion.
176 . Sp ecial add ress by the Gov erno r.—(1) At th e co mmen cemen t of
th e firs t s e ssion aft er each g en er al el ect ion to th e Leg isl ativ e Ass e mb l y
and at th e co mmen cemen t of th e fi rst s ess ion of each year , th e Gov ernor
sh al l addr ess the Legisl ativ e Ass embl y or , in th e cas e of a S tat e h aving a
Legisl ativ e Coun cil , both Hous es ass e mb l ed tog eth er and infor m th e
Legisl atur e o f th e caus es of its su mmo ns.
(2) Prov ision shall b e mad e b y th e ru les r egul ating th e pro c edur e of th e
Hous e or ei th er Hous e fo r the allot ment of ti me for dis cussion of th e
mat t ers r ef er r ed to in su ch address .
177 . Rights of Minist ers and Advo cat e-Gen eral as resp ects th e
H o u s es .— Ev er y M in ist er an d th e Ad v o c at e- G en er al fo r a St ate sh all h av e
th e right to sp ea k in, and oth erwis e to t ak e p art in th e pro ceedings of , th e
Legisl ativ e As semb l y of the St at e or , in th e cas e of a St at e h aving a

Legisl ativ e Coun cil , both Houses , and to sp eak in, and oth e rwis e to t ak e
p art in th e pro ceedings of , an y co mmi tt ee of th e Leg isl atur e of whi ch h e
may b e n a med a memb er , but shall not , b y v irtue of this arti cl e, b e en titl ed
to vot e.
Offi cers o f th e Stat e L egi slatur e
178 . Th e Sp ea ker and Deputy Sp ea ker of th e Legisla tiv e Asse mb ly .—
E v er y L eg is l at i v e As s e mb l y o f a S t at e s h all , as s o o n as ma y b e, ch o o s e t wo
memb er s of th e Ass embl y to be r esp ect iv el y Sp eak er and Deput y Sp eak er
th er eof and , so oft en as th e offi ce of Sp eak er or Depu t y Sp eak er b eco mes
v acant , th e Ass emb l y sh al l choos e anoth er memb er to b e Sp eaker or Depu ty
S p e ak er , as t h e c a s e ma y b e .
1 7 9 . Va ca t i o n a n d r es ig n a t i o n o f , a n d r e mo v a l f ro m, t h e o f f i c es o f
Sp ea ker and Deputy Sp ea ker.— A memb er holding off i ce as Sp eak er or
D e p u t y S p e ak er o f an A s s emb l y—
(a) sh all v acate hi s offi ce if h e ceas e s to b e a me mb er of th e
A ss e mb l y;
(b) may at an y ti me b y writing und er his h and addr ess ed , if su ch
memb er is th e Sp eak er , to th e Deput y Sp eak er , and if su ch memb er is
th e Deput y Sp eak er , to th e Sp eak er , r esign his offi ce; and
( c) ma y b e r e mo v ed fro m his offi ce b y a r esolution of th e Assemb l y
p ass ed b y a majori t y of al l th e th en memb ers o f th e A ss emb l y:
Provid ed th at no r eso lution fo r th e purpos e of cl au s e (c) sh al l b e mo v ed
u n l ess a t l e ast fo u rt e en d a ys' n o ti c e h as b e en g iv en o f th e in t en t io n to
mo v e th e resolution :
Provid ed furth er th at , wh en ev er th e Ass embl y is dissolv ed , the Sp eak er
sh al l not v acat e his o ffi ce unti l i mme d i at el y b efor e th e first meeting o f th e
Ass e mbl y aft er th e disso lution .
1 8 0 . Po w e r o f t h e D ep u t y S p e a ke r o r o t h e r p e r s o n t o p e rfo r m t h e
duti es o f th e offi ce of , o r to a ct as , Sp ea ker. —(1) Whil e th e offi ce of
Sp eak er is v a ca nt , th e dut i es of th e of fi ce sh al l b e p erformed b y th e
Deput y Sp eak er o r, if th e off i ce o f Deput y Sp eak er is also v acant , b y su ch
memb er of th e Ass embl y as th e Governor may appoint for th e purpos e.
(2) During the absence of the Speaker from any sitting of the Assembly the Deputy
Speaker or, if he is also absent, such person as may be determined by the rules of procedure
of the Assembly, or, if no such person is present, such other person as may be determined by
the Assembly, shall act as Speaker.
181 . Th e Sp eaker o r th e Deputy Sp ea ker not to p res ide w hil e a
resolut ion fo r his remo val f ro m o ffi ce is und er consid eration .—(1 ) At
an y sitt ing of th e Legisl at iv e As s e mb ly, whil e an y r esolution for th e
r e mov al of th e Sp eak er fro m h is of fi ce is und er consid er ation , th e Sp eak er ,
or whil e an y r esolu tion for th e r e mov al of th e Deput y Sp eak er fro m hi s
offi ce is und er consid er ation , th e Depu t y Sp eak er , sh all not , though h e i s

pr es ent , pr esid e, and th e prov isions of cl aus e (2) of arti cl e 180 sh all appl y
whi ch th e Sp eaker or , as th e case may b e, th e Deput y Sp eak er , is abs ent .
(2) Th e Sp e ak er sh all h av e th e righ t to sp e ak in , and oth er wise to t ak e
p art in th e pro ceedings of , th e Legisl ativ e Assemb l y whil e any r esolu tion
for h is r emov al fro m off i ce is und er cons id eration in th e Ass embl y and
sh al l, not withstanding a18( ythand)7( i)ning arti 8(189ing), b(id)-9(y)-entitl pr edion to8(v,
the Chairman, or while any resolution for the removal of the Deputy Chairman from his office
is under consideration, the Deputy Chairman, shall not, though he is present, preside, and the
St at e sh al l b e det er min ed b y a maj ori t y of votes of th e memb ers pr es ent

and voting , oth er th an th e Sp eaker or Ch air man, or p erson acting as su ch.
Th e Sp eak er or Ch air man , or p erson acting as su ch , sh al l not vot e in th e
fir st in st an c e , b u t sh all h av e an d ex er cis e a c astin g v o t e in th e c a s e o f an
e q u al i t y o f v o t es .
(2) A Hous e of th e Legi sl atur e of a St at e sh al l h av e power to act
not with st anding an y v acan c y in th e me mb ership th er eo f , an d an y
pro ceedings in th e Legisl atu re of a St at e sh all b e v alid notwiths t anding
th at it i s dis cover ed sub sequ en tl y th at so me p erson who was not en titl ed so
to do s at or vot ed or oth er wis e took p art in th e pro ceedings .
(3) Unt il th e Le gis l atur e of the St at e b y l a w oth er wi s e provid es , th e
quoru m to consti tut e a meeting of a Hous e o f th e Legi sl atur e of a St at e
sh al l b e t en me mb ers or on e-t enth o f th e to t al nu mb er of me mb ers of th e
H o u s e , wh i ch ev e r i s g r e at er .
(4) If at an y t ime d uring a me eting of th e Legis l ativ e Ass e mbl y or th e
Legisl ativ e Coun cil of a St at e th er e i s no quoru m, it sh all b e th e dut y of
th e Sp eak er or Ch air man , or person acting as su ch , ei th er to adjou rn th e
Hous e or to susp end th e meeting until th er e i s a quoru m.
Disqual ifi cations of Memb ers
190 . Va cation of s eats .—(1) No p erson sh all b e a memb er o f both
Hous es of th e Legisl atur e of a St at e and provis ion sh al l b e ma d e b y th e
Legisl atur e o f th e St at e b y l aw for th e v acation b y a p erson who is chos en
a memb er of both Hous es of h is s eat in on e house or th e oth er .
(2) No person sh al l b e a memb er of th e Legisl atur es of two or mor e
St at es sp ecifi ed in th e First S ch edul e and if a p erson is chos en a memb er
of th e Legi sl atur es of two or mor e su ch St at es , th en, at th e expir a tion of
su ch p eriod as may b e sp ecifi ed in rul es mad e b y th e Pr esid en t, th at
p erson's s eat in t h e Legis l atures of al l su ch St at es sh al l b eco me v acant ,
unl ess h e h as p revious l y r esign ed his s e at in th e Legisl atur es of all bu t on e
of th e St at es .
(3) If a memb er of a Hous e of the Legisl atur e of a S t at e—
(a) b e co mes subj ect to an y of th e disqu a lification s mentioned in
cl aus e (1) or cl aus e (2) of arti cle 191; or
(b) r es igns his s e at b y writing und er h is h and addr es sed to th e
sp eak er or th e Ch air man , as th e cas e may be, and his r es ign ation is
accept ed b y th e Sp eak er or th e Ch air man , as the cas e may b e,
his s eat sh all ther eupon b eco me v acant:
Provid ed th at in th e cas e of an y r esign ation r eferr ed to in sub-cl aus e (b) ,
if fro m info r mation r e ceiv ed or oth er wis e an d aft er ma king su ch inquir y as
h e th inks fit , the Sp eak er or the Ch air man , as th e cas e may b e, is s atisf ied
th at su ch resignation is not volunt ar y or g enuin e , h e sh all not accep t su ch
r esign ation .
(4) If for a p eriod of s ixt y d ays a memb er of a Hous e o f th e Legis l atur e

of a St at e is withou t p er mission of th e House abs ent fro m all me et ings
th er eof , th e Hous e may d ecl ar e his s eat v acant :
Provid ed that in co mputing th e s aid p er iod of sixt y d a ys no account sh all
b e t ak en of an y p eriod dur ing whi ch th e Hous e is prorogu ed o r is adjourn ed
for mor e th an four cons ecutiv e days .
191 . Disqual ifi cat ions fo r me mb ersh ip.—(1) A p erson sh all b e
disqu alifi ed for b eing chos en as , and for b eing , a memb er of th e
Legisl ativ e As semb l y or Leg islativ e Coun cil of a S t at e—
(a) if he holds an y o ffi ce of profi t und er th e Gov ern me nt o f Indi a or
th e Go v ern me nt of an y St at e specif i ed in th e Firs t S ch edul e, oth er th an
an of fi ce d eclar ed b y th e Legis l atur e of th e S t at e b y l aw not to
disqu alif y its hold er ;
(b) if h e is of unsound mind and st ands so d eclar ed b y a co mpet ent
court ;
( c) if h e is an undis ch arg ed in solv ent ;
(d) if h e is no t a ci ti zen of Indi a, or h as vo lunt ar il y acquir ed th e
cit i zenship o f a f or eign S t at e, or is und er an y ackno wl edg ment of
all eg i an ce or adh er en ce to a foreign St at e;
( e) if h e is so d isq u a lifi ed b y o r u n d er an y l aw ma d e b y P ar li ame n t .
Explanation .—For th e purpo ses of th is claus e , a p erson shall not b e
d eemed to hold an offi ce of profi t und er th e Gov ern ment of Indi a or the
Gov ern ment of an y St at e sp ecifi ed in th e Fi rst S ch edul e b y reason onl y
th at h e is a Minis t er eith er for th e Un ion o r fo r su ch St at e.
(2) A p erson shall b e d isqu alif ied for b eing a memb er of th e L egisl ativ e
Ass e mb l y o r Legis l ativ e Coun cil of a St at e if h e is so disqu alif i ed und er
th e Tenth S ch edul e.
192. Decision on qu estions as to di squalifi cation s of me mb ers .—(1 )
If an y qu est ion aris es as to wh eth er a memb er of a Hous e of th e Legisl atur e
of a St at e h as beco me subj ect to an y of th e d isqu ali fi cations me ntion ed in
cl aus e (1) of arti cl e 191 , th e qu est ion sh all b e r ef er r ed for the d ecis ion of
th e Go v ern o r an d h is d e cisio n sh all b e fin al .
(2) Befor e giv ing an y d ecis ion on an y su ch qu est ion, th e Gov ernor sh all
obt ain th e opinion of th e El ect ion Co mmi ssion and sh all act according to
su ch opinion .
193. Pena lty fo r si tting and voting befo re ma ki ng oath o r
affi rma tion und er a rt i cl e 188 o r w hen not qualifi ed o r w hen
disqua lifi ed .— If a p erson si ts or vot es as a memb er of th e L eg isl ativ e
Ass embl y or th e Legi sl ativ e Coun cil of a St at e b efor e h e h as comp li ed wi th
th e r equi r e ments of art i cl e 188, or wh en h e kno ws th at h e is not qu al ifi ed
or th at h e is disqu al ifi ed fo r memb er ship th er eof , o r th at h e i s proh ibit ed
fro m so do ing b y th e provisions of an y l a w ma d e b y P arl i ame n t or th e
Legisl atur e o f th e St at e, h e sh all b e li abl e in resp ect of each day on whi ch

h e so sits or votes to a p en a lt y of fiv e hundr ed rup e es to b e r e co v er ed as a
d ebt du e to th e St at e.
Po wers , Pr i vil eg es and Immuni ti es of Sta te L egisla tur es
and th eir M embe rs
1 9 4 . Pow e r s , p ri v i l eg es , et c. , o f t h e Ho u s es o f L e g i s la t u r es a n d o f t h e
me mb ers and co mmi t t ees th ereof .—(1 ) Subj ec t to th e provi sions of this
Consti tution an d to th e rul es an d st anding orders r egul ating th e pro c edur e
of th e Leg isl atur e, th er e sh all b e fr eedo m of sp eech in th e Legis l atur e of
e v er y S t at e .
(2) No me mb er of th e Legislatur e of a St ate sh all b e li abl e to an y
pro ceedings in an y cour t in r esp ect o f an ything s a id or an y vot e g iv en b y
hi m in th e Legisl atur e or an y co mmi tt ee th er eo f , an d no p erson sh all b e so
li ab l e in r esp ect o f th e publi c ation b y or und er th e au thorit y of a Hous e of
s u ch a L eg is l atu r e o f an y r ep o r t , p ap er , v o t es o r p r o c e ed i n g s .
(3) In other respects, the powers, privileges and immunities of a House of the Legislature
of a State, and of the members and the committees of a House of such Legislature, shall be
such as may from time to time be defined by the Legislature by law, and, until so defined,
shall be those of that House and of its members and committees immediately before the
coming into force of section 26 of the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978.
(4) The provisions of clauses (1), (2) and (3) shall apply in relation to persons who by
virtue of this Constitution have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the
proceedings of, a House of the Legislature of a State or any committee thereof as they apply
in relation to members of that Legislature.
195. Salaries and allowances of members.—Members of the Legislative Assembly and
the Legislative Council of a State shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as
may from time to time be determined, by the Legislature of the State by law and, until
provision in that respect is so made, salaries and allowances at such rates and upon such
conditions as were immediately before the commencement of this Constitution applicable in
the case of members of the Legislative Assembly of the corresponding Province.
Legislative Procedure
196. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.—(1) Subject to the provisions of
articles 198 and 207 with respect to Money Bills and other financial Bills, a Bill may
originate in either House of the Legislature of a State which has a Legislative Council.
(2) Subject to the provisions of articles 197 and 198, a Bill shall not be deemed to have
been passed by the Houses of the Legislature of a State having a Legislative Council unless it
has been agreed to by both Houses, either without amendment or with such amendments only
as are agreed to by both Houses.
(3) A Bill pending in the Legislature of a State shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation
of the House or Houses thereof.
(4) A Bill pending in the Legislative Council of a State which has not been passed by the
Legislative Assembly shall not lapse on a dissolution of the Assembly.
(5) A Bill which is pending in the Legislative Assembly of a State, or which having been
(3) I f th e Leg isl ativ e Ass embly accep ts an y of th e r eco mmen d ation s of
th e L eg isl ativ e C oun ci l, th e M on e y Bil l sh all b e d e e me d to h av e b e en
p ass ed b y both Hous es w ith th e amend ments r eco mmended b y th e
Legisl ativ e Coun cil and accept ed b y th e Legi sl ativ e Ass embl y.
(4) I f th e Le gis l ativ e Assemb l y do es not accept an y of th e
r e co mme nd ations of th e Legisl at iv e Coun cil , t h e Mo n e y Bill sh al l b e
d eemed to h av e b e en p ass ed by both Hous es in th e for m in whi ch it was
p ass ed b y th e Legis l ativ e Ass e mb l y wi thout an y of th e amen d men ts
r eco mmend ed by th e Legisl at ive Coun cil .
(5) If a Mon ey B il l p ass ed b y th e L egi sl ativ e A ss embl y and trans mit t ed
to th e Leg isl at iv e Coun cil for it s r e co mmen d ation s i s not r eturn ed to th e
Legisl ativ e Assemb l y wi thin the s aid p e riod of fourt e en d a ys , it sh all b e
d eemed to h av e b een p ass ed b y both Hou s es at th e expir ation of th e s aid
p erio d in th e fo rm i n wh i ch i t wa s p ass ed b y th e L e g isl at iv e Asse mb l y .
199. Definition of “Money Bills”.—(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be
deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the
following matters, namely:—
(a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax;
(b) the regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any guarantee by the
State, or the amendment of the law with respect to any financial obligations undertaken or
to be undertaken by the State;
(c) the custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of the State, the
payment of moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys from any such Fund;
(d) the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the State;
(e) the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated
Fund of the State, or the increasing of the amount of any such expenditure;
(f) the receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of the State or the
public account of the State or the custody or issue of such money; or
(g) any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f).
(2) A Bill shall not be deemed to be a Money Bill by reason only that it provides for the
imposition of fines or other pecuniary penalties, or for the demand or payment of fees for
licences or fees for services rendered, or by reason that it provides for the imposition,
abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax by any local authority or body for
local purposes.
(3) If any question arises whether a Bill introduced in the Legislature of a State which has
a Legislative Council is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly of such State thereon shall be final.
(4) There shall be endorsed on every Money Bill when it is transmitted to the Legislative
Council under article 198, and when it is presented to the Governor for assent under article
200, the certificate of the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly signed by him that it is a
Money Bill.
200. Assent to Bills.—When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State
or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, has been passed by both Houses of the
Legislature of the State, it shall be presented to the Governor and the Governor shall declare
either that he assents to the Bill or that he withholds assent therefrom or that he reserves the
Bill for the consideration of the President:
Provided that the Governor may, as soon as possible after the presentation to him of the
Bill for assent, return the Bill if it is not a Money Bill together with a message requesting that
the House or Houses will reconsider the Bill or any specified provisions thereof and, in
particular, will consider the desirability of introducing any such amendments as he may
recommend in his message and, wh en a Bill is so r eturn ed , th e Hous e or Hous es
sh al l r e consid er th e Bil l accordingl y, an d if th e Bill is p ass ed ag ain b y th e
Hous e or Hous es with or wi thout amend ment and pr es ent ed to th e Gov ernor
for ass ent , th e Gov ernor sh all not withhold assent th er ef ro m:
Provid ed furth er th at th e Gov ernor sh all not ass ent to , but sh all r es erv e
for th e consid eration of th e Pr esid en t, an y Bill whi ch in th e opinion of th e
Gov ernor would, if i t b ecame l aw, so d erog at e fro m th e po wers of th e High
Court as to endang er th e position wh i ch th at Court is b y this Consti tution
d esign ed to fi ll .
201 . Bills res erv ed fo r consid eration . —Wh en a B ill is r es erv ed b y a
Gov ernor for the cons ider ation of th e Pr esid ent, th e Pr esid ent sh all d e cl ar e
eith er that h e ass ents to th e Bil l or th at h e withholds ass en t th er efro m:
Provid ed th at, wh er e th e Bil l is no t a Mon e y Bil l, th e P r esid ent may
dir ect th e Governor to r eturn th e Bill to th e Hous e or, as th e cas e ma y b e,
th e Hous es of th e Legisl atur e of th e S t at e tog eth er with su ch a me s s ag e as
is mention ed in th e fi rst proviso to ar ti cl e 200 and , wh en a Bill is so
r eturn ed , th e Hous e o r Hous es sh all r e cons ider it accordingl y wi thin a
p eriod of six months fro m th e d at e of r eceipt of su ch me s s age and , if it i s
ag ain p ass ed b y t h e Hous e or Hous es wi th or without amen dmen t , i t sh al l
b e p r es en t ed ag a in to th e Pr esid e n t fo r h is co n sid er at io n .
Pro c edur e in Finan cial Matt er s
202 . Annual finan cial stat emen t .—(1 ) Th e Governor sh all in r esp ect o f
ev er y f in an ci al year caus e to be l aid b efor e the Hous e or Hous es o f th e
Legisl atur e o f th e St at e a st at ement of th e esti ma t ed receipt s and
exp enditu re of th e St at e for th at year , in this P art r ef err ed to as th e
“ an n u al fin an ci al st a t e men t " .
(2) Th e es ti ma t es o f ex p enditur e embodi ed in th e annu al fin an c i al
st a t e men t sh a ll sh o w s ep ar at el y—
(a) th e su ms r e q u ir ed to me e t e x p en d itu r e d es crib ed b y t h is
Consti tution as exp enditu re ch arg ed upon th e Consolid at ed Fund of th e
S t at e ; an d
(b ) t h e su ms requir ed to meet oth e r ex p end itur e propo s ed to b e
ma d e fro m th e C o n so lid a t ed F u n d o f th e S t at e;
and sh al l distingui sh ex p enditu r e on r evenu e account fro m oth er

exp enditu re.
(3) Th e follo wing exp enditu r e sh all b e exp enditu r e ch arg ed on th e
Consolid at ed Fund of each S t at e—
(a) th e emolumen ts and allowan c es of th e Gov ernor and oth er
exp enditu re r el ating to hi s of fi ce;
(b) th e s al ari es and al lowan ces of th e Sp eak er and th e Deput y
Sp eak er of th e Legisl ativ e Assemb l y and , in the cas e of a St ate h aving a
Legisl ativ e Coun cil , also of the Ch air man and th e Deput y Chair man of
th e Legisl ativ e Coun cil ;
( c) d ebt ch arges for whi ch the St at e is li ab le in clud ing inter est ,
sink ing fund ch arg es and r ede mp tion ch arg es , and o th er exp enditu r e
r el ating to th e rais ing of lo an s and th e s ervi ce and r ed emption of d ebt;
(d ) ex p enditu r e in resp ect of th e s al a ri es an d allo wan c es of Judg es
o f an y H i g h Co u r t ;
(e ) an y su ms requir ed to s atisf y an y judg ment , d ecr ee or award of
an y court or arbit r al tribun al ;
(f ) an y oth er ex p enditu r e d e clar ed b y this Const itution , or by th e
L egisl atur e o f th e St at e b y l aw, to b e so ch arg ed .
203 . Proced ure in Legis latu re w ith resp ect to esti ma t es . —(1) So mu ch
of th e est i mat es as r el at e s to exp enditu re ch arg ed upon th e Consolid at ed
Fund of a St ate sh all no t b e sub mitt ed to th e vot e of th e Legisl ativ e
Ass embl y, bu t nothing in th is cl aus e sh al l b e constru ed as prev enting th e
dis cus sion in the Legisl atur e of an y o f thos e esti ma t es.
(2) So much of the said estimates as relates to other expenditure shall be submitted in the
form of demands for grants to the Legislative Assembly, and the Legislative Assembly shall
have power to assent, or to refuse to assent, to any demand, or to assent to any demand
subject to a reduction of the amount specified therein.
(3) No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the Governor.
204. Appropriation Bills.—(1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 203 have
been made by the Assembly, there shall be introduced a Bill to provide for the appropriation
out of the Consolidated Fund of the State of all moneys required to meet—
(a) the grants so made by the Assembly; and
(b) the expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State but not exceeding
in any case the amount shown in the statement previously laid before the House or
Houses.
(2) No amendment shall be proposed to any such Bill in the House or either House of the
Legislature of the State which will have the effect of varying the amount or altering the
destination of any grant so made or of varying the amount of any expenditure charged on the
Consolidated Fund of the State, and the decision of the person presiding as to whether an
amendment is inadmissible under this clause shall be final.
(3) Subject to the provisions of articles 205 and 206, no money shall be withdrawn from
the Consolidated Fund of the State except under appropriation made by law passed in
accordance with the provisions of this article.
207. Special provisions as to financial Bills.—(1) A Bill or amendment making provision

for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of clause (1) of article 199 shall not
be introduced or moved except on the recommendation of the Governor, and a Bill making
such provision shall not be introduced in a Legislative Council:
Provided that no recommendation shall be required under this clause for the moving of an
amendment making provision for the reduction or abolition of any tax.
(2) A Bill or amendment shall not be deemed to make provision for any of the matters
aforesaid by reason only that it provides for the imposition of fines or other pecuniary
penalties, or for the demand or payment of fees for licences or fees for services rendered, or
by reason that it provides for the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of
any tax by any local authority or body for local purposes.
(3) A Bill which, if enacted and brought into operation, would involve expenditure from
the Consolidated Fund of a State shall not be passed by a House of the Legislature of the State
unless the Governor has recommended to that House the consideration of the Bill.
Procedure Generally
208. Rules of procedure.—(1) A House of the Legislature of a State may make rules for
regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its
business.
(2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and standing orders in
force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution with respect to the
Legislature for the corresponding Province shall have effect in relation to the Legislature of
the State subject to such modifications and adaptations as may be made therein by the
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, or the Chairman of the Legislative Council, as the case
may be.
(3) In a State having a Legislative Council the Governor, after consultation with the
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman of the Legislative Council, may make
rules as to the procedure with respect to communications between the two Houses.
209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to
financial business. —The Legislature of a State may, for the purpose of the timely
completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of
business in, the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State in relation to any financial
matter or to any Bill for the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the
State, and, if and so far as any provision of any law so made is inconsistent with any rule
made by the House or either House of the Legislature of the State under clause (1) of article
208 or with any rule or standing order having effect in relation to the Legislature of the State
under clause (2) of that article, such provision shall prevail.
210. Language to be used in the Legislature.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in Part
XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in the Legislature of a State shall
be transacted in the official language or languages of the State or in Hindi or in English:
Provided that the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly or Chairman of the Legislative
Council, or person acting as such, as the case may be, may permit any member who cannot
adequately express himself in any of the languages aforesaid to address the House in his
mother-tongue.
(2) Unless the Legislature of the State by law otherwise provides, this article shall, after
the expiration of a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, have
effect as if the words “or in English” were omitted therefrom:
Provided that in relation to the Legislatures of the States of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur,
Meghalaya and Tripura this clause shall have effect as if for the words "fifteen" years
occurring therein, the words "twenty-five years" were substituted:
Provided further that in relation to the Legislatures of the States of Arunachal Pradesh,
Goa and Mizoram, this clause shall have effect as if for the words "fifteen years" occurring
therein, the words "forty years" were substituted.
211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature. —No discussion shall take place in
the Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of
a High Court in the discharge of his duties.
212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.—(1) The validity of
any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not be called in question on the ground of
any alleged irregularity of procedure.
(2) No officer or member of the Legislature of a State in whom powers are vested by or
under this Constitution for regulating procedure or the conduct of business, or for maintaining
order, in the Legislature shall be subject to the jurisdiction of any court in respect of the
exercise by him of those powers.
CHAPTER IV.—LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR

213. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.—(1)
If at any time, except when the Legislative Assembly of a State is in session, or where there is
a Legislative Council in a State, except when both Houses of the Legislature are in session,
the Governor is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take
immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to
require:
Provided that the Governor shall not, without instructions from the President, promulgate
any such Ordinance if—
(a) a Bill containing the same provisions would under this Constitution have required
the previous sanction of the President for the introduction thereof into the Legislature; or
(b) he would have deemed it necessary to reserve a Bill containing the same
provisions for the consideration of the President; or
(c) an Act of the Legislature of the State containing the same provisions would under
this Constitution have been invalid unless, having been reserved for the consideration of
the President, it had received the assent of the President.
(2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article shall have the same force and effect as an
Act of the Legislature of the State assented to by the Governor, but every such Ordinance—
(a) shall be laid before the Legislative Assembly of the State, or where there is a
Legislative Council in the State, before both the Houses, and shall cease to operate at the
expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature, or if before the expiration
of that period a resolution disapproving it is passed by the Legislative Assembly and
agreed to by the Legislative Council, if any, upon the passing of the resolution or, as the
case may be, on the resolution being agreed to by the Council; and
(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the Governor.
Explanation.—Where the Houses of the Legislature of a State having a Legislative Council
(c) the office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to
be a Judge of the Supreme Court or by his being transferred by the President to any other
High Court within the territory of India.
Explanation.—In this article, the expression “High Court” does not include a High Court
for a State specified in Part B of the First Schedule as it existed before the commencement of
the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956.
221. Salaries, etc., of Judges.—(1) There shall be paid to the Judges of each High Court
such salaries as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is
so made, such salaries as are specified in the Second Schedule.
(2) Every Judge shall be entitled to such allowances and to such rights in respect of leave
of absence and pension as may from time to time be determined by or under law made by
Parliament and, until so determined, to such allowances and rights as are specified in the
Second Schedule:
Provided that neither the allowances of a Judge nor his rights in respect of leave of
absence or pension shall be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.
222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.—(1) The President may,
after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any
other High Court.
(2) When a Judge has been or is so transferred, he shall, during the period he serves, after
the commencement of the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, as a Judge of the
other High Court, be entitled to receive in addition to his salary such compensatory allowance
as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until so determined, such compensatory
allowance as the President may by order fix.
223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice.—When the office of Chief Justice of a High
Court is vacant or when any such Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable
to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of
the other Judges of the Court as the President may appoint for the purpose.
224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges.—(1) If by reason of any temporary
increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to
the President that the number of the Judges of that Court should be for the time being
increased, the President may appoint duly qualified persons to be additional Judges of the
Court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify.
(2) When any Judge of a High Court other than the Chief Justice is by reason of absence
or for any other reason unable to perform the duties of his office or is appointed to act
temporarily as Chief Justice, the President may appoint a duly qualified person to act as a
Judge of that Court until the permanent Judge has resumed his duties.
(3) No person appointed as an additional or acting Judge of a High Court shall hold office
after attaining the age of sixty-two years.
224A. Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.—Notwithstanding
anything in this Chapter, the Chief Justice of a High Court for any State may at any time, with
the previous consent of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge
of that Court or of any other High Court to sit and act as a Judge of the High Court for that
State, and every such person so requested shall, while so sitting and acting, be entitled to such
allowances as the President may by order determine and have all the jurisdiction, powers and
privileges of, but shall not otherwise be deemed to be, a Judge of that High Court:
Provided that nothing in this article shall be deemed to require any such person as
aforesaid to sit and act as a Judge of that High Court unless he consents so to do.
225. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.—Subject to the provisions of this Constitution
and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers
conferred on that Legislature by this Constitution, the jurisdiction of, and the law
administered in, any existing High Court, and the respective powers of the Judges thereof in
relation to the administration of justice in the Court, including any power to make rules of
Court and to regulate the sittings of the Court and of members thereof sitting alone or in
Division Courts, shall be the same as immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution:
Provided that any restriction to which the exercise of original jurisdiction by any of the
High Courts with respect to any matter concerning the revenue or concerning any act ordered
or done in the collection thereof was subject immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution shall no longer apply to the exercise of such jurisdiction.
226. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in
article 32 every High Court shall have power, throughout the territories in relation to which it
exercises jurisdiction, to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any
Government, within those territories directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature
of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for
the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for any other purpose.
(2) The power conferred by clause (1) to issue directions, orders or writs to any
Government, authority or person may also be exercised by any High Court exercising
jurisdiction in relation to the territories within which the cause of action, wholly or in part,
arises for the exercise of such power, notwithstanding that the seat of such Government or
authority or the residence of such person is not within those territories.
(3) Where any party against whom an interim order, whether by way of injunction or stay
or in any other manner, is made on, or in any proceedings relating to, a petition under clause
(1), without—
(a) furnishing to such party copies of such petition and all documents in support of
the plea for such interim order; and
(b) giving such party an opportunity of being heard,
makes an application to the High Court for the vacation of such order and furnishes a copy of
such application to the party in whose favour such order has been made or the counsel of such
party, the High Court shall dispose of the application within a period of two weeks from the
date on which it is received or from the date on which the copy of such application is so
furnished, whichever is later, or where the High Court is closed on the last day of that period,
before the expiry of the next day afterwards on which the High Court is open; and if the
application is not so disposed of, the interim order shall, on the expiry of that period, or, as
the case may be, the expiry of the said next day, stand vacated.
(4) The power conferred on a High Court by this article shall not be in derogation of the
power conferred on the Supreme Court by clause (2) of article 32.
226A. [Constitutional validity of Central laws not to be considered in proceedings under

article 226.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 8 (w.e.f. 13-4-
1978).
227. Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.—(1) Every High
Court shall have superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by the Legislature of the State, the
conditions of service of officers and servants of a High Court shall be such as may be
prescribed by rules made by the Chief Justice of the Court or by some other Judge or officer
CHAPTER VI.—SUBORDINATE COURTS

233. Appointment of district judges.—(1) Appointments of persons to be, and the
posting and promotion of, district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor of the
State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.
(2) A person not already in the service of the Union or of the State shall only be eligible to
be appointed a district judge if he has been for not less than seven years an advocate or a
pleader and is recommended by the High Court for appointment.
233A. Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain
district judges. —Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court,—
(a) (i) no appointment of any person already in the judicial service of a State or of
any person who has been for not less than seven years an advocate or a pleader, to be a
district judge in that State, and
(ii) no posting, promotion or transfer of any such person as a district judge,
made at any time before the commencement of the Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act,
1966, otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of article 233 or article 235 shall be
deemed to be illegal or void or ever to have become illegal or void by reason only of the fact
that such appointment, posting, promotion or transfer was not made in accordance with the
said provisions;
(b) no jurisdiction exercised, no judgment, decree, sentence or order passed or made,
and no other act or proceedings done or taken, before the commencement of the
Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966 by, or before, any person appointed,
posted, promoted or transferred as a district judge in any State otherwise than in
accordance with the provisions of article 233 or article 235 shall be deemed to be illegal
or invalid or ever to have become illegal or invalid by reason only of the fact that such
appointment, posting, promotion or transfer was not made in accordance with the said
provisions.
234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.—
Appointments of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State shall be
made by the Governor of the State in accordance with rules made by him in that behalf after
consultation with the State Public Service Commission and with the High Court exercising
jurisdiction in relation to such State.
235. Control over subordinate courts.— The control over district courts and courts
subordinate thereto including the posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons
belonging to the judicial service of a State and holding any post inferior to the post of district
judge shall be vested in the High Court, but nothing in this article shall be construed as taking
away from any such person any right of appeal which he may have under the law regulating
the conditions of his service or as authorising the High Court to deal with him otherwise than
in accordance with the conditions of his service prescribed under such law.
236. Interpretation.— In this Chapter—
(a) the expression “district judge” includes judge of a city civil court, additional
district judge, joint district judge, assistant district judge, chief judge of a small cause
court, chief presidency magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge,
additional sessions judge and assistant sessions Judge;
(b) the expression “judicial service” means a service consisting exclusively of
persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to
the post of district judge.
237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of
magistrates.—The Governor may by public notification direct that the foregoing provisions
of this Chapter and any rules made thereunder shall with effect from such date as may be
fixed by him in that behalf apply in relation to any class or classes of magistrates in the State
as they apply in relation to persons appointed to the judicial service of the State subject to
such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in the notification.
PART VII.—[The States in Part B of the First Schedule]. Rep. by the

Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
84
PART VIII
THE UNION TERRITORIES
239. Administration of Union territories.—
any of the matters enumerated in the State List or in the Concurrent List in so far as any such
matter is applicable to Union territories except matters with respect to Entries 1, 2 and 18 of
the State List and Entries 64, 65 and 66 of that List in so far as they relate to the said Entries
1, 2 and 18.
(b) Nothing in sub-clause (a) shall derogate from the powers of Parliament under this
Constitution to make laws with respect to any matter for a Union territory or any part thereof.
(c) If any provision of a law made by the Legislative Assembly with respect to any matter
is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament with respect to that matter,
whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislative Assembly, or of an earlier law,
other than a law made by the Legislative Assembly, then, in either case, the law made by
Parliament, or, as the case may be, such earlier law, shall prevail and the law made by the
Legislative Assembly shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void:
Provided that if any such law made by the Legislative Assembly has been reserved for the
consideration of the President and has received his assent, such law shall prevail in the
National Capital Territory:
Provided further that nothing in this sub-clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at
any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending,
varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislative Assembly.
(4) There shall be a Council of Ministers consisting of not more than ten per cent. of the
total number of members in the Legislative Assembly, with the Chief Minister at the head to
aid and advise the Lieutenant Governor in the exercise of his functions in relation to matters
with respect to which the Legislative Assembly has power to make laws, except in so far as
he is, by or under any law, required to act in his discretion:
Provided that in the case of difference of opinion between the Lieutenant Governor and his
Ministers on any matter, the Lieutenant Governor shall refer it to the President for decision
and act according to the decision given thereon by the President and pending such decision it
shall be competent for the Lieutenant Governor in any case where the matter, in his opinion,
is so urgent that it is necessary for him to take immediate action, to take such action or to give
such direction in the matter as he deems necessary.
(5) The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the President and other Ministers shall be
appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Minister and the Ministers shall hold
office during the pleasure of the President.
(6) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly.
(7) (a) Parliament may, by law, make provisions for giving effect to, or supplementing the
provisions contained in the foregoing clauses and for all matters incidental or consequential
thereto.
(b) Any such law as is referred to in sub-clause (a) shall not be deemed to be an
amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368 notwithstanding that it
contains any provision which amends or has the effect of amending, this Constitution.
(8) The provisions of article 239B shall, so far as may be, apply in relation to the National
Capital Territory, the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, as they apply in
relation to the Union territory of Pondicherry, the administrator and its Legislature,
respectively; and any reference in that article to “clause (1) of article 239A” shall be deemed
to be a reference to this article or article 239AB, as the case may be.
239AB. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.—If the President, on
receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied—
(a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the National Capital
Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of article 239AA or of
any law made in pursuance of that article; or
(b) that for the proper administration of the National Capital Territory it is necessary
or expedient so to do,
the President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of article 239AA or of all
or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article for such period and
subject to such conditions as may be specified in such law and make such incidental and
consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering
the National Capital Territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239 and article
239AA.
239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of
Legislature.—(1) If at any time, except when the Legislature of the Union territory of
Pondicherry is in session, the administrator thereof is satisfied that circumstances exist which
render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinances as
the circumstances appear to him to require:
Provided that no such Ordinance shall be promulgated by the administrator except after
obtaining instructions from the President in that behalf:
Provided further that whenever the said Legislature is dissolved, or its functioning
remains suspended on account of any action taken under any such law as is referred to in
clause (1) of article 239A, the administrator shall not promulgate any Ordinance during the
period of such dissolution or suspension.
(2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article in pursuance of instructions from the
President shall be deemed to be an Act of the Legislature of the Union territory which has
been duly enacted after complying with the provisions in that behalf contained in any such
law as is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, but every such Ordinance—
(a) shall be laid before the Legislature of the Union territory and shall cease to
operate at the expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature or if, before
the expiration of that period, a resolution disapproving it is passed by the Legislature,
upon the passing of the resolution; and
(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the administrator after obtaining instructions
from the President in that behalf.
(3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision which would not
be valid if enacted in an Act of the Legislature of the Union territory made after complying
with the provisions in that behalf contained in any such law as is referred to in clause (1) of
article 239A, it shall be void.
* * * * *
240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.— (1) The
President may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of the Union
territory of—
(a) th e An d a man an d Ni co b a r Isl an d s ;
(b) L aksh ad w eep;
( c) D ad r a an d Na g ar H av el i ;
(d) D aman and D iu;
( e) Pondi ch err y:
Provided that when any body is created under article 239A to function as a Legislature for
the Union territory of Pondicherry, the President shall not make any regulation for the peace,
progress and good government of that Union territory with effect from the date appointed for
the first meeting of the Legislature:
Provided further that whenever the body functioning as a Legislature for the Union territory of Pondicherry is dissolved,
or the functioning of that body as such Legislature remains suspended on account of any action taken under any such law as
is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, the President may, during the period of such dissolution or suspension, make
regulations for the peace, progress and good government of that Union territory.
(2) Any regulation so made may repeal or amend any Act made by Parliament or any other
law which is for the time being applicable to the Union territory and, when promulgated by
the President, shall have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament which applies to
that territory.
241. High Courts for Union territories—(1) Parliament may by law constitute a High
Court for a Union territory or declare any court in any such territory to be a High Court for all
or any of the purposes of this Constitution.
(2) The provisions of Chapter V of Part VI shall apply in relation to every High Court
referred to in clause (1) as they apply in relation to a High Court referred to in article 214
subject to such modifications or exceptions as Parliament may by law provide.
(3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the
appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that Legislature by or under
this Constitution, every High Court exercising jurisdiction immediately before the
commencement of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, in relation to any Union
territory shall continue to exercise such jurisdiction in relation to that territory after such
commencement.
(4) Nothing in this article derogates from the power of Parliament to extend or exclude the
jurisdiction of a High Court for a State to, or from, any Union territory or part thereof.
242. [Coorg.] Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.

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1 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

W E , T HE P EO P LE OF I ND I A, h avin g sol emnl y r esolved to

J US TI C E, so ci al , econo mi c and polit i cal;

LI BERT Y of thought , expr ession , b eli ef , f aith and worship;

and to pro mot e amo ng th em al l

F R ATERNI TY assur ing th e dignit y of th e individu al and th e unit y

th e l aw and may al so cont ain su ch suppl ement al , in cid ent al and

Provid ed th at no p erson sh all b e so r eg ist er ed unl ess h e h as b e en

7 . Rights of cit iz enship of certain mig rants to Pa kis tan.—

th e purpos es of cl aus e ( b) o f art i cl e 6 b e d e eme d to h av e mig r at ed to th e

(b ) t h e us e of well s, t anks , b athing gh ats , ro ads and pl aces of publi c

bod y th er eof shall b e a p erson prof es sing a p arti cu l ar r el igion or b e longing

of Indi a or publi c ord er or mor ali t y, r eason ab l e r est ri ctions on th e ex er cis e

d et ain ed in cu stod y b eyond the s a id p eriod without th e au thori t y of a

Right to Fr eedom of Religion

28 . Freedo m a s to att endan ce at religiou s ins truction o r relig ious

exis ting l a w r elating to l and t enur es in for ce in th at ar ea an d sh al l also

s ecuring justi ce ar e not d eni ed to an y cit i zen b y r eason of econo mi c or

(b ) i f , aft er t aking th e s a id mu ltipl e s of on e thous an d , th e r e maind er

Explanation . —For th e purpo s es of th is arti cl e, a p erson sh all not b e

th at Hous e on th e d at e on whi ch h e ent ers upon hi s offi ce as Vi ce-

affi r mation according to the for m s et out for th e purpos e in th e Th ird

(2) Th e Coun ci l of S tat es sh all , as soon as may b e, choos e a memb er of

enti tl ed to vot e at al l on su ch r esolu tion or on an y oth er ma t t er during such

in r el ation to ev er y su ch s itting as th ey appl y in r el ation to a si tting fro m

Th e Ch air man or Sp eak er, or p erson acting as su ch , sh al l not vot e in th e

Provid ed that in co mputing th e s aid p er iod of sixt y d a ys no account sh all

Po wers , Pr i vil eg es and Immuni ti es of Parl iament

(5) A Bill whi ch is p ending in th e Hous e of the P eopl e, or whi ch h aving

(5) A joint s itting may b e h e ld und er this arti cl e an d a Bill p ass ed

( e) th e d e cl aring of an y ex p enditu r e to b e ex p enditu r e ch arged on

(a) th e su ms r eq u ir ed to me e t e x p en d itu r e d es c rib ed b y t h is

a n d P arl i a men t sh al l h av e p o w e r to au th o rise b y l a w th e with d r aw a l o f

(4) At a join t sitt ing of th e t wo Hous es th e Sp ea k er of th e Hous e of th e

Explanation II .— In co mputing for th e purpose of this cl au s e th e p eriod

att end an ce at the sit tings of th e Court , as an ad ho c Judg e, for su ch p eriod

co mmen cement , or whi ch provid es th at th e s aid jur isdi ction sh all no t

(b) h as wi thdraw n for t ri al befor e its elf an y cas e f ro m an y court

( e) rul es as to th e condi tions subj ect to whi ch an y judg me nt

Provid ed th at th e P resid en t may b y rul e r equir e th at in su ch cas es as

of P arli ament or of a Hou s e o f th e Legislatur e of an y su ch S t at e b e

St at e sh all b e subj ect to, and li mit ed b y, th e ex ecutiv e po wer expr es sl y

appoint ed as a Minis t er und er cl aus e (1) for dur ation of th e p eriod

consis t of not mo r e th an fiv e hundr ed , and not l ess th an sixt y, me mb ers

(a) a s n e arl y a s ma y b e , o n e-th i rd sh al l b e el e ct ed b y el e cto r at es

Legisl ativ e As semb l y of the St at e or , in th e cas e of a St at e h aving a

offi ce is und er consid er ation , th e Depu t y Sp eak er , sh all not , though h e i s

St at e sh al l b e det er min ed b y a maj ori t y of votes of th e memb ers pr es ent

(4) If for a p eriod of s ixt y d ays a memb er of a Hous e o f th e Legis l atur e

Legisl atur e o f th e St at e, h e sh all b e li abl e in resp ect of each day on whi ch

and sh al l distingui sh ex p enditu r e on r evenu e account fro m oth er

207. Special provisions as to financial Bills.—(1) A Bill or amendment making provision

CHAPTER IV.—LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR

226A. [Constitutional validity of Central laws not to be considered in proceedings under

CHAPTER VI.—SUBORDINATE COURTS

PART VII.—[The States in Part B of the First Schedule]. Rep. by the

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