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1 CALCULO DE LA INVERSA:
Operac
element
M = An In {z !} Q = f erf(A) B
n 2n | n 2n
sob …las
de matriz M
(
= In =) B = A 1
f erf(A)
6= In =) A No tiene inversa
0.1.1 EJEMPLO:
!
1 1 2
Data la matriz: A = , Calcular la matriz
1 2 1
T = AT (AAT ) 1 y luego determine el producto de matrices
AT , interprete el resultado de este último producto.
SOLUCION:
0 1
! 1 1
1 1 2 B C
A= =) AT = @ 1 2 A
1 2 1
2 1
0 1
! 1 1 !
1 1 2 B C 6 3
AAT = @ 1 2 A =
1 2 1 3 6
2 1
! !
2 1
1 6 3
(AAT ) 1 = 27 = 9
1 2
9
3 6 9 9
0 1
1 1 !
2 1
B C
AT (AAT ) 1 = @ 1 2 A 9
1 2
9
2 1 9 9
0 1
1 1
B 3 3 C
T =B 1 C
@ 0 3 A
1 0
3 0 1
! 1 1 !
1 1 2 B 3 3 C 1 0
AT = B 0 1 C =
1 2 1 @ 3 A 0 1
1 0
3
0.1.2 EJEMPLO:
1
(C 1(AB ) 1X (X 1(AB )) = 2In
| {z }
(AB) 1 (X 1) 1
(C 1 In)(AB ) 1X = 2In
=) X = 2AB (C 1 In) 1
0.1.3 EJEMPLO:
3[(A 1B ) 1X ] 1 + C T B = 3A 1B + (B 1C 1X ) 1
SOLUCION:
3[(A 1B ) 1X ] 1 (B 1 1
| {zC }X )
1 = 3A 1 B CT B
| {z }
X 1 ((A 1 B) 1 ) 1 (CB) 1
| {z }
X 1 ((CB) 1 ) 1
3X 1 A 1 B X 1CB = 3A 1B CT B
X 1(3A 1 C )B = (3A 1 C T )B
X 1(3A 1 C )BB 1
| {z } = (3A
1 C T )BB 1
| {z }
In In
=) X 1(3A 1 C ) = (3A 1 CT )
=) X 1 = (3A 1 C T )(3A 1 C) 1
=) X = (3A 1 C )(3A 1 CT ) 1
0.1.4 EJEMPLO:
0 1 0 1
1 7 4
1 2 1 B 10 20 5 C
B C 1 1
A=@ 2 0 1 A ::::::::C = B
@ 2 4 1 C
A
3 6 2 1 1 2
5 20 5
0 1
1 2 1 1 0 0
B C F21( 2)
@ 2 0 1 0 1 0 A
3 6 2 0 0 1 F31( 3)
0 1
1 2 1 1 0 0 F( 1)
B C 2 4
@ 0 4 3 2 1 0 A
0 0 5 3 0 1
0 1
1 2 1 1 0 0
B 3 1 1 0 C F12 ( 2)
@ 0 1 4 2 4 A
0 0 5 3 0 1
0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 C F (1)
B 2 2 3 5
B 0 1 3 1 1 0 C
@ 4 2 4 A
0 0 5 3 0 1
0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
2 2 1)
B 3 1 1 C F13( 2
B 0 1 0 C
@ 4 2 4 A
3 1 F23 ( 34 )
0 0 1 5 0 5
0 1
1 0 0 3 1 1
B 10 2 10
B 0 1 0 1 1 3 CC
@ 20 4 20 A
0 0 1 3 0 1
5 5
0 1 0 1
3 1 1 9 3 3
B 10 2 10
3 C B 10 2 10
9 C
A 1= B 1 1 C =) 3A 1 = B 3 3 C
@ 20 4 20 A @ 20 4 20 A
3 0 1 9 0 3
5 5 5 5
0 1 0 1
9 3 3 1 7 4
B 10 2 10
9 C B 10 20 5 C
(3A 1 C ) = B 3 3 C B 1 1 1 C =
@ 20 4 20 A @ 2 4 A
9 0 3 1 1 2
5 5 5 20 5
0 1
1 37 1
B 20 2
(3A 1 C) = B 7 1 29 C
C
@ 20 20 A
2 1 1
20 5
0 1 0 1
9 3 3 1 1 1
B 10 2 10
9 C B 10 2 5 C
(3A 1 C T ) = B 3 3 C B 7 1 1 C =
@ 20 4 20 A @ 20 4 20 A
9 0 3 4 1 2
5 5 5 5
0 1
1 1 1
B 1 2
(3A 1 T
C )=B 1 1 CC
@ 2 2 A
1 1 1
5
0 1
2 2 0
B 3 3
5 C
(3A 1 CT ) 1 = B 4 2 C
@ 7 7 7 A
10 40 10
21 21 7
X = (3A 1 C )(3A 1 CT ) 1 =
0 10 1 0 1
1 37 1 2 2 0 206 451 57
B 20 2 B 3 3 105 210 28
X=B 7 1 29 C
CB 4 2 5 C
C
B
=B 4 157 19 C
C
@ 20 20 A @ 7 7 7 A @ 35 70 14 A
2 1 1 10 40 10 127 197 9
20 5 21 21 7 105 210 28
0 10 10 10 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
B 2 C 1 2 0
B 0 1 3 CB @ 0 1 0 C B
A@ 0
CB
1 0 A@ 0 1 0 C
A
@ 4 A 4
0 0 1 0 0 15 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
3 1 1
1 0 0 B 10 2 10
B C
2 1 0 A= B 1 1 3 CC
@ @ 20 4 20 A
3 0 1 3 0 1
5 5
0.1.5 EJEMPLO:
0 1
1 2 1 2 1
B C F21( 2)
@ 2 4 1 2 3 A
3 6 2 6 5 F31( 3)
0 1
1 2 1 2 1 F (1)
B C 2 3
@ 0 0 3 6 1 A
0 0 5 12 2
0 1
1 2 1 2 1
B
0 0 1 2 1 C F12 (1)
@ 3 A F ( 5)
0 0 5 12 2 32
0 1
1 2 0 0 43 1
B C F3 ( 2)
B
@ 0 0 1 2 13 C
A
0 0 0 2 13
0 1
1 2 0 0 4
B 3 C F23 (2)
B 0 0 1 2 1 C
@ 3 A
0 0 0 1 1
0 61
1 2 0 0 4
B 3 C
B 0 0 1 0 0 C
@ A = f erf(A)
0 0 0 1 1
6
0 10 10 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
B CB
@ 0 1 2 A@ 0 1 0 C B
A@ 0 1 0 A
C
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 1
2
0 10 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 C
1 0 0 B 3 3
B 1 0 C B C B
@ 0 3 A @ 2 1 0 A = @ 1 2 1 C
A
0 0 1 3 0 1 1 5 1
6 6 2
PRUEBA:
0 10 1 0 1
1 1 0 C 1 2 1 2 0 0 4
B 3 3 1 2 1 B 3 C
B B C
@ 1 2 1 C
A@ 2 4 1 2 3 A=B
@ 0 0 1 0 0 CA
1 5 1 3 6 2 6 5 0 0 0 1 1
| 6 {z
6 2 }| {z } | {z 6 }
B A f erf(A)
=) f erf(A) = BA
A =?
A = B 1(f erf(A)
0 1
1 1 2
B C
B 1=@ 2 1 2 A
3 2 6
0 10 4
1 0 1
1 1 2 1 2 0 0 3 1 2 1 2 1
B CB C B C
@ 2 1 2 AB
@ 0 0 1 0 0 CA=@ 2 4 1 2 3 A
3 2 6 0 0 0 1 1 3 6 2 6 5
6
operaciones elementales
(An) > (Un)
sucesivas sobre las …las Fij ( k )
0 1
1 0 ... 0
B - 1 0 ... C
B C
L = B .. 1 ... C
@ . - h 0 A
- n ... - k 1
0.2.1 EJEMPLO:
0 1
3 1 2 1
B 2 1 0 3 C
B C
A=B C
@ 0 2 3 2 A
1 0 1 0
0 10 1
1 0 0 0 3 1 2 1
B 2 CB 5 4 7 C
B 1 0 0 CB 0 C
A=B 3
B 0 6
CB
CB 0
3 3
7
3
24
C
C
@ 5 1 0 A@ 0 5 5 A
1 1 3 1 0 0 0 20
3 5 7 7
Aplicacion: Si
A = LU =) A 1 = U 1L 1
CASO I
Si a11 6= 0
0
a11 0 0
B 0 a22
B
Resultado esperado: B ... ...
@
0 an2
CASO II:
CASO III:
PASO 4: De…nir P T = Q:
Cumple D = P T AP
A = ( P 1 )T D (P 1 )
Entonces A es invertible () D es invertible!!
A 1 = P D 1P T
0.3.2 EJEMPLO:
0 1 0 10 1
1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2
B C B
A=@ 0 3 1 A=@ 0 1 0 C B
A@ 0 3 1 C
A
2 1 5 2 1 1 0 0 2
3 3
0 1
1 0 2 1 0 0
B C F31( 2)
M =@ 0 3 1 0 1 0 A
2 1 5 0 0 1 C31( 2)
0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 F (1)
B C 32 3
@ 0 3 1 0 1 0 A
1
0 1 1 2 0 1 C32( 3 )
0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
B
@ 0 3 0 0 1 0 C
A
0 0 23 2 1 1
3
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
B C B
D=@ 0 3 0 A PT = @ 0 1 0 CA
0 0 32 2 31 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 2 1 0 2
B C B 1 C
P =@ 0 1 13 A =) P 1 = @ 0 1 3 A
=) (P 1)T =
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1
1 0 0
B
@ 0 1 0 C
A
2 1 1
3
PRUEBA.
A = ( P 1 )T D (P 1 )
0 10 10 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 2
B
@ 0 1 0 C B CB
A@ 0 3 0 A@ 0 1 1 C=B 0
3 A @ 3
C
1 A
2 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 5
3 3 0 0 1
0.3.3 EJEMPLO:
0 1 0 10 10
0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
B C B CB CB
A=@ 1 0 1 A = @ 1 0 0 A@ 0 1 0 A@ 0 1 2
2 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 4
0 1
0 1 2 1 0 0
B C F13(1)
M =@ 1 0 1 0 1 0 A
2 1 0 0 0 1
0 1
2 0 2 1 0 1
B C C13(1)
@ 1 0 1 0 1 0 A
2 1 0 0 0 1
0 1
4 0 2 1 0 1 F ( 1)
B C 31 2
@ 0 0 1 0 1 0 A
1)
2 1 0 0 0 1 C31( 2
0 1
4 0 0 1 0 1
B F23
@ 0 0 1 0 1 0 C
A
0 1 1 1 0 1
2 2
0 1
4 0 0 1 0 1
B 1 0 1 C C23
@ 0 1 1 2 2 A
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1
4 0 0 1 0 1
B 1 0 1 C F32 ( 1)
@ 0 1 1 2 2 A C ( 1)
0 1 0 0 1 0 32
0 1
4 0 0 1 0 1
B 1 0 1 C
B 0 1 0 C = Dn Qn
@ 2 2 A
0 0 1 1 1 1
2 2
0 1
4 0 0
B C
D=@ 0 1 0 A
0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
B 2 2 C 2 0 2 C
B
P =B
@ 0 0 1 CA P 1=@ 1 1 1 A
1 1 1 0 1 0
2 2
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 C
B 1 0 1 C B 2
T
P =B
@ 2 2
C
A (P T ) 1 = B 0
@ 1 1 CA
1 1 1 1 1 0
2 2 2
0 10 10 1 0
1
0 1 1 1 1
B 1 1 CB 0 1 2
C B 2 2 C B
4 0
B C@ 1 1 AB 1 C
@ 2 0 2 A 0 @ 0 0 A = @ 0 1
1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
2 2 2 2
0.4 PROPIEDADES: