Chapter 1:-: Faculty of Engineering Petroleum Engineering Department Production Engineering II Fourth Stage

Faculty Of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department
Production Engineering II
Fourth Stage
Chapter 1:-
Inflow Performance Relationship
BSc Petroleum Engineering – Koya University July 2010

MSc Petroleum Engineering- Teesside Uni. United Kingdom October 2013 By:
Petroleum Production Engineering
Sarhad Ahmed 1
Member of Society of Petroleum Engineer (SPE), Onepetro access
© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved. Sarhad.ahmed@koyauniversity.org
DPTE
Content
• Introduction
• Productivity Index
• Specific Productivity Index (𝑱𝒔 )
• Factors Affecting Productivity Index
• Inflow Performance Relationship

• Present time IPR
• Future time IPR
@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
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Introduction
• This chapter presents the practical reservoir engineering equations that are
designed to predict the performance of vertical and horizontal oil wells.
• The chapter also describes some of the factors that are governing the flow
of fluids from the formation to the wellbore and how these factors may
affect the production performance of the well.
• The analysis of the production performance is essentially based on the
following fluid and well characteristics:
• Fluid PVT properties

• Relative permeability data
• Inflow-performance-relationship (IPR)
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Introduction
Possible Pressure Losses in a Complete System

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Productivity Index (PI)

• Productivity index is defined as the ratio between the flow-rate of a well to
the drawdown pressure drop within the reservoir.
• It is expressed from the total (average) reservoir pressure minus bottom-
hole flowing pressure and standardly symbolised as 𝑱 with its abbreviation
of (𝑃𝐼).
• The commonly-used term, 𝑃𝐼 (productivity index), represents one point on
inflow performance curve.
• The 𝑃𝐼 is expressed in 𝒃𝒃𝒍/𝒅𝒂𝒚/𝒑𝒔𝒊 of total liquid (𝑜𝑖𝑙 + 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) as per
following equation:
𝑸𝒐 + 𝑸 𝒘
𝑱= 1.1
ഥ 𝑹 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝑷

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• For a water-free oil production, the productivity index is given by Eq. 1.1:
𝑸𝒐 𝑸𝒐
𝑱= = 1. 𝟐
ഥ 𝑹 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 ∆𝑷
𝑷
• Where;
𝑞𝑜 is the stock tanks 𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑠 of oil per day
𝑞𝑤 is the stock tanks 𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑠 of water per day
𝑃𝑤𝑓 is the bottom-hole flowing pressure, 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑃𝑅 is the static reservoir pressure, 𝑝𝑠𝑖
∆𝑃 is the pressure drawdown, 𝑝𝑠𝑖

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• It is important to note that the productivity index is a valid measure of the
well productivity potential only if the well is flowing at pseudo-steady-state
conditions.
• Therefore, in order to accurately measure the productivity index of a well, it
is essential that the well is allowed to flow at a constant flow rate for a
sufficient amount of time to reach the pseudo-steady-state.
• Figure 1.1 indicates that during the transient flow period, the calculated
values of the productivity index will vary depending upon the time at which
the measurements of 𝑝𝑤𝑓 are made.

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Productivity index during flow regimes

Figure 1.1: PI Variation with states
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• In production engineering, the 𝑃𝐼 based on the surface oil production only
is sometimes used.
• For flowing and artificial lift wells, it is necessary to lift the total liquid from
the well and therefore the 𝑃𝐼 equation should include the producing
water/oil ratio as follow:
𝑸𝒐 + 𝒒𝒐 𝑭𝒘𝒐
𝑱= 𝟏. 𝟑
ഥ 𝑹 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝑷
• Where, 𝐹𝑤𝑜 is the water oil ratio

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• The productivity index can be numerically calculated by using reservoir
characteristics through which J must be defined in terms of 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 −
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 flow conditions.
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝒐 𝒉
𝑱= 𝒓 1.4
𝝁𝒐 𝜷𝒐 𝒍𝒏 𝒓 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓+𝒔
𝒘
• Where 𝐽 is the productivity index, 𝑆𝑇𝐵/𝑑𝑎𝑦/𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑘𝑜 is the effective permeability of the oil, 𝑚𝑑
s is the skin factor
ℎ is the thickness, 𝑓𝑡
• The oil relative permeability concept can be conveniently introduced into
previous Equation:
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖 𝒌 𝒉 𝒌𝒓𝒐
𝑱= 𝒓𝒆 1.5
𝒍𝒏 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓+𝒔 𝝁𝒐 𝜷𝒐
𝒓𝒘
• Where 𝑘𝑟𝑜 is the relative permeability to oil

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• A comparison of productivity indexes of different wells in the same
reservoir should also be indicated, because some of the wells might have
experienced unusual difficulties or damage during completion.
• Since the productivity indices may vary from well to well because of the
variation in thickness of the reservoir, it is helpful to normalize the indices
by dividing each by the thickness of the well.
• This is defined as the specific productivity index 𝐽𝑠 .
• Specific Productivity Index ( 𝐽𝑠 ) is mathematically expressed by the
following equation:
𝑱 𝑸𝒐
𝑱𝒔 = = ഥ 𝑹 −𝑷𝒘𝒇 ) 1.6
𝒉 𝒉(𝑷
• If a well has a constant productivity index, then the J equation can be

written as follow:
𝑸𝒐 = 𝑱 𝑷 ഥ 𝑹 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 𝑱 ∆𝑷 𝟏. 𝟕
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Measuring PI
• Productivity index is usually measured during the production well testing
period.
• Firstly, the well is closed until the static reservoir pressure is achieved.
• Then, it will be allowed to start flowing at a constant flow rate of 𝑞, and
thus a fixed bottom-hole flow pressure of 𝑃𝑤𝑓 will be recorded.
• A series of bottom-hole flowing pressures, 𝑃𝑤𝑓 versus flow rate can be
recorded continuously from the time the well is to flow.
• Ultimately, productivity index (𝐽) will be calculated.
• Productivity index can be calculated graphically by plotting 𝑃𝑤𝑓 versus 𝑞𝑜
on the Cartesian coordinate’s results in a straight line.
−1
• Once the straight line is detected the slope equals to and the intercept
𝐽
of that line with y-axis is 𝑝𝑟 , because flow rate equals to zero
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The below figure indicates the relationship between 𝑄𝑜 and ∆𝑃 is a straight
line, when 𝐽 is constant (above 𝑃𝑏 ):

© 2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved. Figure 1.2: 𝑄𝑜 vs. ∆𝑃 relationship 13
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Example 1.1
A well is producing from a reservoir having an average pressure of 2085

𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 produced at a flow rate of 282 𝑆𝑇𝐵/𝑑𝑎𝑦 when bottom-hole flowing pressure was
1765 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔.
Calculate ?
The productivity index 𝐉
The producing rate if 𝐏𝐰𝐟 is decreased to 1485 𝐩𝐬𝐢𝐠
The bottom-hole pressure necessary to obtain an inflow of 400 𝐒𝐓𝐁/𝐝𝐚𝐲.
Absolute Open Flow potential (𝐀𝐎𝐅) or 𝐪𝐨(max)

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HW 1.1
A productivity test was conducted on a well. The test results indicate that the well is
capable of producing at a stabilized flow rate of 110 𝑆𝑇𝐵/𝑑𝑎𝑦 and a bottom-hole
flowing pressure of 900 𝑝𝑠𝑖. After shutting the well for 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠, the bottom-hole
pressure reached a static value of 1300 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
Calculate:
Productivity index
AOF
Oil flow rate at a bottom-hole flowing pressure of 600 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Wellbore flowing pressure required to produce 250 𝑆𝑇𝐵/𝑑𝑎𝑦

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Factors Affecting Productivity Index

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• In the case of formation damage, the expression of productivity index can be
written as a function of Skin Factor effect:
𝒑𝒓
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝒐 𝒉 𝒌
𝑱= න 𝒅𝒑 1. 8
𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝒓𝒆 𝝁 𝑩
𝒑𝒘𝒇 𝒐 𝒐
𝒑𝒓 − 𝒑𝒘𝒇 𝒍𝒏 + 𝑺
𝒓𝒘
• From this equation, it easy to notice that productivity index is not constant unless
the pressure functions are independent.
• Productivity index will change, if each of 𝒌 , 𝝁𝒐 and 𝑩𝒐 vary.

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• Reservoir Phase Behaviour
• Relative Permeability Behaviour
• Oil Viscosity Behaviour
• Oil Formation Volume Factor
• HW
Stratified Formation
Water Cut

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Reservoir Phase Behaviour
• Due to the importance of gas saturation on the relative oil permeability
𝑘𝑟𝑜 , it is required to determine the bubble-point and dew-point curves
for different type of reservoir fluids.
• At any pressure above the bubble-point curve, the free gas does not
exist and the 𝑘𝑟𝑜 remains constant. Whereas, once the pressure is
dropt to bubble-point pressure 𝑃𝑏 or below, the free gas will appear
and the 𝑘𝑟𝑜 will change
Figure 1.3:
𝑃𝑎ℎ𝑠𝑒 𝐵𝑒ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
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Relative Permeability Behavior:
• As the dissolved gas liberates in the porous medium, the relative oil
permeability will reduces, because relative permeability is a function of
liquid saturation, as shown in figure below thus, the ability of liquid to flow
will decline. As a result, the productivity index will reduce.
Figure 1.4:
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
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Oil Viscosity Behaviour:
• The oil viscosity at constant temperature will decrease while reducing
reservoir pressure.
• Once the pressure passed the bubble-point curve, the viscosity of oil
will increase because of liberating the dissolved gas, as shown in
figure below. Consequently, the heaver liquid molecular will remain and
PI may change.
Figure 1.5:
𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
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Oil Formation Volume Factor:
• Oil formation volume factor symbolized as 𝐵𝑜 is the volume ratio of oil
with dissolved gases at reservoir condition to oil at stock tank
condition.
• The volume of oil will shrink, because when gas comes out of oil, as
shown in figure below. Thus, PI will be affected by 𝐵𝑜 .
Figure 1.6:
𝐵𝑜 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡

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• Muskat and Evinger (1942) and Vogel (1968) observed that when the
pressure drops below the bubble-point pressure, the IPR deviates from that
of the simple straight-line relationship as shown in Figure below.
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝒌𝒉 𝒌𝒓𝒐
𝑱= 1.9
𝒓 𝝁𝒐 𝜷𝒐
𝒍𝒏 𝒆 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝑺
𝒓𝒘
• Treating the term between the two brackets as a constant c, the above
equation can be written in the following form:
𝒌𝒓𝒐
𝑱=𝒄 1.10
𝝁𝒐 𝜷𝒐

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𝒌𝒓𝒐
𝑱=𝒄
𝝁𝒐 𝜷𝒐

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25
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26
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• The factors affecting the inflow performance relationship were discussed
qualitatively in the previous section.
• If all of the variables in the inflow equation could be calculated, the equations
resulting from integration of Darcy’s law could be used to quantify the IPR.
• Unfortunately, sufficient information rarely exist to accomplish this, and
therefore, empirical methods must be used to predict the inflow rate.
• There are several empirical methods that are designed to predict the non-
linearity behavior of the IPR for solution gas drive reservoirs.
• Most of these methods require at least one stabilized flow test in which 𝑄𝑜 and
𝑃𝑤𝑓 are measured. All the methods include the following two computational
steps:
• Using the stabilized flow test data, construct the IPR curve at the current average
reservoir pressure 𝑃𝑅 .
• Predict future inflow performance relationships as to the function of average
reservoir pressures.

27
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• The following empirical methods that are designed to generate the current and
future inflow performance relationships:
• 𝑽𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒍’𝒔 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅
• 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈’𝒔 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅
• 𝑭𝒆𝒕𝒌𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒉’𝒔 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅
• Couto`s Method
• 𝑨𝒍 𝑺𝒂𝒂𝒅𝒐𝒐𝒏`𝒔 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅

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Present Time
𝑽𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒍’𝒔 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅

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𝑽𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒍’𝒔 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅:
• Vogel: was the first to present an easy-to-use method for predicting the
performance of oil wells. His empirical inflow performance relationship (IPR)
is based on computer simulation results.
• Vogel showed that as depletion proceeds in a solution-gas drive reservoir,
the productivity of typical well decreases, primarily because the reservoir
pressure is reduced and because the increasing gas saturation causes
greater resistance to oil flow.
• The result is a progressive deterioration of the inflow performance
relationship.

30
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Figure 1.7: IPR

shapes of different
types of reservoir fluid

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• This is shown in the following diagram which compares the straight line IPR
with the Vogel IPR.
• For water the IPR is always a straight line since water does not contain
dissolved hydrocarbon gas like oil does.
• For oil, the IPR is a straight line above the bubble point pressure, and a
curve below that, The curve is generated using Vogel’s (1968) equation

32
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• Vogel (1968) used a computer model to generate IPRs for several
hypothetical saturated oil reservoirs that are producing under a wide range
of conditions.
• Vogel normalized the calculated IPRs and expressed the relationships in a
dimensionless form.
• He normalized the IPRs by introducing the following dimensionless
parameters:
𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝑫𝒊𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 =
ഥ𝑹
𝑷
𝑸𝒐
𝑫𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 =
𝑸𝒐 𝒎𝒂𝒙
where (𝑄𝑜)𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the flow rate at zero wellbore pressure, i.e., AOF.

33
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• Vogel plotted the dimensionless IPR curves for all the reservoir cases on
the below figure (1.8) and arrived at the following relationship between the
above dimensionless parameters:
𝑸𝒐 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝟐
= 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟖 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐
𝑸𝒐 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑷𝑹 𝑷𝑹
• where
𝑸𝒐 = oil rate at 𝑷𝒘𝒇
(𝑸𝒐)𝒎𝒂𝒙 = maximum oil flow rate at zero wellbore pressure, i.e., AOF
ഥ 𝒓 = current average reservoir pressure, psig
𝑷
𝑷𝒘𝒇 = wellbore pressure, psig

34
DPTE
1.00
0.90
0.80
𝑹
ൗ𝑷
0.70
𝑷𝒘𝒇
0.60
Well intake pressure
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
𝑸𝒐
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 ൗ𝑸
𝒐 𝒎𝒂𝒙
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Figure 1.8: Dimensionless parameter relations in Vogel's method
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35
DPTE
• The method requires the following data:
ഥ𝒓
• Curent average reservoir pressure 𝑷
• Bubble-point pressure 𝑷𝒃
• Stabilized flow test data that include 𝑸𝒐 at 𝑷𝒘𝒇
• Vogel’s methodology can be used to predict the IPR curve for the following
two types of reservoirs:
ഥ 𝒓 ≤ 𝑷𝒃
• Saturated oil reservoirs 𝑷
ഥ 𝒓 > 𝑷𝒃
• Under-saturated oil reservoirs 𝑷

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End
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End of Lecture

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Faculty Of Engineering

Petroleum Engineering Department

BSc Petroleum Engineering – Koya University July 2010

Inflow Performance Relationship

• Inflow Performance Relationship

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Inflow Performance Relationship

• Fluid PVT properties

Inflow Performance Relationship

@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

Inflow Performance Relationship

Productivity Index (PI)

@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

Inflow Performance Relationship

Productivity Index (PI)

@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

Inflow Performance Relationship

Productivity Index (PI)

@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

Inflow Performance Relationship

Productivity Index (PI)

@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

Inflow Performance Relationship

Productivity Index (PI)

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Inflow Performance Relationship

Productivity Index (PI)

• Where 𝐽 is the productivity index, 𝑆𝑇𝐵/𝑑𝑎𝑦/𝑝𝑠𝑖

• Where 𝑘𝑟𝑜 is the relative permeability to oil

Inflow Performance Relationship

Productivity Index (PI)

• If a well has a constant productivity index, then the J equation can be

Inflow Performance Relationship

Productivity Index (PI)

Inflow Performance Relationship

Productivity Index (PI)

@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

Inflow Performance Relationship

Productivity Index (PI)

A well is producing from a reservoir having an average pressure of 2085

@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

Inflow Performance Relationship

Productivity Index (PI)

@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

Inflow Performance Relationship

Factors Affecting Productivity Index

@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

Inflow Performance Relationship

Factors Affecting Productivity Index

@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

Inflow Performance Relationship

Factors Affecting Productivity Index

@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

Inflow Performance Relationship

Factors Affecting Productivity Index

Inflow Performance Relationship

Factors Affecting Productivity Index

Inflow Performance Relationship

Factors Affecting Productivity Index

Inflow Performance Relationship

Factors Affecting Productivity Index

@koya university 2018-2019 PENG

Inflow Performance Relationship