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EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 1

EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND


EXCAVATION

SUNVIRAZ HOSSION

12683241

41029 ENGINERRING RESEARCH PREPARATION


EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 4

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................... 4

1.2 PROBLEM ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................... 4

1.3 IMPACTS .......................................................................................................................................... 5

1.3.1 ENVIORNMENTAL IMPACTS .................................................................................................... 5

1.3.2 SOCIAL IMPACTS ..................................................................................................................... 5

1.3.3 ECOCNOMIC IMPACTS ........................................................................................................... 5

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 03: METHODLOGY ................................................................................................................. 8

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................................................................ 8

3.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 8

3.2.1 PLANING .................................................................................................................................... 8

3.2.2 EXECUTION, MONITOR AND CONTROL ............................................................................. 9

3.2.3 CLOUSER ................................................................................................................................... 9

3.2.4 GRANT CHART ......................................................................................................................... 9

3.2 MILESTONE .................................................................................................................................... 10

3.3 RESOURCES ................................................................................................................................... 11

3.3.1 HUMAN RESOURCE ............................................................................................................... 11

3.3.2 NON-MUSLIMS RESOURCE.................................................................................................. 11

3.4 UNCERTAINTIES AND RISK CONTROL ................................................................................... 11

3.4.1 RISK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE ....................................................................................... 11

3.4.2 DIFFERENT TYPE OF RISK ................................................................................................... 12

3.4.3 RISK MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................. 13

3.4.4 RISK REGISTRATION ............................................................................................................ 14

3.5 COMMUNICATION ........................................................................................................................ 16


EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 3

REFFERENCE ........................................................................................................................................... 17

APENDIX ................................................................................................................................................... 18
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 4

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION


1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This is a research proposal report for ground water underground excavation. Failures of cable
bolts and rock bolts are critical dangers in underground unearthing around the globe because of
destructive climate and tensile stress. These failures causing major problems for the underground
tunnel and mine operations. Groundwater plays major part for the Stress Corrosion Cracking
failure.

1.2 PROBLEM ANALYSIS

During the rock excavation Rock bolts and cable bolts are plays vital role. Lateral expansion
and shear deformation prevented by bolts. Bolt provides Shear resistance and axial restraint.
(Dong, 2019). The groundwater has negative impact on the grout–rock interface in which can
cause failure (Masoumi, 2017), In the Australian Mining industry, 25% of cable bolt and 29% of
rock bolt failure occur due to corrosion. The corrosion in support systems in underground coal
mine occurs due to the contact of groundwater with bolt. Researcher determined that Stress
Corrosion Cracking (SCC) is the primary reason for the bolt’s failure in Australian underground
coal mines (Garel, 2018). Rock bolts failure occurs in a brittle manner at less than their recorded
ultimate tensile strength. According to Scholar Most of the failure broken bolts collected from
mine has SCC issues (Crosky, 2018)

SCC plays a major role in the failure of cable bolts and rock bolts. The aim of this research
study is to find out the reasons behind the failure and the necessary steps to be taken in order to
prevent the failure of cable bolts and rock bolts due to SCC. A review on worldwide cases will
be conducted to find out the current solutions available to prevent the SCC in cable bolts and
rock bolts.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 5

1.3 IMPACTS

1.3.1 ENVIORNMENTAL IMPACTS

The excavation for construction causes a negative impact on the environment. The
significant consequences during excavation are the disposal of excavated soil and rock,
dewatering, the production of dust, and chemical waste. When the excessive excavated soils and
rocks are removing from the site to the designated area, the road could cover with soil and mud.
Heavy rain could decrease the strength of soil, and it may cause uncontrolled dewatering during
the deep excavation. The consequence of discharging water would affect the surrounding
environments and might cause flood. Air pollution commonly happens in the excavated area and
a massive amount of dust and the emission of the gases can travel to the surrounded area. The
chemical waste is also one of the main risks to the environment, which may cause water
pollution.

1.3.2 SOCIAL IMPACTS

Cable bolts and rock bolts’ failure not just trade off the security of the workplaces, yet in
addition decrease the operational proficiency at the mines. Among these failure modes, the
grout-rock interface failure is the most well-known while bolt failure is more averse to happen
(POTVIN, 2016). Failure of excavation can impact on safety of lives of workers

1.3.3 ECOCNOMIC IMPACTS


From the site to the designated area, the road could cover with soil and mud. Heavy rain
could decrease the strength of soil, and it may cause uncontrolled dewatering during the deep
excavation. The consequence of discharging water would affect the surrounding environments
and might cause flood. Air pollution commonly happens in the excavated area and a massive
amount of dust and the emission of the gases can travel to the surrounded area. The chemical
waste is also one of the main risks to the environment, which may cause water pollution.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY


One of the major parameters affecting the groundwater system is groundwater level
drawdown which can cause drying of surface springs and agriculture wells, reducing the amount
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 6

of water in rivers and even occasionally leads to subsidence of buildings at ground surface.
Construction of underground excavations plays an important role in the groundwater level
drawdown (J.E.Gale, 2018)

In this study, we check the influence of groundwater and the stress on rock bolt and cable
bolt behavior will be studied for the Australian mining and tunneling industries.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 7

CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW

Furthermore, Historically, groundwater studies associated with the design and


construction of large underground structures have focused primarily on methods for the control
of water inflows during excavation and for keeping the completed structure free of water.
However, within the last 30 years, the impact of such activities on the environment has become a
major consideration. Impacts on the groundwater resources of an area by underground
excavations may be minimized by such planned constraints as pre-excavation grouting and the
installation of an impermeable lining of the final excavation. However, such measures may not
be sufficient for avoiding claims of environmental impacts, particularly in areas of existing water
shortages and/or marginal supplies (Attanayake, 2015). Typically, the data will illustrate that
seasonal and yearly fluctuations of the resource features are significant and are a complex
response affected by many factors: groundwater, precipitation, soil moisture, geology. Because
of this, effective detection of impacts cannot be made by comparing measurements during
construction to a reference simply expressed as average conditions, or even as average seasonal
conditions (Waterman, 2018).

According to the scholars, the measurement of groundwater pressure and rock is carried out by
installing piezometers and measuring the water pressure whether continuously or, more
commonly, at intervals. Hydraulic piezometers are usually employed but in rock, where flow is
often along discrete discontinuities, the groundwater pressure is more accurately measured using
pneumatic piezometers (Forth, 2017).
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 8

CHAPTER 03: METHODLOGY

The main objective of this study is to check the influence of groundwater and the stress on rock
bolt and cable bolt behavior will be studied for the Australian mining and tunneling industries.

3.1 Research Design


Research Design provides the blueprint for data collection, data management, and data analysis.
Qualitative and Quantitative have been the two methods used for conducting research. This
research is constructed on a quantitative approach because of the primary data used in it. And set
a series of interview will be conducted via email or Zoom with experts to achieve the objectives
of this research project. The outcome will help to understand the solutions which are currently
available to solve the problems related to SCC in cable bolts and rock bolts. In addition,
conducting the interviews will help to create a guideline and to find the current limitation in the
knowledge in the industry.

3.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT

This is the most important phase of the Capstone venture where the understudy is
investigating the intriguing business for the capstone project. Student will get the direction of the
supervisor, who will affirm the title of the task. From that point forward, student will enlist the
capstone subject in Project Match (Online Enrolment) with the made sure about supervisor and
understudy ID before the due date. Supervisors was contacted after Autumn 2020 via email to
hold a spot. After received an email from educator Haleh Rasekh, told her about my interests.
After completing the online registration process via project match. My supervisor accepted the
application for the research project.

3.2.1 PLANING
The second phase of the project is to build up the hypothetical information, the venture
the executives plan, and the examination proposition after the understudy has enrolled the task
and dispensed the supervisor. The understudy will get help from three errands that must be
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 9

submitted before to the following stage. The understudy needs to have a normal gathering with
the supervisor to get the direction for the venture. The educator since quite a while ago began
regulating me with a fortnightly web-based gathering and email after submission of online
enlistment (on Project Match) to UTS. The primary task is Issue examination brief about the
target of the exploration, writing survey, vulnerability, and dangers. The subsequent task is
executive plan which is presently I am chipping away at it for the proposed research. The last
one is known as the examination proposition.

3.2.2 EXECUTION, MONITOR AND CONTROL


As the third stage, the understudy and supervisor will settle on the understanding that
student starts to follow the examination as per the arrangement in stage two. After investigating
the detail of groundwater effect on cable bolt corrosion, needed to stay in contact with the
supervisor which will help to prepare for the capstone project.

3.2.3 CLOUSER
The last phase is to settle the project for the Capstone Exhibit and to break down the
capstone venture must satisfy all the requirements for the capstone project. My desire for this
task is to accomplish High Distinction, so I can introduce my venture to the feature. It will help
to achieve my degree toward the finish of the semester in the wake of presenting the last
capstone task to UTS on the web.

3.2.4 GRANT CHART


Work breakdown structures and milestones for the projects are represented in Gantt chart
shown in Table 1. It also shows the achievement milestones which is completed in the past.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 10

3.2 MILESTONE

Meeting 1: 8th August 2020

1. Discuss the specific plan of the project

2. Discuss the specific arrangement and the potential risk of the project process.

Meeting 2: 31st August 2020

1. Discuss with the supervisor on articles related to the topics

2. Discussed related to research preparation structure and guidelines requirements.

Meeting 3: 14th September 2020

1. Discuss with supervisor regarding reviewed articles.

2. Discuss on methodology for research report.

Meeting 4: 20th October 2020

1. Get the feedback for the final research report before submission.

2. Discuss the improvement for the research report


EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 11

Meeting 5: 25th October 2020

1. Conclude the best solution and plan for the research report.

2. Submit the final research proposal plan.

3.3 RESOURCES
Several resources are available to complete this research project. There are two types of
resources available. Several Human and Non-human resources are listed below:

3.3.1 HUMAN RESOURCE


Supervisor: Haleh Rasekh

Consulting with the supervisor is wiser idea if any question to ask. Supervisor can provide
valuable information about the topics. They can direct into the right directions.

3.3.2 NON-MUSLIMS RESOURCE


UTS Library:

UTS library has wide range of peer reviewed articles and journals. Students can use the library to
find the related article.

3.4 UNCERTAINTIES AND RISK CONTROL


It is vital to recognize all the various types of danger partner to the task so they can be allotted
into hazard breakdown structures. This part will give the danger breakdown structures of
potential vulnerabilities and dangers for the task.

3.4.1 RISK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE


During the research report there will be some risk associated with the project. Risks associated
with this task can be divided into six components. The full risks breakdown is shown in Table 2.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 12

Project Risks

Supervisor Social University Part-Time Job Report Uncernties

Supervisor not Failing ERP Late


Sicknes Overtime shift Human Errors
avaiable Project Submission

Overload with Research on


Plagarism
other subjects wrong topics

Computer
errors

3.4.2 DIFFERENT TYPE OF RISK


There are different types of risks associated with the project. Table 3 includes all the
possible risks associated with project. In addition, possible outcomes are given that might happen
if risks cannot be controlled. The terms SR, P, SL, R, UN and U in Table 3 represent supervisor,
part-time job, social, report, university, and uncertainties, respectively

Risk Number of Risks Outcome


Type

SR1 Unavailability for regular Low quality research report


Meeting

SL1 Serious Sickness Report submission delay

SL2 Unavailable due to social affairs Late submission

UN2 Failing ERP subjects capstone Final Project delay

UN5 Overload with another subject Poor research report

P1 Overtime shift Late submission


EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 13

R1 Late submission Failure of the subject

R2 Final report loss Failure of the subject

R3 Plagiarism Poor mark and warning from


university

R4 Low quality of capstone report Low mark and possible low


CGPA

U1 Human errors Low quality research report

U2 Wrong assumption Low quality research report

U3 Assume wrong conditions Low quality research report

U4 Computer Error Low quality research report

3.4.3 RISK MANAGEMENT


To complete the project successfully need to have adequate plan and need to follow some
procedure. Table 4 includes information for the risk management plan.

Table 1: Risk management plan


Risk Number of Risks Action Task
Type

SR1 Unavailability for regular Mitigate Contact supervisor early to secure


Meeting appointment

SL1 Serious Sickness Avoid Stay healthy

SL2 Unavailable due to social Mitigate lead a balance life


affairs

UN2 Failing ERP subjects Avoid Follow the guidelines and criteria.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 14

UN5 Overload with another Mitigate Submit all the task on time.
subject

P1 Overtime shift Avoid Avoid overtime

R1 Late submission Avoid Maintain a routine

R2 Final report loss Avoid Ensure the assignment saved in the


hard disk

R3 Plagiarism Avoid Use paraphrase and citation.

R4 Low quality of capstone Avoid Follow the guidelines and criteria.


report

U1 Human errors Avoid Concentrate on report and double


check

U2 Wrong assumption Avoid Ask Supervisor for advice

U3 Assume wrong conditions Avoid Ask Supervisor for advice

U4 Computer Error Avoid Keep always a copy in a hard disk.

3.4.4 RISK REGISTRATION


In this section has all the risk factors information which is rated based on the probability and
consequences. Different types of risk are rated into four different stages as insignificant, minor,
moderate, and major. All the risks are demonstrated in rating and residual rating. Table 6
represents
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 15

Table 2: Risk Registration

Table 06:
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 16

3.5 COMMUNICATION
A correspondence plan comprises of the reason for the gathering will be executed all
through the span of the exploration venture. This is to guarantee our exploration venture can
work easily and errands can be allocated in a systematic way. Table 7 shows

Table 7: Communication with Supervisor

Subject Chanel Purpose Date Time

Supervisor Zoom Meeting Discuss about 28/07/2020 3:00 PM


Meeting the topics

Supervisor Email Discuss about 12/09/2020 9:30 AM


Meeting the topics

Supervisor Zoom Meeting Discuss research 14/09/2020 10:00 AM


Meeting proposal

Supervisor Email Discuss research 28/09/2020 11:00 AM


Meeting proposal

Supervisor Email Discuss research 16/10/2020 01:00 PM


Meeting proposal

Supervisor Email Discuss research 22/10/2020 03:00 PM


Meeting proposal
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 17

REFFERENCE

References
Attanayake, P. M. (2015). Identifying environmental impacts of underground construction.
Springer Linlk, 1160-1170.

Crosky, W. (2018). Effect of underground excavations on the groundwater level drawdown and
its environmental impacts. Journal Of Civil Engineering, 455-467.

Dong, E. a. (2019). Study on Anchorage Failure and Bolting Measure of Road in Weak Rock.
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 997-1012.

Forth, R. (2017). Groundwater and geotechnical aspects of deep excavations. Engineering


Geology, 254-266.

Garel, E. (2018). Infi ltration processes and impact on shallow groundwater in agricultural dry
land areas. Journal of Engineering , 56-78.

J.E.Gale. (2018). Stochastic discrete fracture simulation of groundwater flow into an


underground excavation in granite. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining
Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 567-789.

Masoumi, H. H. (2017). Establishing Empirical Relationships for the Effects of Water Content
on the Mechanical Behavior of Gosford Sandstone. Journal of Mechanics and Rock
Engineering , 2235-2242.

POTVIN, Y. (2016). Design Guidelines for Open Stope Support. CIM Bulletin. Journal of
Engineering, 44-66.

Waterman, M. K. (2018). How to impacts of underground water on the construction project. The
Journal of Engineering, 33-36.
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 18

APENDIX

Research/Article/Book Authors/Publisher

Analysis of the influence of groundwater and Jack A.Smith, Hamed Lamei Ramadani ,
the stress regime on bolt behavior in Chengguo Zhang & Wendy Timms
underground coal mines.

Laboratory Based Investigation of Stress Saisai Wu


Corrosion Cracking of Cable bolts

Tunneling and Underground Space SureshDivia, DhaneshChandra, JaakDaemen


Technology

In Situ Rock Bolt Pull Tests Performance in Mousa Hazrati Aghchai, Parviz Moarefvand
an Underground Powerhouse Complex: A & Hossein Salari Rad
Case Study in Sri Lanka.

Investigation of cable bolts for stress Saisai Wua, Honghao Chen, Hamed Lamei
corrosion cracking Ramandi, Paul C.Hagan, Alan Crosky,
Serkan Saydam

STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF Gopi Bylapudi


REBAR ROOF BOLTS IN U.S.
UNDERGROUND COAL MINES

Construction and Building Materials Bo Wang, Xinxin Guo, Hui Jin, Fuhai Li,

Volume 214, 30 July 2019, Pages 37-48

Comparative Susceptibility to Corrosion of J. Hadjigeorgiou, Y. Savguira & S. J. Thorpe


Coated Expandable Bolts

Corrosive Environment Assessment and Guo, Qifeng; Pan, Jiliang; Wang, Min; Cai,
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 19

Corrosion-Induced Rockbolt Failure Analysis Meifeng; Xi, Xun


in a Costal Underground Mine

Impact of Steel Properties on the Corrosion J. Hadjigeorgiou, Y. Savguira & S. J. Thorpe


of Expandable Rock Bolts

Study on Anchorage Failure and Bolting Enyuan Dong & Weijun Wang
Measures of Roadway in Weak Rock

Environmental influence on mesh corrosion Saisai Wu,Matthew Northover, Peter Craig,


in underground coal mines Ismet Canbulat, Paul C. Hagan & Serkan
Saydam

Classification of Aqueous Corrosion in Roy, J M; Preston, R; Bewick, R P.


Underground Mines

Rock bolt corrosion - an experimental study. Aziz, N. Craig, P, Nemcik, J, Hai, F.

Development and evaluation of corrosion Kevin JinrongMa, John Stankus, Dakota


resistant coating for expandable rock bolt Faulkner
against highly corrosive ground conditions

Stress corrosion testing of roof bolt grade 60 Gopi Bylapudi, A. J. S. (Sam) Spearing,
steel in simulated underground coal mine Kanchan Mondal & Anand Bhagwat
atmosphere
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 20

Comparative Susceptibility to Corrosion of J. Hadjigeorgiou, Y. Savguira & S. J.


Coated Expandable Bolts Thorpe

Investigation of Steel Bolt Fracture Surface Templeton, Bryan P


Aqueous Corrosion Oxides Considering the
Effects of Multiple Environmental Variable

Impact of Steel Properties on the Corrosion J. Hadjigeorgiou, Y. Savguira & S. J. Thorpe


of Expandable Rock Bolts

Electrochemical Corrosion Study of Suresh Chandra Divi


Structural Materials In Complex Multi-Ionic
Solutions

Design Methods for Rock Bolts Using In- Kostecki, Todd Ray.
Situ Measurement from Underground Coal
Mines

Microbiologically induced cable bolt University of Western Australia


corrosion in underground coal mines

Mineralogically influenced stress corrosion Saisai Wua, Honghao Chen, Hamed Lamei
cracking of rockbolts and cable bolts in Ramandi, Paul C.Hagan, Alan Crosky,
underground mines Serkan Saydam

Comparison of the shear test results of a Xuwei Li Naj Aziz, Ali Mirzaghorbanali,Jan
cable bolt on three laboratory test apparatuses Nemcik
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 21

The cable bolt-grout displacement meter: An Anwyll, Edward William Drew


innovation in cable bolt monitoring

Sample diameter effect on bonding capacity Paul C.Hagan, Serkan Saydam


of fully grouted cable bolts

Results of pull tests of rock bolts and cable Michael Salcher, Robert Bertuzzi
bolts in Sydney sandstone and shale

Corrosion of Rock Reinforcement in Rhett Collin Hassel


Underground Excavations

Stress corrosion cracking of rock bolts P. Gray

Experimental protocol for stress corrosion University of Wollongong


cracking of rockbolts

Interactions of stress corrosion cracks in cold Hamed Lamei Ramandi ,Honghao Chen,
drawn pearlitic steel wires: An X-ray micro- Alan Crosky, Serkan Sayda
computed tomography study

System reliability analysis for anchor- Lin Li,Robert Y. Liang &Hanlong Liu
stabilised slopes considering stochastic
corrosion of anchors

Corrosion Damage Behavior of Prestressed Jiebing Zhu, Xiaowei Wang, Cong Li & Bo
Rock Bolts under Aggressive Environment Lu

Monitoring and correction of the stress in an Liu, Qi; Chai, Jing; Chen, Shaojie; Zhang,
anchor bolt based on Pulse Pre‐Pumped Dingding; Yuan, Qiang
Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 22

Corrosion of rock anchors in Illinois coal Weber, Jason.


basin mines

New Construction Technology of a Shallow Liu, Tong; Zhong, Yujian; Feng, Zhihua; Xu,
Tunnel in Boulder-Cobble Mixed Grounds Wei; Song, Feiting

Measuring, understanding, and improving the Mishra, Aditya.


performance of fully grouted resin bolts in
underground coal mines

Luoyang Fengre Machinery Submits Patent


Application for Underground Bolt Protection
Cover

Analysis and Interpretation of In Situ Rock Nicholson, Luke.


Bolt Pull Tests in Hard Rock Mines

Investigation of sulfate attack resistance of Wang, Jiabin; Niu, Ditao; Ma, Rui; Zhang,
shotcrete under dry-wet cycles Yongli.

Performance Characterization of Rock Bolts Paolo L Tomasone


through In Situ Pull Tests.

The effect of stress change on the bond Fearon, Ruth.


strength of fully grouted cable bolts

Anti-floating Anchor Rods and Waterproof Liaojiang Chen, Xiao Wang, Shuli Hou.
Construction Technology for Deep Pits
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION 23

Effect of Temperature on the Relaxation of Zijian ZHAO


Polyvinyl Chloride Flanges

THE ROLE OF SOIL IN THE EXTERNAL Garry Doyle


CORROSION OF CAST-IRON WATER
MAINS IN TORONTO, CANADA

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL HOSSEIN RAJAIE


INVESTIGATIONS OF CABLE BOLT
SUPPORT SYSTEMS.

Investigation on the Rock Surface Support Zhenjun Shan, Ian Porter, Jan Nemcik, Ernest
Performance of Welded Steel Mesh and Thin Baafi & Zhenyu Zhang
Spray-On Liners Using Full-Scale
Laboratory Testing

An experimental framework for simulating Saisai Wua, Honghao Chen, Hamed Lamei
stress corrosion cracking in cable bolts. Ramandi, Paul C.Hagan, Alan Crosky,
Serkan Saydam

Stress corrosion failure of cable bolts in University of New south


underground mines

Hydrogeochemical modelling of corrosive PENG Ya, Wendy TIMMS


environment contributing to

premature failure of anchor bolts in


underground coal mines

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