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S c ac (H2SO4)

h me n he i

I d c

S lf ic acid i ne f he m im an chemical ed in man chemical n he e he e


man fac ing f e l i e ake a g ea a . Unf na el he e a e l f id and
ign an e le in he ld ha c me in acciden i h hi bea if l, e , dange
b ance. The e acciden c ld ha e been e en ed if he e id e le f ll ed ba ic
le f afe , h e e he ch e n .. Thi idi i he ea n h lf ic acid
bec me inacce ible al e le in man c n ie . Me, li ing in ch c n , bec me
e and he ef e dedica e hi e ac i i i n and man fac e f lf ic acid.
One f he m al ce f lf ic acid i ca ba e ie , di c ed bel . H e e , m
in en i n i h hi e a ac all de c ibe a lea ne me h d f lf ic acid e a a i n,
a f m c a ch. H ef ll , am n f e e imen al inf ma i n ill m e f m b iling
f ca ba e elec l e called c n ac ce f lf ic acid man fac e, hich I
belie e i n ha ha d each a h me.

Bel ill be e en ed diffe en me h d f lf ic acid ac i i i n/man fac ing. Make


e ha kn me ba ic inf ma i n ab lf ic acid, e eciall ead h gh
e e hing n "Safe handling". M im an l ea afe g ggle hen king i h
lf ic acid.

Ca ba e e ec eb

Ca ba e ie c n ain dil e ( 30%) lf ic acid a elec l e, f na el i can be


c ncen a ed b b iling. On hea ing f dil ed lf ic acid, em e a e can i e 337 C,
hen 98,3% lf ic acid a di il e . Thi mean e can b ain a ma im m
c ncen a i n f 98,3% (96% a b ained e e imen all ). F me f m 337 C lf ic acid
a e a iall di cia ed H2O and SO3, he e ec mbine back lf ic acid hen c led.
B iling i d ne efe abl n a d da . N e, nl lab beake h ld be ed f hi .

Ob ain a dead ca ba e and cha ge i f ll , ne can be ed b hi ill be


nec n mical.
Cha ging ill inc ea e c ncen a i n f H2SO4:

2PbSO4 + 2H2O ==> PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4

D ain he elec l e in a gla ja and le i i ndi bed f 2-3 da , all lid a icle
ill e le d n. The clea li id h ld hen be ed ff be e d ained i h a f PVC
i e.
U ing den i able f H2SO4 can ea il e ima e c ncen a i n f b ained elec l e.
Thi i g d kn ince anna ha e a cl e ab h m ch li id h ld be lef af e
b iling.
If ' e nable calc la e c ncen a i n, i can be a ima ed. Elec l e in a cha ged
ba e i all 20-30% H2SO4, he ef e, 87-80% f iginal l me ha e be b iled
a a (OUTSIDE!).
Remembe ha h H2SO4 inc ea e n iceabl in l me, b 10%. I all neglec hi and
acid i he ef e b iled an e ce . Thi a , g d e l a e achie ed e e ime.

I all d he h le ced e in a f e , ing a hield ha ec me f m he c n en


f he beake and beake i elf f m ab e (f m c a ha can fall in he beake ). Since
f e all d n' ha e an 230V e lie I d he hea ing b a ga b ne . Thi i n
ec mmended ince life f he beake i c n ide abl ed ced, im l beca e em e a e f a
ga b ne can each 1200-1500 C hile H2SO4 b il a ma im m 337 C. Thi em e a e
diffe ence ac he beake all i ainf l e en f g d ali P e gla . I i m e
ec mmended ea e f l hea ing la e f 1500W m e, he e all d n' g ab e
600 C (d n' e ki chen e!!!). A and ba h ma be ed gi e m e e en hea ing and
be e i la i n f beake c n en f m ide.
Bel can ee a and ha I ha e e h ld beake .

Thi beake h lde all ame f ga b ne c n ac i h beake di ec l , making hea ing


m e ef cien . Thi al c ea e an e en b iling h gh h le ced e.
I c e ed ge he hi de ice f idel a ailable a in le han 5 min e . A eigh (a
ck), e be laced n he me allic f make he and able.

Whiche e e f hea ing 'e ing, make e ha he beake ih lf ic acid i abil


ed in lace.

Tem e a e i ai ed g ad all n il a ig b iling cc , he b iling ill dec ea e i h


dec ea ed l me. P ced e ma ake e e al h and I gge a ing a a a lea 2-5
me e f m bake d ing h le ced e. Ha e afe g ggle n hen a aching and
ha e a lea 2 li e f a e nea b (a eme genc a h).
D ing h le b iling ime he H2SO4 ill gi e ff ic SO ga e (SO2 and SO3) and H2SO4
c n aining f me , am n f he e ill inc ea e i h ime. I i he ef e im an ha
kee men i ned di ance. E l ed f me a e ff ca ing and can be de ec ed e en in in
c ncen a i n .

Man e n in e ne ell b iling hen hi e f me a ea , b in m e e ience


he e f me a ea hen c ncen a i n eache a ima el 50%, f me bec me hen
hicke and hicke . Thi i indica i n n a ial e a a i n f H2SO4 a e e
(H2SO4*4H2O and H2SO4*2H2O), h e e a e eem lea e H2SO4 fa e han a e e
e a a e . Tha h c ncen a i n can inc ea e f he i h an big l f H2SO4.

Men i ned hi e f me can be ea il di ing i hed f m al a e a , ec nd ill


c nden e and bec me i ible nl n e i f beake h a , hile ill c nden e di ec l
n e i f m he face f acid ( ell ab high b iling in f f me - H2SO4 i m
babl e en )

Re l ing c l le , ligh l bid il li id i 96% H2SO4 ( he bidi ill clea af e


e e al da ). Acid can bec me ligh l ell if an c a fell in he bake .
When b iling i ni hed, em e hea and c e beake i h a me al la e hea e i an
la ic. C e ill e en f ee ci c la ing f ai and he ef e ed ce ab i n f ae b
H2SO4 f m ai . When acid c l d n, i in a gla c n aine and eal ai igh l , acid
m be c ld en gh n b eak he gla c n aine .

P e d c ( e e ca ec a ..)

P d c b ained hi a all ha e den i f 1,84 g/ml, hich c e nd 96%


H2SO4. Thi i f cien in man n he e .
In m ini n, b ained H2SO4 i f high i . If n c a ha fallen in he acid hile i a
b iling, he main ible c n aminan i lead and i al : Pb, PbO2 and PbSO4. Pb and PbO2
d e n' c n amina e nal d c ince b h a e in l ble in dil e H2SO4 (ca ba e
elec l e). PbSO4 ha e e emel bad l bili in a e (0,00425 g in 100 ml @ 25 C) and
e en he in 20% H2SO4 a f ll ing calc la i n ill h . I'll incl de all m calc la i n,
an ne c ld e if hem.
The e ill be al Pb(HSO4)2 e en , i h ab 40 ime l e l bili .

Lead lfa e di l e b f ll ing e a i n:


PbSO4 <==> Pb2+ + SO42- (K = 1,6*10- a 25 C)

Pb(HSO4)2 <==> Pb2+ + 2HSO4- (K = 1,4*10-16 a 18 C)

I c ldn' nd he l bili d c a ame em e a e ,b ha em diffe ence c ld be


neglec ed.

F m eac i n e a i n and K ' ab e, e can i e f ll ing e a i n :

1,6*10- = [Pb2+]*[SO42-]
1,4*10-16 = [Pb2+]*[HSO4-]2

Since b h e a i n de c ibe l i n, he e a e c mbined b im le m l i lica i n


b ain f ll ing:
2,24*10-24 = [Pb2+]2*[SO42-]*[HSO4-]2

Thi mean , kn ing c ncen a i n f SO42- and HSO4- e can calc la e c ncen a i n f
Pb2+. F he I'll calc la e ma imal am n f Pb2+ ha can be di l ed in 20% lf ic acid.

20% H2SO4 c e nd 2,32 M c ncen a i n. Since H2SO4 i a e ng acid,


f ll ing eac i n g e c m le el he igh :

H2SO4 <==> H+ + HSO4-


C nc. (M): 0 2,32+ 2,32-

Whe e i di cia ed HSO4-. I c ld be neglec ed ince i ' ela i el mall, h e e, e


ch e n and calc la e acc dingl :

HSO4- <==> H+ + SO42-


C nc. (M): 2,32- 2,32+
Since e kn Ka al e f ec nd eac i n (1,99), e can calc la e :
10-1, = [H ]*[SO42-]/[HSO4-] = (2,32+ )* /(2,32- )
+

= 0,01014

Wi h e kn f ll ing c ncen a i n :
2-
SO4 = 0,01014 M
HSO4- = 2,31 M

U ing e a i n de i ed in he beginning, e calc la e Pb2+ c ncen a i n:

2,24*10-24 = [Pb2+]2*[SO42-]*[HSO4-]2 = [Pb2+]2*0,01014*2,312

[Pb2+] = 6,43*10-12 M 6,43*10-12*207,2 = 1,33*10- g/li e

Thi mean e ge ma im m 1,33 ng Pb2+/l elec l e. Thi i in am n , h e e I ha e


n cl e h ng ca al ical e ie lead ha ..

Add a

Since hi ced e ha be d ne ide and a e big beake i e i ed b ain g d


am n f lf ic acid, I efe ec ncen a e acid in a di illa i n e a h me. The
e i ai igh and e ha ga e i led ide h gh a f PVC i e ( i h an ac i a ed
ca b n l e n he end).

In hi able I' e mea ed he em f f me ab e H2SO4 a diffe en c ncen a i n .

A can ee f m he g a h, em f f me i e e high a c ncen a i n ab e 70%.


The ef e, I all d n' di il ab e hi c ncen a i n. 70% acid can hen be b iled ide
efe ed 96% a de c ibed ab e.
Thi a , m f he k i made ela i el afe and in eace a h me. While b iling
ced e gi e m e d c e ba ch.

h me n he i

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