THEORIES

OF
INTELLIGENCE
By Himanshi Singh
 What is
intelligence ?
• Intelligere/intelligentia which means to ‘understand’.
• The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.
• It is the ability to adjust with environment, ability to learn and
ability to carry out abstract reasoning.
• Binet, he argued that thinking is not a simple process; rather,
it is a complex process and different people have different
mental abilities as far as intelligence is concerned.
• Wechsler, defined intelligence as to act purposefully, to think
rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment.
 • The ability to adapt, Learn for Daily Life
5 Events and Problem Solving.

Characteris
• The Capacity to Learn from Experiences.
• Creativity and Interpersonal Skills are
tics of Included in Intelligence.

Intelligence • Intelligence Involves Ability of Judgement,

Comprehension and Reasoning.
• Intelligence Involves Ability to Understand
People, Objects and Symbols Like Language.
What is IQ ?
• IQ = Intelligence Quotient.
• MA = Mental Age
• CA = Chronological Age
• Mental age is expressed as the age at which a child is
performing intellectually.
IQ Table
 1. Mono Factor Theory - Binet.
2. Two-factor Theory - Spearman.
3. Triarchic Theory - Sternberg.
 4. PMA- Thurstone.
5. Multiple Intelligence – Howard
Gardner.
6. Crystal & Fluid – Cattel.
 7. SOI – Guilford.
8. Thorndike’s Theory.
 • Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence
test.
1. Mono Factor • He was the first to introduce the concept of
Theory - Binet. mental age.
• According to his unifactor theory of
intelligence we all have common sense or
general factor of intelligence to apply in every
task.
 • Spearman, a British Psychologist and
influenced by Galton.
2. Two-factor • He is known as the father of factor
Theory analysis.

- Spearman. • He said intelligence is made up of two

factors: the general or g factor and
the specific or s factor.
• G factor forms the basis for all mental abilities and capabilities. Spearman
called it mental energy. Higher the g factor, higher the intelligence.
• It is innate and received by heredity. Thus training and education do not
influence this factor.
• To perform a certain task effectively, one needs some specific abilities.
• The s factor is changeable in nature and is influenced by training and education.
• He strongly believed that g factor is more important than s factors.
 • Sternberg’s theory is based on information processing

3. Triarchic approaches, which perceive intelligence as a process rather

than an outcome of a combination of factors.

Theory - • He talked about this in his book Beyond IQ (1985).

• A person processes the information received from each
Sternberg. component through a series of five steps.
• These are encoding, inferring, mapping, application and
response.
• These three types are practical intelligence,
creative intelligence, and analytical intelligence.
Componential – Analysis
Experiential – Creative
Contextual – Adaptation/Practical
• Analytical intelligence:Your problem-solving abilities.
• Creative intelligence:Your capacity to deal with new
situations using past experiences and current skills.
• Practical intelligence:Your ability to adapt to a changing
environment.
 4. Group Instead of viewing intelligence as a
Factor single, general ability, Thurstone
Theory focused on seven different primary
- Thurstone. mental abilities, which are as follows:
 • Verbal comprehension

Primary • Reasoning

Mental
• Perceptual speed
• Numerical ability
Abilities • Word fluency
• Associative memory
• Spatial visualization
5. Multiple Intelligence –
Howard Gardner
• Instead of focusing on the analysis of test • Visual-spatial intelligence
scores, • Verbal-linguistic intelligence
• Gardner proposed that numerical • Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
expressions of human intelligence, such as
• Logical-mathematical intelligence
in the IQ test, are not a full and accurate
depiction of people's abilities. • Interpersonal intelligence
• Musical intelligence
• Intrapersonal intelligence
• Naturalistic intelligence
6. Crystal & Fluid – Cattel.

• Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to reason and think flexibly.

• Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulation of knowledge, facts,
and skills that are acquired throughout life.
• Research suggests that while fluid intelligence begins to decrease after
adolescence, crystallized intelligence continues to increase throughout
adulthood.
 • Fluid intelligence is often defined as:
• A global capacity to reason

Fluid • The ability to learn new things

• The capacity to reason
Intelligence • When you encounter an entirely new problem
that cannot be solved with your existing
knowledge, you must rely on fluid intelligence
to solve it.
 • Situations that require crystallized
Crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension
and vocabulary exams.
Intelligence • As we age and accumulate new knowledge
and understanding, crystallized intelligence
becomes stronger.
 • All mental abilities are conceptualized within a
three-dimensional framework.

3-D Model of • There are three features of intellectual tasks:

the content, or the type of information;
Intelligence! • the product, or the form in which the
information is represented;
• and the operation, or type of mental activity
performed.
• These 5 x 6 x 6 = 180 mental abilities.
7. SOI – Guilford.
• Operations • Contents • Products
• Cognition • Visual • Units
• Memory recording • Auditory • Classes
• Memory retention • Symbolic • Relations
• Divergent Production • Semantic • Systems
• Convergent Production • Behavioral • Transformations
• Evaluation • Implications
• Guilford’s original model was composed of 120 components,
because he combined Visual and Auditory content in a
common Figural Content and he combined Memory
Recording and Memory Retention in a common Memory Operation.
• Guilford’s model is an open system such that it allows for newly
discovered categories to be added in any of the three directions.
8. Thorndike’s Multi-factor
Theory
Thank You All
J