Networking Lecture 2

Common devices
NIC network interface card is a physical card within computer from which we get connection,
If we are using bus topology or ring topology then it will have coaxial cable connector (image
below) example TV connection

But these connections are obsolete now & RJ45 connection is used with twisted cable. Image below
So network card in our computer provide interface to let our computer connected with network.
Every NIC has a mac/physical address, which is coded by the manufacturer within that NIC & it is
not changeable. Some devices communicate through mac address & some through IP address. IP
address is changeable. We put LAN cable into NIC.

HUB & Switch are those devices which are used as core in star topology, it has ports where all the
devices get connected.
Technical Difference: let’s suppose we are using HUB of 8 ports, 8 computers are connected to it.
1 wants to send data to 6 so hub will broadcast data, data packets will go towards every computer
& whose address is matching it will accept the data other computers will reject/ignore the data. Its
mean if a computer is sending data & the other computer is receiving it then rest of the computers
will wait to share their data as whole bandwidth is being used.

Switch is an intelligent device, it will do internally circuit switching to 1 & 6. So now rest of the
computers can also communicate. Multiple switches can be part of one network. Or there can be
multiple network within one switch. All devices in class are connected to one switch now we can
keep all devices in one network or in multiple networks.

Hub used to broadcast data, it is obsolete now. It was being used earlier because it was inexpensive.
As switches are not expensive now so they replaced HUBs. Image below
Gateway & Router
Gateway is a device that provide connection between two networks. Let’s suppose we have two
networks A & B. What if a computer from network A wants to access a computer of network B then
we will use this device. That’s why when we configure network & if we have to use internet then we
will have to tell gateway also. PTCL router is an example of gateway.
Router is an intelligent device, as we can configure it, the traffic from the PC of one network will
go to which PC of the other network.

Switch connects computer of one network while router connects computers from different
networks.

Firewall filtration at gateway level. To filter Incoming traffic.

Hotspot all devices that can provide Wi-Fi signals.

Now single devices are available which have all the features.

Ethernet LAN on which we use TCP/IP we call it Ethernet.

Topology is independent of the network (LAN, MAN, WAN).

Twisted pair cable

It is used for network connectivity in star topology, 8 wires, and 4 pairs. Straight cable put clip in
same pattern (same combination) on both sides.
Crossover cable if we have to connect two same devices with each other. Wire from one computer
to the other computer to make a network then we will use crossover cable. 1-3, 2-6 cross on one
side. Sender & receiver should have different patterns.
Uplink a special port with yellow color, already crossed over internally so we can add switches &
connect further multiple computer to the network with inserting straight cable in it. Some modern
switches don’t have uplink port, but their software can detect either we put straight or crossover
cable in it.

Network model categories

Peer to peer model, in this model two devices share data only with one another.
Client server model, a large device providing data services to multiple devices.

Network Graphical spread categories

LAN is to connect devices within a building
PAN is to connect devices of one person. Headset with phone, Mouse with computer
MAN connecting devices of multiple buildings
WAN connecting devices in multiple cities/countries