Module 1A: Describes Characteristics,
Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative
Research
 Pre-Test
1. Which of the subsequent BEST
defines quantitative research?
A. It is an activity of producing or
proving a theorem.
B. It is an activity concerned with
finding new truths in education.
C. It is a search related to with
libraries, books and journals.
D. It is a scientific process for
obtaining numerical information about
the earth.
2. Which of the subsequent cannot be
considered as a characteristic of
quantitative research?
A. Method can be repeated to verify
findings in another setting.
B. Data are gathered before proposing
a conclusion or solution to a problem.
C. It seeks to gather a more
comprehensive understanding of
activities related to human behavior.
 Review
D. Figures, tables or graphs showcase
summarized data collection so as to
point out trends, relationship or
differences among variables.
3. Which of the following is NOT one
of the strengths of quantitative
research?
A. Replicable
B. Real and unbiased
C. Analyzed in a quick and easy way
D. Contextual factors are ignored.
4. What made quantitative research
costly?
A. It is replicable.
B. It requires large number of
respondents.
C. It seeks accurate measurement.
D. Many information is difficult to
gather using structured research
instrument.
5. Which of the following
characteristics of quantitative
research states that to arrive at a
more reliable data analysis, a
normal population distribution
curve is preferred?
A. Large Sample Sizes
B. Numerical Data
C. Replication
D. Objective
1. Qualitative research is a method of
inquiry used in many different
academic disciplines, usually in the
social sciences, but also in market
research and in varied perspective.
2. Research is the acquisition of through
a purposive, organized and designed
program of activities.
3. Interview is the most common
method used in a qualitative research.
 4. The expression of data, data analysis,
and findings in qualitative research is
in verbal language.
5. In qualitative research, there is no
required number of population.
 Lesson
Introduction to Research
 Research - is acquiring of new
knowledge through a purposive,
organized and designed program of
activities. It seeks to find answers to the
problems and generate new information
for a better understanding of the
concepts under study.
 Qualitative research - studies a
phenomenon in its natural setting and
captures data from the source. It aims to
gain a deeper awareness of human
behavior and the reasons that control
such behavior.
 Quantitative research - yields
measurable values that can be analyzed
using statistics, figures, and
mathematical models. Quantitative
research has strengths as well as
weaknesses.
- Also known as empirical research, is a
type of inquiry where relations are
established through the collection of
numerical data which are analyzed to
derived generalization.
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
1. Objective - Quantitative research quest
for accurate measurement and analysis
of specific concepts. It is not based on
mere intuitions and guesses. Data are
gathered before suggesting a conclusion
or solution to a problem.
2. Clearly Defined Research Questions -
The researchers are knowledgeable on
what they are trying to find out. The
research questions are well-constructed
for which objective answers are sought.
Everything about the study is carefully
designed before gathering the data.
3. Numerical Data - Data or information
are in the terms of numbers and
statistics, often arranged and presented
through tables, charts and figures that
can consolidate large numbers of data to
show some trends, relationships, or
differences among variables. The result
of quantitative research is always in
numerical form.
4. Large Sample Size - To come up with a
more reliable data analysis, a normal
population distribution curve is
preferred. It requires a large sample size,
based on how the characteristics of the
population vary. Random sampling is
suggested in determining the sample
size to prevent researcher’s bias in
interpreting the results.
5. Replication - Reliable quantitative
studies are often repeated to verify or
confirm the correctness of the results in
another setting. Strengthens the validity
of the findings thus eliminating the
possibility of spurious conclusions. Data
collected for a research purpose can be
utilized for the prior study of another
research problem.
6. Future Outcomes - By using complex
mathematical calculations and with the
help of computers, then the outcome
could also be formulated and can predict
future results.
Strengths of Quantitative Research
1. The results are more objective and are
free from personal bias of the
researcher. Since it provides numerical
data, it can’t be easily misinterpreted.

2. Using statistical techniques facilitates
sophisticated analyses and allows to
comprehend a huge amount of vital
characteristics of data.
3. Data collection is relatively faster and
easier to do. It is especially useful given
a large sample or population, because it
could speedily generate accurate, precise
and credible results.
4. Quantitative studies are replicable.
Standardized approaches allow the study
to be replicated in several areas or over
time with the formulation of comparable
findings.
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
1. Quantitative research needs a large
number of respondents. It is assumed
that the larger the sample is, the more
statistically accurate the findings are.
2. It is costly. Since, there are more
respondents compared to qualitative
research, the expenses are going to be
greater in reaching out to these people
and in reproducing the questionnaire.
3. Contextual factors are ignored. It
doesn’t consider the distinct capacity of
the respondents to share and elaborate
further information unlike the
qualitative research.
4. There are many information that are
difficult to gather using structured
research instruments, for example
sensitive issues like pre-marital sex,
domestic violence, among others.
5. Data from questionnaires may be
incomplete and in accurate if not done
correctly. Researchers should focus on
respondents who are just guessing in
answering the instrument.
 Post Test
1. The following are characteristics of
quantitative research EXCEPT for:
A. Contextual factors are ignored.
B. Data are gathered before designing a
conclusion or solution to a problem.
C. It’s not based on mere intuitions and
guesses.
D. Figures, tables or graphs showcase
summarized data collection in order to
show trends, relationship or differences
among variables.
2. The following describe the strengths
of quantitative research. Which one is
an exception?
A. Replicable.
B. It seeks accurate measurement.
C. It requires large number of
respondents.
D. Many information is difficult to
gather using structured research
instrument.
3. Why is a quantitative research costly?
A. It is replicable.
B. It uses statistical techniques.
C. It requires large number of
respondents.
D. Data or information is in terms of
numbers.
4. Which of the following is the BEST to
illustrate quantitative research?
A. It’s an activity of producing or
proving a theorem.

B. It’s an activity concerned with
finding new truths in education.
C. It’s an investigation associated with
libraries, books and journals.
D. It’s a systematic process for
obtaining numerical information about
the earth.
5. What is being described by the
statement that if not done seriously
and correctly, data from
questionnaires may be incomplete and
inaccurate?
A. Characteristic of quantitative
research
B. Weakness of quantitative research
C. Strength of quantitative research
D. Definition of quantitative research
Module 1B: Kinds of Quantitative Research
 Pre-Test
1. Descriptive - It is concerned with
describing the nature, characteristics and
components of the population or a
phenomenon.
2. Experimental - It utilizes scientific
method to test the cause-and –effect
relationships under conditions controlled
by the researcher.
3. Evaluation - It aims to assess the
effects, impacts or outcomes of
practices, policies or programs.
4. Correlational - It examines the
relationship between two or more
variables.
5. Survey - It used to gather information
from groups of people by selecting and
studying samples chosen from a
population.
 Review
1. Characteristic - It is not based on mere
intuitions and guesses.
2. Weakness - Since there are more
respondents, the expenses will be
greater in reaching out to these people
and in reproducing the questionnaire.
3. Strength - Data collection is relatively
faster and easier to do.
4. Characteristic - The researchers know
in advance what they are looking for.
5. Weakness - Data from questionnaires
may be incomplete and inaccurate if not
done correctly.
 Lesson
Kinds of Quantitative Research
1. Descriptive Research - is concerned
with describing the nature,
characteristics and components of the
population or a phenomenon.
Descriptive research is more focused
on the ‘what’ of the subject matter
rather than the ‘why’.
- Example: You want to know the
number of hours that senior high school
students spend in social media.
2. Correlational Research - examines
the relationship between two or more
variables. It considers the extent to
which differences between variables
are related to the differences in
another variable or variables.
- Example: To determine the relationship
between intelligence and self- esteem
3. Causal-Comparative - is also known
as ex post facto (after the fact). It
gathers conclusion from observations
and manifestations that have already
 occurred in the past and being 6. Evaluation Research - This kind of
compared to some dependent research aims to assess the effects,
variables. It discusses why and how a impacts or outcomes of practices,
phenomenon occurs. policies or programs.
- Example: The effect of part-time - Example: Assessing the implementation
employment on the achievement of of nursing care in a hospital
senior high school students
 Check Your Understanding
4. Experimental Research - utilizes 1. Which research design seeks to
scientific method to test the cause-and describe “what is”?
–effect relationships under conditions A. Correlational
controlled by the researcher. An
independent variable is manipulated to B. Descriptive
determine the effects on the dependent
variables. C. Experimental
- Quasi-experimental is a study that
resembles an experiment but random D. Evaluation
assignment had no role in determining
which participants were placed on a 2. Which kind of research where the
specific level of treatment. Generally investigator tries to probe the
would have less validity than significance of relationship between
experiments. two or more factors or
- Example: A teacher is interested to characteristics?
know like to know if her new strategy is A. Correlational
effective in teaching or not.
B. Experimental
5. Survey Research - is the most
fundamental tool for all quantitative C. Evaluation
research studies. It used to gather
information from groups of people by D. Survey
selecting and studying samples chosen
from a population. A survey research 3. What kind of quantitative research
may be: is appropriate if a teacher would
a. Cross-sectional - if the like to know if the use of module is
information is collected from a effective or not for distance
sample in just single point in time. learning?
- Example: practices of single A. Descriptive
parent
B. Correlational
b. Longitudinal - if the researcher
collects information on the same C. Experimental
subjects over a long period of
time. D. Causal-Comparative
- Example: a six-year study of
high school students learning to read 4. Evaluation research aims to assess
the following EXCEPT for:
A. effects of policies

B. impacts of programs
C. outcomes of practices
D. conclusion from observations
5. Which of the following studies is an
example of causal-comparative
research?
A. A researcher is interested in how
weight influences stress-coping level
of adults.
B. Determining the impact of a new
treatment procedure for patients.
C. You want to know if pre-board
examination results can be used to
predict performance in the Licensure
Examination for Teachers (LET).
D. To determine the rate of promotion
of doctorate degree holders five years
after earning the degree.
 Post Test
1. Survey - This may be done in different
ways such as face-to- face, phone,
online and paper questionnaires.
2. Causal-comparative - It discusses why
and how a phenomenon occurs.
3. Evaluation - This kind of research aims
to assess the effects, impacts or
outcomes of practices, policies or
programs.
4. Descriptive - It provides a description
and exploration of phenomena in real-
life situations and characteristics.
5. Correlational - It considers the extent
to which differences between variables
are related to the differences in another
variable or variables.
Module 2: Importance of Quantitative Research
across Fields
 Pre-Test
TRUE 1. Quantitative research has many
applications in the medical field.
TRUE 2. In the area of Accounting, Business
and Management (ABM), researches can help
design a new product or service and figuring out
what is needed.
TRUE 3. There are different types of
quantitative research that are used in various
discipline.
TRUE 4. In the discipline of Humanities and
Social Sciences, research aims to provide
solutions to the social problems directly felt by
people.
FALSE 5. Quantitative research cannot be
applied in the household census.
 Review
1. Quantitative (Qualitative, Quantitative)
research seeks accurate measurement
and analysis of target concepts.
2. Quantitative research is costly (costly,
replicable) since there are more
respondents compared to qualitative
research.
3. Experimental (Causal-Comparative,
Experimental) research utilized
scientific method to test cause and effect
relationships under conditions controlled
by the researcher.
4. One of the strengths (strengths,
weaknesses) of quantitative research is
that studies are replicable.
5. In quantitative research, data are in the
form of numbers (symbols, numbers)
and statistics.
 Lesson
Quantitative Research across Fields
1. Communication - researchers are often
interested in how understanding of a
particular communication phenomenon
 might be generalized to a larger
population.
2. Medicine – this tends to be
predominantly observational research
based on surveys or correlational
studies. Experimental research designs
may enhance the quality of medical
education.
3. Business - it can improve the over-all
marketing strategy. The quantitative
approach is also most beneficial in
market research to determine the
customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
The result of the study will help
businessmen and entrepreneurs shape
the future direction of their business.
4. Finance - a comparative study of
Foreign Exchange (FOREX) rates
across countries can be made to
determine which among these countries
has the soundest economy.
5. Education - can be used in measuring
the level of performance of students as
well as teachers. Quantitative study of
the students’ academic performance
ratings may be a good indicator as to
which of the subjects/courses is most
liked and to measure the learning of the
students under distance learning.
6. Accounting, Business and
Management (ABM) - researches can
help design new product or service. The
primary function of research in ABM is
to correctly determine ways on how to
continuously satisfy the growing and
varied needs of the clients.
7. Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Mathematics (STEM) - the
medical practitioners can conduct
researches to obtain important
information about diseases and risk
factors. Engineers and architects can
help provide quality and new materials
to further strengthen structural materials
that can withstand various calamities
and disasters especially in rural areas.
8. Humanities and Social Sciences
(HUMSS) - research aims to provide
solutions to the social problems directly
felt by people like social behaviors and
social issues such as stress and anxiety,
worker ethics, leadership style, and
other forms of problems in time of
COVID-19.
9. Information Technology - a
comparative study will prove which
among the internet providers in the
Philippines has the fastest and most
reliable internet connection.
 Post Test
FALSE 1. In Medical field, quantitative
research can improve the over-all marketing
strategy.
TRUE 2. Experimental research designs may
enhance the quality of medical education.
TRUE 3. There are varied quantitative
researches that are used in various discipline.
FALSE 4. In the discipline of Accounting,
Business, and Management, research aims to
provide solutions to the social problems directly
felt by people.
TRUE 5. For engineers and architect,
quantitative research helps in providing new
materials and procedures that may be developed
to further strengthen the structural materials that
can withstand various calamities and disasters.
Module 3: Kinds of Variables and Their Uses
 Pre-Test
 1. Nominal Variable - A variable with no TRUE 5. Quantitative researches also
quantitative value. It has two or more validate, test, and challenge existing
categories, but it does not imply educational practices which are more
ordering of cases. contextualized, localized, and responsive to
the needs of the learners.
2. Independent Variables - The cause
 Lesson
variable or the one responsible for the
conditions that act on something else to Introduction to Variables
bring about changes.
 Variable – anything that can change
3. Dependent Variables - This variable is in research due to circumstances
expected to change as a result of an - Is the characteristics of a data set
experimental manipulation of the - Is any object, event, idea, feeling, time
independent variable or variables. period, or type of category which can
be measured (Kalof, Dan, & Dietz,
4. Intervening Variables - These are 2008)
variables that link the independent - Can be categorized into unit of
(cause) and dependent (effect) variables. measurement and causal relationship
Kinds of Variables and Their Uses
5. Variable - Anything that can change in
research due to circumstances. 1. Unit of Measurement
Types of What does the Examples
 Review Quantitative data represent?
Quantitative 1. As for engineers, architects, Variables
Discrete Counts of  Number of
and other builders, qualitative research helps individual items students in a
in providing designs which give more or values class
convenience and efficiency as they utilize  Number of
modern technology to adapt to ever changing different tree
society. species in a
forest
Continuous Measurements of  Distance
continuous or  Age
ABM 2. The primary function of research in non-finite values  Volume
STEM is to analyze what the competitors are
doing and find ways on how to continuously
satisfy the growing and varied needs of the a. Discrete - Also known as categorical or
clients. classificatory variable is any variable
that has a limited number of distinct
TRUE 3. Quantitative research has also many values.
applications in the medical field like in clinical - Categorical variables represent
trials. groupings of some kind. These variables
are sometimes recorded as numbers, but
TRUE 4. In the discipline of Humanities and
the numbers represent categories rather
Social Sciences, research deal more on
societal behaviors and social issues such as than actual amounts of things.
stress, work ethics, leadership style, and other - Discrete variables can be further
categorized as nominal and ordinal.
forms of criminality.
1) Nominal - A variable with no range, rank order coefficients of
quantitative value. correlation
- It has of two or more categories but
Type of Variable What does the Examples
these categories do not imply correct
data mean?
ordering of cases. Nominal variable
Dichotomous Yes/No outcomes  Heads/tails in
does not have an intrinsic order which
coin flip
means that they can only have
 Win/lose in a
categories not levels football game
- Nominal is defined as name which Nominal Groups that have  Species
means we can measure data by no rank or order names
assigning name to the respective data. between them  Colors
- Sub-type of nominal scale with two  Brands
categories is known as dichotomous Ordinal Groups that are  Finishing
like gender (e.g. male/female) ranked in a place in a
- Examples: hair color (black, blond, specific order race
brown, and red hair), no levels (e.g., a  Rating scale
Likert scale from 1 to 5) responses in a
- Other Examples: Gender, group survey
membership, marital status, religion,
type of car driven b. Continuous - It is a variable that can
- Possible Measures: Mode, modal have infinite number on the value that
percentage, range, frequency can occur within a population. Its value
distribution can be divided into fractions.
- Examples: age, height, and temperature.
2) Ordinal - A variable that has two or - Continuous variables can be categorized
more categories which can be ranked as interval or ratio variables.
(i.e., they have levels).
- Ordinal measurement is usually 1) Interval - A measurement where the
arranged in ascending (lowest to difference two values do have meaning.
highest) or descending (highest to - Interval variables have a numerical
lowest) order according to the variables value which can be measured along a
variation. continuum. The interval between values
- Example: If you asked people if they makes sense and can be interpreted.
like listing to music while studying, the - Example: Temperature (degree Celsius)
answers may be rank but cannot be - the difference between 500° and 400°
given a value. Answers could be: Very is the same as difference the difference
Much (3), Much, (2) Not very much (1). between 400° and 300°
In this measure, higher number means - Other example: Standardized school
they like listening to music. tests
- Other Examples: Likert scales, - Possible measures: All ordinal tests,
socioeconomic status, size, ranking of mean, standard deviation, addition and
favorite sports, class rankings, wellness subtraction
rankings, customer satisfaction, movie
ratings 2) Ratio - Possess the properties of interval
- Possible Measures: All nominal level variable and has a clear definition of
tests, median, percentile, semiquartile zero, indication that there is none of that
variable.
 - It is the same as the interval scale except
that the zero on the scale means does not
exist.
- Example: a weight of zero does not
exist; an age of zero does not exist.
- Other Examples: Weight, height, pulse,
blood pressure, time. Degrees Kelvin
2. Causal Relationship
a. Independent Variable - The cause
variable or the one responsible for the
conditions that act on something else to
bring about changes.
- These are change variables that are
responsible for bringing about change in
a phenomenon.
- It refers to the condition of an
experiment which is systematically
manipulated by the investigator.
- Also called cause variable, change
variable, input, treatment, or cause
b. Dependent Variable - The changes
occur due to introduction of an
independent variable.
- This variable is expected to change as a
result of an experimental manipulation
of the independent variable or variables.
- These are outcome variables that results
from the effects of a change variable. It
changes as a result of the manipulation
made on the independent variable.
- Also called effect, outcome variable,
output, or result
c. Extraneous Variables - Could increase
or decrease the magnitude of
relationship between the independent
and dependent variables. Variable that
affect the relationship
- To be controlled by the experimenter
but if not give in to control, it become
confounding variable that can strongly
influence the study.
- Confounding variables are variables
that the researcher failed to control, or
eliminate that result in damaging the
internal validity of an experiment.
d. Intervening Variables - Variables that
link the independent (cause) and
dependent (effect) variables.
- Variables used in the process of
explaining an observed relationship
between an independent and dependent
variable(s).
- Connecting or linking variables in
certain situations are important to
complete the relationship between cause
and effect.
- Also called linking variables or
mediating variables.
 Check Your Understanding
1. Ratio - Distance
2. Nominal - Blood Type
3. Ordinal - Military Title
4. Ordinal - Feeling for today
5. Interval - A score in 10 item quiz in
Math
 Post Test
1. Independent Variable - It refers to
the condition of an experiment that is
systematically manipulated by the
investigator. It is the presumed cause.
2. Ordinal Variable - A variable that
has two or more categories which can
be ranked.
3. Extraneous Variable - This type of
variable gives difficulty in
determining the real cause of changes
in the dependent variable
4. Discrete Variable - Also known as
categorical or classificatory variable is
 any variable that has a limited number
of distinct values and which cannot be
divided into fractions.
5. Dependent Variable - Outcome
variables which results from the
effects of a change variable.