HISTORY OF PHARMACY

- The art, practice, or profession of preparing, serving, preserving, compounding and dispensing medical
drugs.

APOTHECARY

- A drugstore of Pharmacy

PHARMACY TECHNICIAN

- Sometimes known as Pharmaceutical Technician, is a healthcare provider, performing pharmacy related

functions. Generally working under the direct supervision of a licensed pharmacist.

PHARMACOLOGY

- The study of drugs, their properties, uses, application and effects.

WROLD HISTORY OF PHARMACY

- In 3000 BC, imhotep the God of medicine, a priest and physician to ancient Egypt (Kemet) was the first
to establish official medical healing practices.
- 1500 BC the papyrus ebers a kimetic scroll listed over 800 prescriptions using 700 verbal remedies
- 400 BC Hippocrates a Greek Physician established practices of treating patients, his writing also
established physician conduct which included the Hippocratic oath, history of pharmacy in the united
states founded in 1820.
- The united states Pharmacopeia created the standards for manufacturing drugs for more than a
hundred years. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy was founded in 1821. In 1825, the first periodical in
the United States devoted to the art and science of pharmacy.
- The American Journal of pharmacy was published by Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. First published in
1833, Franklin Bac and George B would compile a comprehensive momentary on drugs the
dispensatory of the United states of America.
- William Procter Jr., the father of American Pharmacy with a professor a Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy from 1846 to 1874 he and Daniel B Smith helped founded the American pharmaceutical
Association in 1852. It is now called The American Pharmacists Association (APhA) the first established
and largest professional association of pharmacist in the united states with more than 500,000
members of APhA include practicing pharmacist, pharmaceutical scientist, pharmacy students,
pharmacy technicians and others interested in advancing the profession.
- John Maish in 1868, John Maish introduced the idea of pharmaceutical board to be appointed by the
governor of each state and established the term registered pharmacist. By 1878 nine states had
adopted pharmacy laws which licensed pharmacist. Every state now of course has a Board of Pharmacy
which regulates the practice of pharmacy.
- In 1885 Joseph P. Remington published the practice of pharmacy which soon became established as the
standard text in the field later renamed REMINGTON the science and practice of Pharmacy, this
comprehensive reference work remains widely used throughout the world. QUININE extracted from
the Kinoshita tree bark, the first drug to successfully treat malaria one of mankind’s deadliest diseases.
- COCAINE the first effective local anesthetic digitalis, the drug of the foxglove plant which has been
widely used in treating heart disease.
- PENICILLIN the first antibiotic.
- INSULIN the hormone that lowers blood sugar in the treatment of diabetes one of the greatest
discoveries in medicine in the 20th century.
- SALICYLIC ACID a natural drug derived from the bark of the white willow tree used by ancient Greeks to
relive pain and the natural forerunner to the active ingredient in aspirin.
- Early Drug Regulation and Laws, Food and Drug Act 1906 prohibited interstate commerce and
adulterated or misbranded food, drinks and drugs. Government pre approval or drugs is required.
- 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic (FDC ) Act in response to the fatal poisoning of 107 people primarily
children, B an untested sulfonyl (Sulfanilamide) need concoction. This comprehensive law requires new
drugs be shown to be safe before marketing.
- 1951 Durham Humphrey Amendment, this law defines what drugs required a prescription by a licensed
practitioner and requires them to include this legend on the label caution, Federal law prohibits
dispensing without a prescription.
- 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendments requires drug manufacturers to provide proof of both safety and
effectiveness before marketing the drug. 1970 poison prevention packaging Act requires Childproof
packaging on all controlled and most prescription drugs dispensed by pharmacies.
- 1970 Controlled Substances Act (CSA), the CSA classifies drugs that may be easily abused and restricts
their distribution it is enforced by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) within the Justice
Department.
 Schedule I drugs substances or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use
and a high potential for abuse. Schedule on drugs are the most dangerous drugs of all the drug
schedules with potentially severe psychological and physical dependence. Some examples of schedule
on drugs are heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide LSD, marijuana (cannabis), 3-4
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), methaqualone and peyote
 Schedule II drugs substances or chemicals are defined as drugs with high potential for abuse, with use
potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence. These drugs are also considered
dangerous some examples are of schedule 2 drugs are: combination products with less than 15
milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage unit (Vicodin), cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone,
hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (Oxycontin), fentanyl, Dexedrine,
Adderall and Ritalin.
 Schedule III drugs substances or chemicals are defined as drugs with a moderate to low potential for
physical and psychological dependence. Scheduled 3 drugs abuse potential is less than schedule I and
schedule 2 drugs but more than schedule 4. For some examples of schedule 3 drugs are products
containing less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol with codeine), ketamine,
anabolic steroid, testosterone.
 Schedule 4 drugs are substances or chemicals are defined as drugs with low potential for abuse and low
risk of dependence. Some example of schedule 4 drugs is Xanax, Soma, Valium, Ativan, Talwin, Ambien,
Tramadol.
 Schedule 5 drugs substances or chemicals are defined as drugs with lower potential abuse than schedule
4 and consist of preparation containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. Schedule 5 drugs are
generally used for anti-diarrheal, antitussive and analgesic purposes. Some examples of schedule 5
drugs are cough preparation with less than 200 milligrams of codeine or 100 milliliters (Robitussin AC),
lamotil, Motofen, Lyrica, Parepectoline.
- 1990 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) This act required pharmacist to offer counselling to
Medicaid patients regarding medication effectively putting the common practice into law
- 1996 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provided broad and stringent
regulations to protect patients privacy.
- Types of pharmacy settings – community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, ambulatory
pharmacy, compounding pharmacy, internet pharmacy and mail order, veterinary pharmacy, nuclear
pharmacy, military pharmacy, pharmacy informatics, specialty pharmacy.
WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF PHARMACY?

Pharmacist are responsible for helping patients use medications well in an increasing complex
and costly healthcare system with changes in population demographics, technology, government policy
and how healthcare provider work, the profession of pharmacy must adapt to tackle the challenges of
the future. So, what is the future of pharmacy? The future of pharmacy practice is (1) enhanced, (2)
connected, and 3() transformed. The future of pharmacy practice is enhanced clinical care , pharmacist
will spend more tie managing changing patient health needs including:

o health promotion and disease

o prevention
o detection and monitoring

Pharmacists and Pharmacy technicians will use their full scope of practice and work together to provide
clinical care. In the future patients who are more vulnerable including those on high risk medications
with many medical conditions have lower socioeconomic status or low health literacy will be a focus of
increased pharmacy attention. Pharmacist will know the goals, risk and needs of a patient and this
knowledge will form the basis of care patient monitoring and follow up will become routine. Preventive
care will be planned and organized for an individual patient or groups of patient and professional
pharmacy services will be part of a more holistic care plan. Advanced data analytics including artificial
intelligence will alert pharmacists and patients about drug therapy problems and focused pharmacist
efforts to where we can have the most impact. Use of artificial intelligence will also streamline pharmacy
practice by removing uncomplicated work processes from the pharmacy.

In the future, dispensing medication on site will no longer be the primary focus of many pharmacist. The
physical space and work flows in a pharmacy will be improved for better use of a health technology,
private patient consultations, community health programs and interprofessional teamwork. Pharmacist
will work with policy makers to lead the development of health and social care policies that will ensure
quality medication management and care will be planned around population needs and care gaps, the
future of pharmacy practice is connected. In the future the electronic pharmacy records will be
complete so that they show a patient’s medication use and information about health over time. They
will include dispensing and professional service delivery records, electronic record from other
organizations such as primary care hospitals, laboratory and diagnostic test results and data from mobile
apps that people use in their everyday lives.

Pharmacist will easily share clinical records with other healthcare providers and with patients
themselves. Pharmacists will develop and implement care plans together with their patients and other
members of the healthcare team across the spectrum of care, this includes helping patients manage: (1)
chronic disease or (2) hospital admissions and post-hospital (3) discharge care. Pharmacists working in
different organizations or sectors will work easily together, pharmacists will seamlessly triage or refer
patients to other health and community services. While some element of this future are in place today
in some areas of pharmacy, people will experience this vision of future practice as usual in their
everyday lives in all sectors of pharmacy and in all areas of pharmacy practice. Enhancing and better
connecting the profession of pharmacy is an exciting opportunity for pharmacist to be part of an
integrated care system centered on individual patient needs within their community and throughout
every stage of life.