Water is attracted to each other because of polar covalent bonds

A kilocalorie is the amount of energy needed to raise 1000 g of a substance

Temperature increases when water condenses because of the release of heat by hydrogen bonds

Water expands when it freezes because the hydrogen bonds line up, causing larger spaces between the
molecules.

If the pH of a solution is decreased from 9 to 8, that means… its acidity has increased by 10

Hydroxide – OH- basic

Hydronium – H30+ acidic

Acids donate hydrogens, bases accept hydrogens

Organic chemistry is based off of the study of carbon compounds

Carbon atoms are most likely to form covalent bonds with other atoms

Hydrocarbons are insoluble in water because most of their bonds are nonpolar

A compound contains a hydroxyl group as its predominant functional group, so it dissolves in water

Recognize the structures

Which two functional groups are always in amino acids: amino and carboxyl

Carboxyl and Phosphate are two acidic functional groups

Testosterone and Estrogen are steroids

Starch, cellulose, and DNA are polymers/ glucose is not

How many water molecules are needed to hydrolyze an 11 molecule something… 10

Chitin contains nitrogen/ starch, glycogen and cellulose do not

Glycocidic linkages can break down glycogen with the enzyme amylase

An insoluble fiber refers to cellulose

Lactose is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycocidic linkage to galactose, so it’s a
disaccharide, because it has two sugars

Cellulose is used for the structure of plants

A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is a fatty acid because the Cs surround the Hs. It isn’t a
hydrocarbon because there is also an Oxygen

Triglyceride is three fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

CIS bond causes a kink in the chain

Human sex hormones are considered lipids because they’re steroids that are insoluble in water

All of the following contain amino acids except: hemoglobin, cholesterol, antibodies, enzyme,
insulin – cholesterol, because it’s not a protein

The chemical mechanism to bond amino acids together: dehydration

The differences between amino acids depend on the R-Group, which is attached to the Alpha
carbon.

Upon chemical analysis, a polypeptide contained 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds
are there? 99 peptide bonds

The alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet are both found in the secondary stage.

A strong covalent bond that functions in maintaining a specific polypeptide’s shape is a disulfide
bond, because it is.

Misfolding a protein is a serious problem: alzheimer’s and Parkinsons are both caused by this

The function of a protein is based off its structure

Screwing up the shape of a protein is denaturation

A protein that helps the other proteins fold: chaperonin

We have a 5 prime end on ribose. A phosphate group connects to it.

Deoxyribose lacks oxygen

The element nitrogen is present in all the following except: proteins, nucleic acids,
monosaccharides--- monosaccharides

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes

Peroxisome transfers hydrogen to oxygen

Which must exist for natural selection to exist: genetic variation

FRQ: Organelles