Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

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Thin-Walled Structures
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Full length article

Experimental study on the seismic behaviour of composite shear walls with T

stiffened steel plates and infilled concrete
Wenyuan Zhanga,b, Ke Wanga,b,*, Yong Chenc, Yukun Dinga,b,**
a
Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control of the Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
b
Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
150090, China
c
China Northeast Architectural Design & Research Institute Co.,LTD, Shenyang, 110006, China

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: A new type of composite shear wall, composed of dual steel plates, vertical stiffening steel plates to connect the
Composite shear wall dual plates and concrete infilled in the vertical channels formed by these steel plates, is proposed. Fifteen
Seismic behaviour specimens were tested under horizontal cyclic loads, along with a constant vertical axial force, to investigate
Failure mode their seismic behaviour. Specimen failure mainly included three modes: severe local buckling at the corners of
Ductility
the flange plates and boundary channels, damage of the concrete occurring in the middle and bottom of the shear
Experimental study
wall and local buckling waves originating at the middle of the specimen. All the specimens exhibited a good
deformation capacity: the ultimate drift ratios of the specimens reached an average value of 4.55%, and the
ductility has an average value of 4.0. The test results indicated that the thickness of the shear wall and the
number of channels in the shear wall have a significant effect on the ductility of the specimens. However,
changing the number of channels in the walls has a negligible effect on the shear strength of the wall. Formulas
to predict the maximum shear strength and initial stiffness of the shear wall are proposed, and it is verified that
they can provide a satisfactory prediction for most specimens, with an error within 10%.

1. Introduction during construction. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an innovative

In high-rise buildings, the axial and horizontal forces imposed by
wind and earthquakes are commonly resisted by using traditional re-
inforced concrete shear walls [1]. An increase in the height of a
building results in an increase in the axial and lateral forces of the shear
walls in that building. The axial force ratio, reinforcing details and
reinforcement ratio of the wall have been identified as the essential
elements that affect the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of
reinforced concrete shear walls. In addition, some seismic codes limit
the axial force ratio and the ratio of reinforcement in a wall [2–4]. To
ensure that the lower shear wall can provide sufficient strength, such
methods as increasing the wall thickness, adopting high-strength con-
crete and increasing the reinforcement ratio of the reinforced concrete
wall are usually adopted. However, thicker concrete walls might oc-
cupy a larger floor space, in addition to intensifying the earthquake
response of the structure. The high-strength concrete behaves in a
brittle manner after reaching its maximum strength under an axial force
[5], and the dense reinforcement at the wall can cause difficulties
structural wall for use in high-rise buildings.
Researchers have offered two structural types to solve this problem,
as shown in Fig. 1. The first type is the steel plate shear wall. Experi-
mental and theoretical studies on steel plate shear walls hace focused
on different cyclic loading conditions. Many studies have shown that
they could suffer large inelastic deformations [6–8]. However, local
buckling in the compression zones of a shear wall causes a sharp re-
duction in the strength capacity and the stiffness [9], which is the main
concern with the steel plate shear wall. Adding the stiffener plates and
increasing the plate thickness can prevent local buckling, but it also
results in uneconomical construction. The second type is the composite
shear wall, which can be divided into three forms. The first form is the
composite steel plate shear wall system, which consists of steel frame
boundaries and a composite wall infilled with a steel plate that resist
the lateral shear force and overturning moment, respectively [10–12].
The second form consists of a steel plate embedded in a concrete wall
[13–16], and the third form consists of a concrete wall confined by
double steel plates.

*
Corresponding author. Harbin Institute of Technology, Campus 2, Huanghe Road # 73, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150090, China.
**
Corresponding author. Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control of the Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
E-mail addresses: wkk-hit@foxmail.com (K. Wang), dingykun@sohu.com (Y. Ding).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.106279
Received 30 December 2018; Received in revised form 26 June 2019; Accepted 27 June 2019
0263-8231/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
W. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 1. Details of different shear walls.
A double steel plate composite shear wall consists of three parts,
including two external steel plates, infilled concrete and connections.
The types of connections include batten plates, binding bars, stiffener
plates, etc. The composition of the steel and concrete could provide
more strength and ductility to the wall, and the external steel plates
could confine the infilled concrete to prevent the concrete from
cracking, which could enhance the performance of the concrete. The
infilled concrete can also delay the local buckling of the steel plates,
which contributes to increasing the shear strength of the wall. Finally,
the steel plate is used as the form during construction, which is bene-
ficial for rapid construction.
Researchers have conducted experimental and theoretical analyses
of steel concrete composite shear walls. Wright et al. [17–21] first
proposed the steel concrete composite shear wall and investigated the
performances of such a wall under different loading protocols. Ji et al.
[22] studied the effects of the depth of the boundary elements, the axial
force ratio and the reinforcement ratio in a composite shear wall. Theirs
results indicated that the specimens had a better performance when the
extent of the boundary elements was 0.2 times the depth of the wall and
the axial force ratio of the wall did not exceed 0.25. Eom et al. [23]
conducted experiments that included five single wall specimens and
two coupled wall specimens, and showed that specimen failure was due
to a fracture at the base and connecting beams. A cover plate located at
the base of the shear wall could prevent this fracture and the plastic
stress distribution in the steel and concrete could be used to predict the
shear strength of the wall. Zhang et al. [24] proposed a T-shaped
composite shear wall that consists of channels. Their results indicated
that the axial force ratio and number of channels in the wall had im-
portant effects on the hysteretic behaviour. Nie et al. [25] proposed a
composite shear wall connected with batten plates, and values for the
ratio of the shear deformation contribution at the ultimate displace-
ment to the strength prediction and the design requirements were
suggested. Recently, Wang et al. [26] classified the failure mode into
three types: bending damage, bending and shear damage and founda-
tion anchor damage. A hysteretic curve model and the shearing
2
Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279
capacity were proposed based on a large amount of test data. Zhang, X
et al. [27] proposed a new composite shear wall and showed that the
shear wall had good seismic behaviour. Kurt et al. [28], Ozaki et al.
[29], and Alzeni et al. [30] presented the design formulas of the force
and bending moment of a composite shear wall. Epackachi et al. [31]
discussed the effect of different spacings for the tie bars and studs on the
seismic performance of shear walls. Zhang, K et al. [32] provided a
design formula for the spacing of studs. Huang, Z et al. [33] conducted
an axial compression test of a composite shear wall and discussed the
relationship between the axial compression force and bending. Seo, J
et al. [34] proposed the MBM design model, which had good accuracy
compared with other experiment results. In addition, composite shear
walls have been used in actual engineering projects, such as the central
hall of the National Museum of China [35]. However, some problems
with this type of wall remain unresolved, as the above mentioned stu-
dies have primarily focused on walls with reinforcements, which is not
beneficial for construction. Some specimens have experienced welding
fracture due to welding quality problems, so the hysteretic behaviour of
the specimens cannot be adequately described.
Therefore, a new composite shear wall without reinforcement is
proposed, named the composite shear wall with stiffener steel plates
and infilled concrete (CWSC), as shown in Fig. 2. The end of the spe-
cimen can be seen at the boundary of the wall. Fifteen specimens were
tested to discuss the failure modes, hysteresis behaviour, ductility,
stiffness degradation and energy dissipation. Design formulas are also
proposed to evaluate the strength prediction and initial stiffness. The
results of this work will provide a better understanding of the hysteretic
behaviour of the CWSC and lay a foundation for future research.
2. Experimental programme
2.1. Specimen design
The shear wall in a high-rise building has a concrete thickness of
approximately 300 mm–1800 mm. The steel plate reinforcement ratio,
W. Zhang, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

shear walls [36], as shown in Eq. (1). For a yield strength of 470 MPa,
the limiting spacing of the steel studs was 85 mm. The shear span ratio
of all the specimens was 0.75.

235
s≤ 40t
fy (1)

where s is the spacing of the steel studs, t is the thickness of the steel
plates, and fy is the field strength of the steel plates.
As shown in Fig. 5, the steel plates were extended into the RC beam
to prevent the specimens from pulling out. The reinforcement of the RC
beam was adequate to ensure the anchorage of the steel plates.

2.2. Material properties

Fig. 2. Details of the CWSC.
defined as 2tp/T, varies from 1.5 to 5%, where tp is the steel plate
thickness and T is the wall thickness. The steel plate thickness can vary
from approximately 2.25 mm–45 mm. This experiment is based on the
study of a shear wall in a super high-rise building, and five types of
specimens are designed at a 1:5 scale. The design criterion for the
specimens is the tension yielding of the web plate after the concrete
crushing, where the hysteresis loops are plump. The initial design cri-
teria of the shear wall are set to measure the performance and failure
mode of the shear wall without the use of intensive boundary elements.
To simulate the walls in high-rise buildings, different specimens
were tested. Each type of specimen had its test repeated three times to
ensure the reliability of the testing results. The parameters of the spe-
cimens are listed in Table 1, and the details of the cross section are
shown in Fig. 3. All the specimens had a height of 1050 mm and a
rectangular cross-section width of 700 mm and were filled with con-
crete. The parameters included the thickness of the wall and the ratio of
the spacing of the stiffener plate to the thickness.
The CWSC specimens were constructed using double steel plates as
the external component. The CWSC was divided into several rectan-
gular tubes by the stiffener plates, as shown in Fig. 3. The stiffener
plates were connected with double web plates through filled welds,
which could prevent the local buckling of the web plates. CWSC-1, -4
and -5 were all composed of four channels, and CWSC-2 and -3 were
composed of three and five channels, respectively. The steel studs were
welded onto the web plates, to tightly connect the concrete and web
plate. The rectangular section of the specimen was composed of four L-
shaped sections. The stiffener plates were welded onto the web plates
after the two L-shaped sections were welded together. Then, the rec-
tangular section was welded, as shown in Fig. 4. Manual carbon dioxide
arc welding was used. Before welding, rust and other impurities on the
groove surfaces of both sides were removed, and the welding grooves
were kept smooth.
Information on the steel studs is provided in Fig. 3. The diameter of
the stud was 6 mm, and the height was 20 mm. The thickness of the
steel plate was 3 mm, which conformed to the AISC requirement that
the shear stud diameter be not greater than 2.5 times the thickness of
the steel plate. The spacing of the steel studs was between 40 mm and
60 mm according to the technical specification provision for steel plate
The cubic compressive strength fcu of the concrete was tested on
150 mm cube blocks. As it is based on wet concrete samples, the
compressive strength of the concrete fc is shown in Table 2. Specimen
CWSC-3a was fabricated during the winter, so the actual cubic com-
pressive strength fcu was 37.8 MPa. The axial compressive strength of
the concrete fc can be taken as 0.76 fcu , according to the Chinese Code
for the Design of Concrete Structures (GB50010-2010) [37]. The re-
sulting steel plate properties are shown in Table 3.
2.3. Loading programme
All the specimens have the same axial force ratio (where n=0.5),
which is defined as Eq. (2) [25],
1.25N
n=
fc Ac /1.4 + fy As /1.11 (2)
where fc is the axial compressive strength of the concrete; f y is the yield
strength of the steel plates; and Ac and As are the cross-sectional areas
of the concrete and steel plate, respectively.
The horizontal loading was controlled by the force and displace-
ment [38]. In the force-loading phase, the horizontal forces were
300 kN and 600 kN, and the loading was performed in one cycle. The
horizontal loading was changed to displacement loading when the drift
ratio reached 0.25%. At this time, the displacement increment was
2.625/0.25% (in mm/drift), and the loading occurred in two cycles.
The displacement increment was increased up to 5.25/0.5% (in mm/
drift) when the test displacement reached 21/2% (in mm/drift). The
experiment was stopped either when the horizontal force dropped
below 85% of the maximum strength or when a constant vertical axial
force could not be maintained. The loading history is illustrated in
Fig. 6.
2.4. Test setup and instrumentation
The test setup is shown in Fig. 7. The specimen was laid between the
top steel L-beam and the bottom steel beam, and the RC beams were
fixed to the bottom steel beam and the top steel L-beam. The bottom
steel beam was anchored to the ground, and the top steel L-beam was
connected by three actuators, one in the horizontal direction and the
others in the vertical direction. Out of the top steel beam, four supports

Table 1
Summary of the specimens.
Specimen Height of wall Cross section Axial force Spacing to thickness ratio for Steel plate thickness Compressive strength of concrete
(mm) (mm × mm) ratio stiffener plate (mm) (MPa)

CWSC-1a, 1b, 1c 1050 700 × 120 0.5 58.3 3 40

CWSC-2a, 2b, 2c 1050 700 × 120 0.5 78 3 40
CWSC-3a, 3b, 3c 1050 700 × 120 0.5 46.7 3 40
CWSC-4a, 4b, 4c 1050 700 × 105 0.5 58.3 3 40
CWSC-5a, 5b, 5c 1050 700 × 135 0.5 58.3 3 40

3
W. Zhang, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

Fig. 3. Details of the specimens.

were arranged to prevent the out-of-plane deformation of the specimen
during the test.
The arrangement of the LVDTs (Linear Variable Differential
Transformers) and the strain gages is illustrated in Fig. 8. The lateral
and vertical loads were automatically recorded by actuators. Four
LVDTs (LVDT-1,4,5,8) were used to measure the horizontal
displacements of the bottom and the top RC beam, and four LVDTs
(LVDT-2,3,6,7) were used to measure the potential rotation from the RC
beams. Additionally, strain gages were placed to measure the strains of
the steel plate. The strain gages were located 40 mm and 1010 mm
above the base of the wall, which was the maximum possible de-
formation according the simulation.

Fig. 4. Process of welding the specimens.

4
W. Zhang, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

Fig. 5. Details of the specimen.

Table 2
Material properties of concrete.
Specimen Cubic compressive strength, Axial compressive strength,
fc MPa fc MPa

CWSC-3a 37.8 29.5

Rest of specimens 52.3 40.8

3. Experimental results

3.1. General behaviour

The damage processes of specimens CWSC-1ã CWSC-5c were gen-

erally similar, including local buckling, local buckling propagation and
the crushing of the concrete. Specimen CWSC-1c was taken as an ex-
ample to describe the damage processes of the specimens. Due to the
local buckling of the web plate being uncertain, the initiation of local
buckling is judged visually. The series of the damage processes of
CWSC-1c is as follows:
(1) When the drift ratio reached 1.00%, the lateral force was 0.83 Pm
(Pm is the maximum strength), and a small area of slight local
buckling was observed at the corner of the web plate, approxi-
mately 170 mm from the bottom, as shown in Fig. 9(a).
(2) When the drift ratio reached 1.75%, the lateral force was 0.97 Pm,
and the local buckling was more obvious at the corner of the web
plate. In addition, slight local buckling was observed on the flange
plate at a height of 40 mm from the top of the specimen, as shown
Fig. 6. Loading history.
in Fig. 9(b).
(3) When the drift ratio reached 3.03%, the lateral force reached Pm,
and the local buckling at the base of the web plate was more ser-
ious. In addition, new local buckling at the base of the web plate
and the flange plate was observed, which was at a height of 100 mm
from the base of the wall, as shown in Fig. 9(c).
(4) When the drift ratio reached 4.00%, the lateral force was 0.71Pm,
and severe local buckling was observed at the base of the web plate,
as shown in Fig. 9(d). Local buckling waves were observed in the
middle of the web plate. The lateral force decreased below 85% of
the maximum strength, and the experiment was stopped. After the

Table 3
Material properties of the web plate and stiffener plate.
No. Young's modulus, Es (MPa) Yield strength, fy (MPa) Ultimate strength, fu (MPa) fu/fy Elongation (%) Poisson's ratio

1 192900 471 558 1.18 21.6 0.277

2 193700 466 557 1.20 22.1 0.275
3 199990 465 557 1.20 20.2 0.269

5
W. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 7. Test setup.
Fig. 8. Specimen instrumentation.
experiment, the steel web plate was partly cut away so that the
damage of the internal concrete could be observed. The shear studs
were almost fractured from the web plate. Crushed concrete was
found at the base of and in the middle of the wall, as shown in
Fig. 9(e)~(g). The non-fractured studs (remaining studs) accounted
for 6.25% of the total studs, as shown in Fig. 10.
In addition to the similar failure modes to CWSC-1c, other speci-
mens have some specific features of their own.
For CWSC-1a, -2c, -3a, -3b, -4b, -5b, and -5c, local buckling was
observed when the drift ratio reached 0.75%.
For CWSC-3c, when the drift ratio reached 4.55%, a slight hor-
izontal fracture was observed at the base of the web plate.
For CWSC-2a, -2b, -2c, -3a, -3b, -4b, -4c, -5a, and-5c, an obvious
vertical weld fracture was observed at the middle of the web plate, as
shown in Fig. 11(a). The drift ratios of the vertical weld fractures that
occurred were different, as presented in Table 4. The welding quality
could not be guaranteed when a manual butt weld was used to connect
the thin plates, and therefore, the cracking times of this weld on these
specimens are quite different. For specimens CWSC-2a, -2c, -3a, -3b,
-4c, -5a, and -5c, the butt weld fractured at the middle of the web plate
6
Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279
when the lateral force was in the rising stage. The tension field of the
web plate was broken when the butt weld fractured on the web plate.
The web plate lost its shear capacity and could not confine the infilled
concrete. Thus, the lateral force of the specimen could not increase
when the butt weld fractured, which was the reason why these speci-
mens had low shear capacities. For specimens CWSC-2b and -4b, the
lateral force was in either a stable stage or a declining stage when the
welding fractured, and therefore, the fracture could not affect the
hysteresis capacities of these specimens. The failure modes of the spe-
cimens are shown in Table 5, and the ratios of the remaining studs in
the other specimens are shown in Table 6.
The ratio of remaining studs is low when the specimen has a high
shear strength. The shear strength between the steel plate and the in-
filled concrete is higher than that of the steel studs, and thus, the steel
studs undergo fracture. This is the reason that the ratio of remaining
studs is low. When the failure mode of the specimen is a welding
fracture, the shear strength between the steel plate and infilled concrete
is lower than that of the steel studs, so the steel studs remain on the
steel plate, and the ratio of remaining studs is high.
The welds are fractured due to the limitations of the factory. As
shown in Fig. 12, the weld does not have complete penetration after the
test is finished.
Although the boundary elements undergo yielding and local buck-
ling in the test, the hysteresis loops of the specimens are not pinched.
The specimens therefore lose their strength capacity when the web
plates undergo severe local buckling and tensile shear damage.
3.2. Force-displacement response
The lateral force-displacement curves of the specimens are shown in
Table 4 and Fig. 13. The hysteresis curves of all specimens are found to
exhibit a rounded shape with a slight pinch. The following conclusions
can be drawn:
1. Specimens CWSC-1b, CWSC-1c, CWSC-2b, CWSC-3c, CWSC-4a,
CWSC-4b, and CWSC-5b can be observed to have more hysteresis
loops than the other identical specimens. The other specimens
showed that the welding fracture occurring before the maximum
strength was reached was due to the fabrication of the specimens,
and the uncompacted concrete in the corner of the wall of CWSC-1a
significantly affected the strength capacity and the shape of the
W. Zhang, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

Fig. 9. Failure modes of specimen CWSC-1c.

wall, which weakens the integrity of the infilled concrete. The me-
chanical performance of the wall is changed from shear failure to
bending and shear failure with an increase in the number of chan-
nels. Therefore, the hysteresis loops of the specimens with more
channels are more stable and abundant.
3. A comparison among CWSC-1c, CWSC-4b and CWSC-5b, which all
had the same wall width, shows that the hysteresis loops will be
more stable with further cycles when the wall thickness is increased.
It was expected that both of the cycles would occur and that the
ductility of CWSC-5b should be greater than that of CWSC-1c, but
the result is actually the opposite, as shown in Table 4 and Fig. 13.
The foundation beam cracked when the drift ratio reached 2.94%,
and test was therefore stopped to ensure safety.

To analyse the hysteresis performance of the specimens, the force-

Fig. 10. Locations of remaining studs in CWSC-1c. displacement hysteresis curves need to be converted into envelope
curves [39]. Envelope curves were plotted for all of the specimens, as
shown in Fig. 14. The test values, including the initial stiffness, yield
force-displacement curves. CWSC-1b, CWSC-1c and CWSC-4a,
strength and maximum strength, are shown in Table 4.
CWSC-4b can be observed to have similar envelope curves, as shown
There is no obvious yield point in the force-displacement curves for
in Fig. 14, indicating that the curves can describe the hysteresis
some specimens because of the material nonlinearity and the different
performance of the specimens. Therefore, CWSC-1c, CWSC-2b,
yielding times for different parts in the wall. Some researchers put
CWSC-3c, CWSC-4b, and CWSC-5b can be considered standard
forward methods to define the yield strength of a specimen, such as the
specimens in the following analysis.
Park method [40], the energy method [40] and the geometrograph
2. A comparison among CWSC-1c, CWSC-2b and CWSC-3c with the
method [41]. This paper adopts the geometrograph method, as shown
same wall cross-section shows that more stiffener plates were
in Fig. 15.
adopted to divide the wall, leading to more single channels in the

7
W. Zhang, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

Fig. 11. Failure modes of other specimens.

The damage process of the specimens can be divided into elastic and
inelastic behaviour, with a gradually degrading stiffness and a failure
stage. The ratios of the maximum strength Pm in the positive direction
to that in the negative direction for each specimen are between 0.99
and 1.19, indicating that the specimens have a stable strength capacity
between the positive direction and negative direction during cyclic
loading. The hysteretic behaviour as well as the impacts of the con-
figuration details for the specimens are as follows:
1. The yield strength Py is approximately 77% of the maximum
strength for all specimens. The drift ratios of the yield strength are
between 0.65% and 1.39%, with an average value of 0.85%. The
ultimate drift ratios are between 2.56% and 4.55%, with an average
value of 3.33%. This finding indicates that under a high axial
compressive strength, the specimens have a good deformation ca-
pacity.
2. More compartments on the wall being divided by the stiffener plates
has a minimal effect on the average maximum strength, but the
average maximum strength improves as the wall thickness increases.
One explanation for this finding is that the concrete can provide a
stronger lateral resistance upon increasing the thickness of the wall,
thereby preventing the steel plate from undergoing premature da-
mage when increasing the shear strength of the wall.
3. When the wall thickness increases from 105 mm to 120 mm, an in-
crease of 14.3%, the average maximum strength increases by only
2.89%. When the wall thickness increases from 120 mm to 135 mm,
an increase of 12.5%, the average maximum strength increases by
only 2.41%. Thus, increasing the wall thickness is not considered an
effective way to improve the average maximum strength of the wall.
3.3. Strength degradation
The strength degradation ratio (ηi) is defined as the ratio of the
maximum strength in the last cycle to that in the first cycle at the same
displacement level, as given in Eq. (3):
Pin
ηi =
Pi1 (3)

Table 4
Summary of the test results.
Specimen Loading Initial stiffness Yield strength Yield drift maximum strength Drift at maximum Drift at weld Ultimate drift Ductility μ
direction (kN/mm) Py (kN) (rad) Pm (kN) strength (rad) fracture (rad) (rad)

CWSC-1a (+) 281.44 771.7 0.72% 908.18 1.27% – 1.49% 2.08

(−) 146.52 707.1 0.63% 866.80 1.27% – 1.45% 2.17
CWSC-1b (+) 278.69 1007.1 0.93% 1259.28 2.44% – 3.45% 3.76
(−) 213.94 919.4 0.81% 1254.88 2.50% – 3.33% 4.21
CWSC-1c (+) 292.50 990.9 0.83% 1298.09 3.03% – 3.70% 4.44
(−) 234.17 907.4 0.87% 1218.60 2.50% – 3.85% 4.36
CWSC-2a (+) 284.80 898.4 0.75% 1058.01 1.27% 1.52% 1.39% 1.87
(−) 208.26 934.6 0.63% 1146.31 0.97% 1.52% 1.43% 2.23
CWSC-2b (+) 300.98 1040.0 0.89% 1366.01 2.50% 3.03% 2.86% 3.17
(−) 250.21 913.1 0.71% 1149.69 1.75% 3.03% 2.56% 3.61
CWSC-2c (+) 271.21 851.6 0.74% 1034.48 1.47% 1.75% 1.75% 2.39
(−) 212.41 844.1 0.73% 1069.72 1.52% 1.75% 1.75% 2.41
CWSC-3a (+) 256.15 781.0 0.76% 911.40 1.79% 2.00% 2.27% 3.00
(−) 134.19 763.9 0.83% 910.09 2.00% 2.00% 2.22% 2.68
CWSC-3b (+) 288.18 901.6 0.73% 1097.96 1.75% 2.00% 2.50% 3.42
(−) 255.21 865.2 0.67% 1072.92 1.72% 2.00% 2.27% 3.35
CWSC-3c (+) 311.02 948.8 0.75% 1269.15 3.45% – 4.55% 6.15
(−) 251.19 983.2 1.39% 1273.85 4.00% – 4.35% 3.21
CWSC-4a (+) 186.60 888.5 0.84% 1199.68 2.27% – 2.78% 3.27
(−) 122.94 835.8 0.81% 1125.91 2.50% – 2.50% 3.06
CWSC-4b (+) 289.10 1065.8 1.20% 1258.19 2.44% 3.03% 3.33% 2.81
(−) 232.21 929.0 0.99% 1187.74 2.56% 3.03% 3.23% 3.25
CWSC-4c (+) 262.44 848.5 0.72% 1038.63 1.47% 1.75% 1.85% 2.56
(−) 208.73 812.4 0.75% 983.93 1.47% 1.75% 1.72% 2.30
CWSC-5a (+) 321.04 870.5 0.69% 1001.98 1.01% 1.00% 1.37% 1.98
(−) 176.98 909.5 0.71% 1034.85 1.08% 1.00% 1.18% 1.65
CWSC-5b (+) 346.00 1016.6 0.74% 1327.99 2.94% – 3.45% 4.76
(−) 271.63 933.4 0.65% 1249.24 2.56% – 2.94% 4.57
CWSC-5c (+) 295.74 911.7 0.80% 1136.71 1.96% 2.50% 2.27% 2.81
(−) 210.53 845.8 0.77% 1029.83 1.75% 2.50% 2.13% 2.74

8
W. Zhang, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

Table 5
Failure modes of all specimens.
Specimen Average failure drift (rad) Failure mode

CWSC-1a 1.47% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner
CWSC-1b 3.39% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner
CWSC-1c 3.78% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner
CWSC-2a 1.41% Local buckling at the web plate; Concrete crushing at the corner; Weld fracture at the web plate and flange plate
CWSC-2b 2.71% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner; Weld fracture at the web plate
CWSC-2c 1.75% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner; Weld fracture at the web plate
CWSC-3a 2.25% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner; Weld fracture at the flange plate
CWSC-3b 2.39% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner; Weld fracture at the web plate
CWSC-3c 4.45% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner; Slight fracture at the base of the web plate
CWSC-4a 2.64% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner
CWSC-4b 3.28% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner; Weld fracture at the web plate
CWSC-4c 1.79% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner; Weld fracture at the web plate
CWSC-5a 1.28% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner; Weld fracture at the web plate
CWSC-5b 3.20% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner
CWSC-5c 2.20% Local buckling at the web plate and flange plate; Concrete crushing at the corner; Weld fracture at the web plate

Table 6 3.4. Stiffness degradation

Ratios of remaining studs of all specimens.
Ratio of remaining studs a b c
The stiffness Ki is defined as the ratio of the average maximum
strength to the average lateral displacement at displacement i, as shown
CWSC-1 76.0% 9.4% 6.3% in Eq. (4), [42]. The stiffnesses of the specimens decreased due to the
CWSC-2 – 0.25% 62.5% cumulative damage during cyclic loading. The stiffness degradation ξ is
CWSC-3 – 83.3% 11.1%
the ratio of the stiffness at displacement i to the initial stiffness, as
CWSC-4 29.2% 9.0% 43.3%
CWSC-5 71.4% 2.1% 78.6% shown in Eq. (5):
n
∑ j = 1 Fij
Ki = n
∑ j = 1 d ij (4)

Ki
ξ=
K0 (5)
j
where Fi is the maximum strength of the jth cycle at displacement i and
d ij is the recorded displacement of the jth cycle at displacement i.
The stiffnesses and stiffness degradations of the specimens are
shown in Fig. 17 and Fig. 18, respectively. The following conclusions
can be drawn:

1. An evident reduction in stiffness can be observed in Fig. 17 as the

Fig. 12. Weld fracture.
where n is the number of cycles at displacement i and Pij is the max-
imum strength of the jth cycle at displacement i.
Fig. 16 shows the ηi of the specimens at different loading levels. This
figure reveals that ηi gradually decreases with an increase in displace-
ment. Before the maximum strength is reached, ηi primarily ranges from
0.91 to 1.00. It occasionally exceeds 1.0 because of measurement
fluctuations, which indicates a favourable maintenance capacity of the
strength before the maximum strength is reached. After reaching the
maximum strength, ηi clearly decreases. The values of ηi are then mostly
under 0.95, and some are even under 0.90.
For CWSC-3c, the strength degradation decreased to under 0.90.
The drift ratio reached 4.55%, so the internal concrete was completely
crushed, and the steel plate yielded severely. For CWSC-2b, the strength
degradation decreased to under 0.90 in the negative direction, caused
by the welding fracture.
displacement increases. The shear stiffnesses of the specimens de-
grade sharply and are exponentially distributed as the displacement
increases. The stiffness deteriorates sharply before a drift ratio of
2.00% but the deterioration becomes stable under further drifts,
demonstrating that the specimens have a superior stiffness de-
gradation performance.
2. Not much difference is observed among the stiffness degradations of
the five specimens, except for the positive change found in CWSC-
4b. Thus, the number of channels in the specimens has little influ-
ence on the stiffness degradation. Slight differences can be found
among the specimens. The stiffness degradation is more stable and
gradual in CWSC-3c and CWSC-4b than in the other specimens, in-
dicating that a thinner wall with more channels in the wall offers a
more stable stiffness degradation. At the yield displacement, the
stiffness degradation ratio for the specimens ranges from 0.43 to
0.62 in the positive direction and from 0.41 to 0.53 in the negative
direction. At the maximum displacement strength, the stiffness de-
gradation ratio for the specimens ranges from 0.12 to 0.37 in the
positive direction and from 0.14 to 0.26 in the negative direction.
3.5. Ductility
The ductility is defined as the ratio of the ultimate displacement to
the yield displacement, as given in Eq. (6). Fig. 19 shows the average
yield displacement, the average ultimate displacement and the ducti-
lity, including those in the positive and negative directions.

9
W. Zhang, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

Fig. 13. Lateral force versus top displacement curves for all the specimens.

du plates, which undoubtedly reduces the effective width of the steel

μ=
dy (6) plate and prevents the local buckling of the steel plate. At the same
time, the stiffener plates are transformed from the infilled concrete
Here, dy is the yield displacement and du is the ultimate displace-
wall to the concrete columns. The mechanical performance of the
ment. The following conclusions can be drawn:
wall is changed from shear failure to bending and shear failure with
an increase in the number of channels. Thus, increasing the number
1. The ductility of all the specimens ranges from 3.03 to 4.68. Thus, the
of channels can improve the deformation ability of the wall.
specimens exhibit good ductility. The ratio of the maximum strength
3. A comparison among CWSC-1c, 4b, and -5b shows that upon in-
to the yield strength ranges from 1.18 to 1.34, indicating that the
creasing the thickness of the wall, the yield displacement of the
specimens have a good safety reserve capacity.
specimen decreases, but the ultimate displacement increases. Thus,
2. A comparison among CWSC-1c, 2b, and -3c shows that with an in-
increasing the thickness of the wall has a significant effect on im-
crease in the number of channels in the wall, the yield displacements
proving the ductility.
of the specimen are similar, but the ultimate displacement is in-
4. The ultimate strength of CWSC-5b does not decrease below 85% due
creased. The web plate is divided into multiple plates via stiffener

10
W. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 13. (continued)
to the foundation beam cracking. Therefore, CWSC-5b has the po-
tential to exhibit a higher ductility.
3.6. Energy dissipation capacity
The energy dissipation capacity is an important index for evaluating
the seismic behaviour of a structure [24]. The energy absorbed by the
specimens can be calculated from the areas surrounded by the force-
displacement hysteresis curves, as shown in Fig. 20. The equivalent
damping coefficient he is defined by Eq. (7). The he-displacement curve
of the specimens is shown in Fig. 21.
S(ABC + CDA)
he =
2πS(OBE + ODF) (7)
S(ABC + CDA) is the area surrounded by the hysteresis curve, and
S(OBE + ODF) is the sum of the areas of triangles OBE and ODF.
The equivalent damping coefficient increases gradually with the
horizontal displacement. Before the specimens yield, the coefficient is
maintained at a relatively low level, between 0.05 and 0.1. During the
stage between the yield strength and the maximum strength, the
equivalent damping coefficient increases, ranging from 0.1 to 0.2. In
the final stage after the maximum strength, the equivalent damping
coefficient is generally over 0.2. This value is higher than that of the
steel plate reinforced concrete shear walls [15] and the reinforced
concrete shear walls [43], as shown in Table 7. It can be concluded that
the specimens have strong energy dissipation capacities.
Fig. 21 demonstrates that with the same number of channels in the
wall, the equivalent damping coefficient of CWSC-5b is larger than that
of the other specimens. Thus, increasing the thickness of the wall can
effectively improve the energy dissipation capacity. Under the same
wall thickness, the equivalent damping coefficient of CWSC-3c is
11
Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279
similar to that of the other specimens, while it is larger than that of the
other specimens when the ultimate displacement is reached. This
finding indicates that a composite wall with more channels can improve
the energy dissipation capacity by improving the ultimate displace-
ment. As shown in Table 8, upon increasing the length to width ratio of
a single tube, the constraint of the steel plate on the concrete is wea-
kened, and the value of the equivalent damping coefficient is lower.
Thus, decreasing the length to width ratio of a single tube can effec-
tively increase the energy dissipation capacity of the specimens.
3.7. Strain analysis
Observations of the initial local buckling are difficult, so strain
gauges are used to judge the occurrence of local buckling. Before the
local buckling, the vertical strain of the steel plate increases with the
stress. After buckling, the steel plate undergoes a stress mutation in the
buckling direction, and a vertical tensile stress is generated [44] that
can indicate the occurrence of local buckling. The Mises stress σm can
be calculated according the fourth strength theory [45]. In the paper,
the elastic modulus of the steel plate is E=199,900 MPa, the Poisson
ratio of the steel plate is v=0.274, and the shear modulus is
E
G = 2(1+v) = 78454MP a .
Note that the Mises stress is not accurate when the stress exceeds the
yield stress because the elastic modulus is then changed. The positive
Mises stress in the position reaches a yield earlier than the negative
stress because the concrete bears part of the strength.
Test points 4 and 6 undergo local buckling when the drift ratio
reaches −0.5%, as shown in Fig. 22. The test point yields when the drift
ratio reaches 1.25%, as shown in Fig. 23. Therefore, the web plate
undergoes local buckling before compression yielding.
W. Zhang, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

Fig. 14. Envelope curves of all specimens.

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W. Zhang, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

4.2. Prediction of the initial stiffness

To study the initial stiffness of the shear wall, the shear wall is
simplified with the following assumptions: 1. The deformation of the
shear wall section conforms to the assumption of a plane section. 2. The
steel plate and concrete are considered to be in the elastic stage, and
their damages are not considered [46].
The initial stiffness of a specimen K0 is defined as the slope of the
initial stage in the force-displacement curve. The initial stiffnesses of
the specimens are listed in Table 9.
When a composite shear wall is under a horizontal load, the initial
stiffness K0 is composed of Km and Kv in parallel, as shown in Eq. (11).
1 1 1
Fig. 15. Definition of the yield strength. = +
K0 km Kv (11)

4. Formulation for the shear strength and initial stiffness
prediction
4.1. Prediction of the shear strength
The shear strength is essential in structural design. The shear
strength of the specimens is calculated by the superposition principle,
which sums the capacities of the concrete and steel plate [26], as shown
in Eqs. (8)~(9).
In Eq. (8), Vc is the shear strength of the concrete; α is a parameter
that characterizes the contribution of the concrete; β is a parameter that
characterizes the contribution of the compressive axial force; fc is the
compressive strength of the concrete; b and h0 are the thickness and
depth of the wall section, respectively; and N is the compressive axial
force applied to the specimens. In Eqs. (8)~(9), Vs is the shear strength
of steel; γ is a parameter that characterizes the contribution of the steel
plate; and fs and As are the yield strength and cross-sectional area of the
steel plate, respectively.
Vc = α⋅fc bh 0 + β⋅N (8)
Vs = γ⋅fs As (9)
V = Vc + Vs = 0.0421⋅fc bh 0 + 0.1⋅N + 0.471⋅fs As (10)
The initial stiffness of a composite shear wall Km corresponding to a
flexural deformation is shown in Eq. (12) [47],:
p⋅Esc Isc
Km =
h3 (12)
where p is the end-fixed factor of the specimens; EscIsc is the flexural
rigidity of the composite shear wall, where EscIsc=EsIs+0.2EcIc [48]; Es
and Ec are the elastic modulus of the steel and concrete, respectively; Is
and Ic are the moment of inertia of the steel and the concrete, respec-
tively; and h is the height of the specimen.
The initial stiffness of the composite shear wall Kv corresponding to
the shear deformation is shown in Eq. (13) [49],:
Gsc Asc
Kv =
k. h (13)
where k is the sectional influence coefficient (k=1.2 when the section is
rectangular); GscAsc is the shear rigidity of the composite shear wall,
where GscAsc=q·Esc(As+Ac); q is the ratio of the shear modulus to the
elastic modulus in the composite shear wall, which is determined by a
test and whose value ranges from 0.269 to 0.417 [50] in a concrete-
filled steel tube; and As and Ac are the cross sectional areas of the steel
and the concrete, respectively.
Thus, the initial stiffness of the composite shear wall K0 is shown in
Eq. (14):

Eq. (10) is used to fit the experimental data. V is the shear strength 1

K0 =
h3
of the composite shear wall, and the coefficient of determination R2 is +
k.h
p ⋅ Esc Isc Gsc (14)
0.9887. Thus, the equation can predict the shear capacity well. Com-
paring the experimental results with the calculated results, it can be The end-fixed factor p can be calculated by the vertical displace-
determined that Eq. (10) can fit the shear strength of the specimens ment difference of the top RC beam, which is measured by the LVDTs,
with an error less than 10%, as shown in Fig. 24. As shown in Fig. 25, as shown in Table 10.
the portion of the shear strength provided by the steel is approximately Therefore, q is fitted as shown in Eq. (15):
74%. It can be concluded that the steel plate plays the main role in the
q = 5.99 + 0.057(h/ b2) − 1.03(h/ b) + 0.033(h/ c )2 − 0.37(h/ c ) (15)
load-carrying system.

Fig. 16. Strength degradation of all specimens.

13
W. Zhang, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

Fig. 17. Stiffnesses of all specimens.

Fig. 18. Stiffness degradation of all specimens.

Fig. 19. Ductility of all specimens.

A comparison of q between the fitting and experiment is shown in stiffness.

Fig. 26:
A comparison of the calculated results with the experimental results
indicates that Eq. (14) can fit the initial stiffness of the composite shear
wall, with an error within 10%, as shown in Fig. 27 and Fig. 28. The
initial stiffness of the specimens decreases with an increase in h/b,
which indicates that increasing the thickness of the specimen can ef-
fectively increase the initial stiffness. The initial stiffness of the spe-
cimen remains constant when increasing h/c, which indicates that in-
creasing the number of channels has a negligible influence on the initial
It should be noted that these equations are limited to these experi-
mental results for 1:5 scaled specimens, so for more precise equations, a
larger experimental and numerical programme should be conducted.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, a composite shear wall with stiffener steel plates and
infilled concrete (CWSC) was proposed. Fifteen specimens were tested
under horizontal cyclic loading to evaluate their hysteresis

14
W. Zhang, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

Table 7
The equivalent damping coefficient of other shear walls.
Specimen Maximum drift ratio (rad) Equivalent damping coefficient he

SPRCW-9 1.13% 9.42%

SPRCW-10 1.92% 11.98%
SPRCW-14 2.27% 12.59%
W4 1.56% 15.3%
W11 1.59% 14.6%
W13 1.83% 15.9%

Table 8
The equivalent damping coefficients of the CWSCs.
Specimen Maximum drift length to width Equivalent damping
ratio (rad) ratio of single tube coefficient he
Fig. 20. Equivalent damping coefficient calculation diagram.
CWSC-1C 4.00% 1.46 24.9%
CWSC-2B 3.00% 1.94 22.0%
characteristics. The following conclusions were drawn: CWSC-3C 4.50% 1.17 32.3%
CWSC-4B 3.00% 1.67 23.9%
CWSC-5B 3.00% 1.30 23.7%
1. Similar failure damage of the specimens is seen in severe local
buckling at the corner of the flange plates and the boundary chan-
nels, crushed concrete at the base and middle of the shear wall, and
local buckling waves originating from the middle of the specimen.
2. The specimens exhibit a good deformation capacity and ductility, as
the ultimate drift ratios of the specimens range from 2.56% to 4.55%
with an average value of 3.33% and the ductility ranges from 2.81 to
6.15 with an average value of 4.0.
3. The influence of the thickness on the hysteresis behaviour of the
specimens is significant. The increase in the thickness could enhance
the maximum strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity,
but it simultaneously decreases the stiffness degradation ratio.
Increasing the wall thickness is not an effective way to improve the
average maximum strength of the wall.
4. A composite shear wall exhibits more plentiful hysteresis loops
when more channels are constructed by employing more stiffener
plates while keeping the other constructional details the same. It can
also increase the ductility and energy dissipation capacity but does
not clearly affect the maximum strength.
5. Simplified formulas were proposed to evaluate the maximum shear
strength and initial stiffness of the specimens, which can provide a
satisfactory prediction of the test results of most specimens. Fig. 22. Vertical strain of CWSC-1c.

In this paper, it was acceptable that the boundary elements first Acknowledgments
yielded in the shear wall, even if the performance was not better than
that of a shear wall with intensive boundary elements. Further research The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the
on this problem will be conducted in the future. National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51108125).

Fig. 21. Energy dissipation of all specimens.

15
W. Zhang, et al. Thin-Walled Structures 144 (2019) 106279

Table 10
The end-fixed factor p of the specimens.
CWSC-1c CWSC-2b CWSC-3c CWSC-4b CWSC-5b

p 12.00 10.65 8.88 10.65 9.79

Fig. 23. Mises stress of CWSC-1c.

Fig. 26. Comparison of q between the fitting and experiment.

Fig. 24. Comparison of the maximum shear capacity between the experiment
and calculation.

Fig. 27. Relationship between initial stiffness and h/b.

Fig. 25. Components of the shear strength in the specimens.

Table 9
Initial stiffnesses of the specimens.
Specimen Height of Thickness of wall Width of Initial stiffness
wall h/mm b/mm channel c/mm K0/kN/mm Fig. 28. Relationship between initial stiffness and h/c.

CWSC-1c 1050 120 175 292.5

CWSC-2b 1050 120 233 300.98
CWSC-3c 1050 120 140 311.02
CWSC-4b 1050 105 175 289.1
CWSC-5b 1050 135 175 346.0

16
W. Zhang, et al.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.106279.
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