TUTORIAL WEEK 3

2.0 Fundamental Laws of Dynamic Mathematical Models

CLO9 Recall the Energy Balance (EB) used for chemical processes
CLO10 Identify the application of energy balance on the design of chemical unit operation
and processes
CLO11 Develop Energy Equations for selected chemical processes.
CLO12 Apply energy balance to microscopic system
CLO13 Apply product rules to simplify developed equations
 EXAMPLE 1 (FROM TUTORIAL WEEK 1)
Stream 1 and 2 are being mixed in a well stirred tank (Figure 1), producing a mixture of
the component at stream 3. Each of the feed streams is composed of two components, A
and B with different molar concentrations (mol/m3 ) of CA1 , CB1 , and C A2 . CB2
respectively. F1 and F2 ate the volumetric rates of the two streams (m3 / min) while T1 and
T2 are their corresponding temperatures. The CA3 , CB3 , F3 are the concentrations, flow
rate and temperature for the stream 3. In order to reach a desired temperature, T3 , a
heating coil is immersed in the liquid tank. Derive an energy balance of the system from
the first principle of energy balance.
 SOLUTION:

Write general
equation of EB

State all the

assumptions
EXAMPLE 2
 SOLUTION:
Write general equation of EB
State all in full sentence
assumptions:

Substitute Q=UA(Ta-T)
 SOLUTION:
After 105oC
steady state
condition

at start up:
25oC –
105oC
(non-
isothermal)
 EXAMPLE 3
Liquid at temperature To flowing into a well mixed tank at a volumetric flowrate, Fo is
heated by steam flowing through the steam coil arrangement at Q (energy/time). The
heated fluid is withdrawn at the same volumetric rate as the inlet stream at
temperature T. By using the standard notation for tank volume, V; liquid density, ρ;
specific heat, Cp; and latent heat of vaporization of steam, λ;

Fo
To

Q
V, ρ, T

F, T
 EXAMPLE 3
(a) Develop a mathematical model for the mass flow of the system. Comment on the
model that you have derived.
(b) Derive a mathematical model for the energy flow of the system. State all your
assumptions.
 SOLUTION 3(a):
General TCE Equation:

{time rate of change

of mass inside the system} = {mass flow into the system} – { mass flow out of the system}
𝑑(𝜌𝑉)
= 𝜌𝑜 𝐹𝑂 − 𝜌𝐹
𝑑𝑡
Liquid system is well mixed, hence,ρ is constant.
𝑑𝑉
ρ = 𝜌𝐹𝑂 − 𝜌𝐹
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
= 𝐹𝑂 − 𝐹
𝑑𝑡
Thus, the question informed that the heated fluid is withdrawn at the same volumetric rate as the inlet stream.
Therefore;
𝐹𝑂 = 𝐹
𝑑𝑉
=0
𝑑𝑡
 𝐹𝑂 = 𝐹
 SOLUTION 3(b):
General energy equation: (Full sentence)
Assumptions:
1. Simplified form of enthalpy and internal energy, U = h, h = CpT
2. Tank is well mixed, ρ is constant.
3. KE and PE = 0.
4. All the heat given up by the steam is received by the liquid content of the
tank.
5. Heat losses to the atmosphere are negligible.
𝑑(𝜌𝑉𝑈)
= 𝜌𝑜 𝐹𝑜 𝑈𝑜 − 𝜌𝐹𝑈 + 𝑄
𝑑𝑡
Substitute U = h,
𝑑(𝜌𝑉ℎ)
= 𝜌𝑜 𝐹𝑜 ℎ𝑜 − 𝜌𝐹ℎ + 𝑄
𝑑𝑡
 SOLUTION 3(b):
Substitute h = CpT
𝑑(𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝 𝑇)
= 𝜌𝑜 𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝑝𝑜 𝑇𝑜 − 𝜌𝐹𝐶𝑝 𝑇 + 𝑄
𝑑𝑡
Since 𝜌, Cp and V are constant;
𝑑𝑇
Therefore ; ρ𝐶𝑝 𝑉 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜌𝐹𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇) + 𝑄
EXAMPLE 4 (MICROSCOPIC SYSTEM)

Question:
 SOLUTION 4:
Write EB general equation

State all the assumptions

 SOLUTION 4:
Write all expressions in EB general equation

1.

2.

3.
 SOLUTION 4:
Write all expression in EB general equation

4.

4(i)

4(ii)

4(iii)
 SOLUTION 4:
Rearrange all expressions and simplified

A & dz are constant values, simplified the equation

 SOLUTION 4:
Substitute the A; A is cross sectional area

Substitute the qz; qz is Fourier’s thermal conductivity

final answer