COUNTERCLAIMS

COUNTERCLAIMS
 Giving counterclaims is the product of critical
thinking. It’s objective and
purpose is to persuade, convince or explore. The main goal is to win
or gain something, and not to fight with someone or oppose another idea.
 Counterclaims should be valid and sound. There is always a different side
to a story so counterclaims exist. This is why providing reasons and
evidence cultivates an organized and systematic reading and thinking
process.
 In every claim, people may have different opinions; some might agree, or the
others would likely disagree. Each person has his own stand on certain
issues.
 ARGUMENTS

 An argument is a combination of asserting,

acknowledging, confirming, and refuting. If a claim can
surpass counterclaim after counterclaim, it
becomes more valid and sound.
 A counterclaim is defined as an “ opposing claim or
rebuttal”, and it’s purpose is to disprove a claim.
 PERSUASION
 Is an art of influencing someone to make changes in their
behavior. It is a process of using words to make an idea or
concept appealing.

 The following terms are commonly used signals to

conclusion:
 So, therefore, thus, accordingly, and hence.
 Since, because, for, as, for the reason.
APPEAL FALLACIES
 APPEAL FALLACIES
 Images that catch attention are made to appeal to emotion.
 Emotions are then evoked or awakened.
 APPEAL FALLACIES
1. Appeal to fear 11. Appeal to consistency
2. Appeal to flattery 12. Appeal of correspondence
3. Appeal to novelty 13. Appeal of custom
4. Appeal to pity 14. Appeal to intuition
5. Appeal to ridicule 15. Appeal to common practice
6. Appeal to disgust 16. Appeal to consequences of a belief
7. Appeal to spite
8. Appeal to authority
9. Appeal to coherence
10. Appeal to consensus
 APPEAL TO FEAR
There is no presence of implicit coercion that can change in
one’s attitude, which is why it is used even in marketing, which
includes social rejection.

Example:
If you don’t drink your vitamins or eat vegetables you will get
sick.
 APPEAL TO FLATTERY
Appealing to the aspired consequences only takes effect during
use of a certain product. It seems to say , “ you do as it says, or
if not…”

Example:
You look attractive because you use papaya soap.
 APPEAL TO NOVELTY
Appealing to what is trending, fashionable, or new.

Example:
The school is newly painted so it should look better than
before.
 APPEAL TO PITY
This is the way of exploiting someone’s feelings of pity or guilt
in order to win an argument.

Example:
If I do not have enough allowance, I will just walk home from
school.
 APPEAL TO RIDICULE
Appealing to present an opponent’s argument as ridiculous,
absurd, impossible , or just a mere humorous idea without any
merit.

Example:
Mom, If I dress up in the prom as you wish, I will be the
laughing stock of all.”
 APPEAL TO DISGUST
Appealing in the guise of moral uprightness. It also refers to the
notion of that wisdom may manifest itself in feelings of disgust
towards anything which lacks goodness.

Example:
Same sex marriage or partnership; May – December affair.
 APPEAL TO SPITE
Appealing to pride so there is lack of humility. There is the
presence or the absence of forgiveness, vengefulness , and
antagonistic behavior to a protagonist.

Example:
Serves her right !
 APPEAL TO AUTHORITY
Appealing to one who speaks with authority and has ample
knowledge. This person has significant experience , has
undergone training, or has a degree to show as proof of his
authority. Respect is usually given to someone in authority.

Example:
Mathematician can say if the equation is correct or not.
 APPEAL TO COHERENCE
Appealing to something undisputable .All facts and details of an
idea are organized into one coherent thought where the human
factor is not of significance.

Example:
Spell check and grammar check on Microsoft word.
 APPEAL TO CONSENSUS
Appeal to what most people believe to be true.

Example:
The old belief that the world is flat.
 APPEAL TO CONSISTENCY
It does not mean that if one is consistent, he speaks the truth.
The only flaw in this appeal is its lack of coherence and
completeness where all facts can be formed into one truth.

Example:
Employee 1 was never late from day 1 to day 30, but it does
not mean that he will be the paragon of the employee
performance.
 APPEAL TO CORRESPONDENCE
Appealing to almost likeness which makes it most valid.

Example:
Putting the law into your hands.
 APPEAL TO CUSTOM
There are fewer mistakes when you follow the routine, or the
commonly done or regularly followed rules. But it does not
follow that by doing the customary, you are doing what is true.

Example:
Doing hazing before acceptance to a brotherhood or
sisterhood has been customary, but it is not as it should be.
 APPEAL TO INTUITION
This appeal focused on the sudden rush of feelings or ideas.

Example:
On a survival trip; you were asked to roam around and find
means to appease your thirst and hunger. Having instant flashes
of ideas does not necessarily mean that the conceiver of the idea
is holding the truth. Catching fish may be the right or maybe
wrong, or digging a small well will result in a spring of water for
the thirsty.
 APPEAL TO COMMON PRACTICE
Statistics is not the basis of the truth becoming acceptable. The
more the followers, the more an idea becomes closest to the
truth.

Example:
Just because your sister uses a certain skin care product, does
not mean it would be the best product for you too.
APPEAL TO CONSEQUENCES OF A BELIEF

Refers to the appeal that involves forming of beliefs and making

decisions according to what might be pleasing to the
imagination rather than originality.

Example:
A little boy riding a broom like a horse.