Turbidity

Turbidity is the condition resulting from suspended solids in the water, including silts, clays,
industrial wastes, sewage and plankton. Such particles absorb heat in the sunlight, thus raising water
temperature, which in turn lowers dissolved oxygen levels. They also prevent sunlight from reaching
plants below the surface. This decreases the rate of photosynthesis, so less oxygen is produced by
plants. Turbidity may harm fish and their larvae. It is caused by soil erosion, excess nutrients, various
wastes and pollutants, and the action of bottom feeding organisms which stir sediments up into the
water.

Turbidity is a measure of the amount of suspended material in the water. It describes the clarity of
water. Suspended materials in water, such as clay, silt, and algae, reduce water clarity and cause
turbidity. Turbidity is an important indicator of the amount of suspended sediment in water, which
can have many negative effects on aquatic life. The suspended sediments that cause turbidity can
block light to aquatic plants, smother aquatic organisms, and carry contaminants and pathogens,
such as lead, mercury, and bacteria.

pH

Changes in the pH value of water are important to many organisms. Most organisms have adapted
to life in water of a specific pH and may die if it changes even slightly. This is especially true of
aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish eggs and fry.

The pH is a critical factor determining the health of a waterway. The factors that control it are
obviously complicated. As with many environmental concerns, we need to be aware of the
implications of any impacts we have upon the environment.

DO

Dissolved oxygen is oxygen gas molecules (O2) present in the water. Plants and animals cannot
directly use the oxygen that is part of the water molecule (H2O), instead depending on dissolved
oxygen for respiration. Oxygen enters streams from the surrounding air and as a product of
photosynthesis from aquatic plants. Consistently high levels of dissolved oxygen are best for a
healthy ecosystem.

Dissolved oxygen is necessary to many forms of life including fish, invertebrates, bacteria and plants.
These organisms use oxygen in respiration, similar to organisms on land. Fish and crustaceans obtain
oxygen for respiration through their gills, while plant life and phytoplankton require dissolved
oxygen for respiration when there is no light for photosynthesis 4. The amount of dissolved oxygen
needed varies from creature to creature. Bottom feeders, crabs, oysters and worms need minimal
amounts of oxygen (1-6 mg/L), while shallow water fish need higher levels (4-15 mg/L)⁵.
Microbes such as bacteria and fungi also require dissolved oxygen. These organisms use DO to
decompose organic material at the bottom of a body of water. Microbial decomposition is an
important contributor to nutrient recycling. However, if there is an excess of decaying organic
material (from dying algae and other organisms), in a body of water with infrequent or no turnover
(also known as stratification), the oxygen at lower water levels will get used up quicker ⁶.
Turbidity

1. Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes and air emissions. The liquid waste,
wastewater is essentially the water supply of community after it has been used in a variety
of applications. We take four samples of water such as lake, effluent, river and drain. The
condition for lake water with brownish colour with smelly. Then, the condition for effluent
water is black and mix with dirty waste. Other than that, for water river the condition is
good with milky chocolate colour and the smell is reduce. Then the condition for lake is very
good it is because there are no waste is detected with naked eyes . The smell is odourless.
For drain water, the condition is extremely dirty. It is because human factor that throw the
rubbish and food waste at the drain. Turbidity is important as aesthetics and pathogenic
organisms can shelter around the fine particles haloid. Turbidity is an important indicator of
the amount of suspended sediment in water, which can have many negative effects on
aquatic life. The suspended sediments that cause turbidity can block light to aquatic plants,
smother aquatic organisms, and carry contaminants and pathogens, such as lead, mercury,
and bacteria.

3. The Standard Effluent for discharge in water treatment process in turbidity is 5 and the
result we get from experiment is 105. From the result of experiment that we investigate
must do treatment to reduce the value of turbidity to achieve the Standard Effluent for
discharge in water treatment process.

pH

1. pH is important in almost all phases of water and waste water treatment. Aquatic organisms
are sensitive to changes of pH. Biological treatment requires regulation and supervision of
pH. In water water treatment, pH is important to determine the correct chemical treatment
and disinfection and corrosion control. The draining of effluent water usually involves
formation of sulfuric acid , which is very dangerous to aquatic life. Deposition of continuous
acid from the atmosphere can reduce the pH of lakes water. The alkalinity in wastewater
helps to resist changes in pH caused by the addition of acids. Wastewater is normally
alkaline, receiving its alkalinity from the water supply, the groundwater and the materials
added during domestic use. The concentration of alkalinity in wastewater is important
where chemical and biological treatment is the to be used.

3. By refer the Standard Effluent for discharge in water treatment process for pH value is 6.5-9
and the pH value that we get from experiment is 7.9. From the result of experiment that we
investigate achieve the Standard Effluent for discharge in water treatment process.
DO

1. Dissolved oxygen is necessary to many forms of aquatic life. These organisms use oxygen
in respiration, similar to organisms on land. Microbes such as bacteria and fungi also
require dissolved oxygen. These organisms use DO to decompose organic material at the
bottom of a body of water. While oxygen has poor solubility , it is important to aquatic
life. Without oxygen, rivers and lakes cannot be inhabited by aquatic life that breathe
through gills.

3. By refer the Standard Effluent for discharge in water treatment process for Dissolve
Oxygen is 7 and the result that we get is 9. From the result that we get must do
treatment to reduce the value of turbidity to achieve the Standard Effluent for discharge
in water treatment process.