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ICAO spelling alphabet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The ICAO spelling alphabet, also called the

NATO phonetic alphabet or the international
radiotelephony spelling alphabet, is the most
widely used spelling alphabet. Though often
called "phonetic alphabets", spelling alphabets
have no connection to phonetic transcription
systems like the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Instead, the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigns code
words to the letters of the English alphabet
acrophonically (Alfa for A, Bravo for B, etc.) so
that critical combinations of letters (and
numbers) can be pronounced and understood by
those who transmit and receive voice messages
by radio or telephone regardless of their native
language, especially when the safety of
navigation or persons is essential. The paramount
reason is to ensure intelligibility of voice signals
over radio links.

Contents
1 International
1.1 Adoption
1.2 NATO
1.3 Language
2 Alphabet and pronunciation
2.1 Letters
2.2 Digits
2.3 Pronunciation
3 History
4 Usage
5 Variants
5.1 Aviation
5.2 Other
FAA radiotelephony phonetic alphabet and Morse code
6 Additions in other languages chart.
6.1 Danish
6.2 Estonian
6.3 Finnish
6.4 German
6.5 Norwegian
6.6 Spanish

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6.7 Swedish
International
7 See also
Adoption
8 References
9 External links
After the alphabet was developed by the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) (see history below) it was adopted
by many other international and national organizations, including
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the
International Maritime Organization (IMO), the American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the American Radio Relay League (ARRL). It is a subset
of the much older International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual signals by
flags or flashing light, sound signals by whistle, siren, foghorn, or bell, as well as one, two, or three letter
codes for many phrases.[1] The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency
chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the regular English numeric words
(Zero, One, with some alternative pronunciations), whereas the IMO provides for compound numeric words
(Nadazero, Unaone, Bissotwo...). In practice these are very rarely used, as they frequently lead to more
confusion between speakers of different languages.

NATO

The alphabet's common name (NATO phonetic alphabet) arose because it appears in Allied Tactical
Publication ATP-1, Volume II: Allied Maritime Signal and Maneuvering Book used by all allied navies in
NATO, which adopted a modified form of the International Code of Signals. Because the latter allows
messages to be spelled via flags or Morse code, it naturally called the code words used to spell out messages
by voice its "phonetic alphabet". The name NATO phonetic alphabet became widespread because the signals
used to facilitate the naval communications and tactics of NATO have become global.[2] However, ATP-1 is
marked NATO Confidential (or the lower NATO Restricted) so it is not publicly available. Nevertheless, a
NATO unclassified version of the document is provided to foreign, even hostile, militaries, even though they
are not allowed to make it publicly available. The phonetic alphabet is now also defined in other unclassified
international military documents.[3]

Language

Most of the words are recognizable by native English speakers because English must be used upon request
for communication between an aircraft and a control tower whenever two nations are involved, regardless of
their native languages. But it is only required internationally, not domestically, thus if both parties to a radio
conversation are from the same country, then another phonetic alphabet of that nation's choice may be
used.[4]

In most versions of the alphabet, the non-English spellings Alfa and Juliett are found. Alfa is spelled with an
f as it is in most European languages. The English and French spelling alpha would not be properly
pronounced by speakers of some other languages whose native speakers may not know that ph should be
pronounced as f. Juliett is spelled with a tt for native French speakers because they may otherwise treat a
single final t as silent. In English versions of the alphabet, like that from ANSI or the version used by the
British armed forces and emergency services, one or both may revert to their standard English spelling.[5]

Alphabet and pronunciation

The pronunciation of the words in the alphabet as well as
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without
numbers may vary according to the language habits of the proper rendering support, you may see question
speakers. In order to eliminate wide variations in

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pronunciation, posters illustrating the pronunciation desired

marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode
are available from the ICAO. characters.

Letters

Letter Code word Pronunciation IPA from ICAO (see below)

Alfa (ICAO, ITU, IMO, FAA)
A AL FAH ˈælfɑ
Alpha (ANSI)
B Bravo BRAH VOH ˈbrɑːˈvo
CHAR LEE or ˈtʃɑːli or
C Charlie
SHAR LEE ˈʃɑːli
D Delta DELL TAH ˈdeltɑ
E Echo ECK OH ˈeko
F Foxtrot FOKS TROT ˈfɔkstrɔt
G Golf GOLF ɡʌlf [sic]
HO TELL (ICAO)
H Hotel hoːˈtel
HOH TELL (ITU, IMO, FAA)
I India IN DEE AH ˈindiˑɑ
Juliett (ICAO, ITU, IMO, FAA)
J JEW LEE ETT ˈdʒuːliˑˈet
Juliet (ANSI)
K Kilo KEY LOH ˈkiːlo
L Lima LEE MAH ˈliːmɑ
M Mike MIKE mɑik
N November NO VEM BER noˈvembə
O Oscar OSS CAH ˈɔskɑ
P Papa PAH PAH pəˈpɑ
Q Quebec KEH BECK keˈbek
R Romeo ROW ME OH ˈroːmiˑo
SEE AIR RAH (ICAO, ITU, IMO)
S Sierra siˈerɑ
SEE AIR RAH (FAA)
T Tango TANG GO ˈtænɡo [sic]
YOU NEE FORM or ˈjuːnifɔːm or
U Uniform
OO NEE FORM ˈuːnifɔrm
V Victor VIK TAH ˈviktɑ
W Whiskey WISS KEY ˈwiski
X-ray or ECKS RAY (ICAO, ITU)
X ˈeksˈrei
Xray ECKS RAY (IMO, FAA)

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Y Yankee YANG KEY ˈjænki [sic]

Z Zulu ZOO LOO ˈzuːluː

Digits

Digit Code word Pronunciation

Zero (FAA) ZE RO (ICAO, FAA)
0
Nadazero (ITU, IMO) NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH (ITU, IMO)
One (FAA) WUN (ICAO, FAA)
1
Unaone (ITU, IMO) OO-NAH-WUN (ITU, IMO)
Two (FAA) TOO (ICAO, FAA)
2
Bissotwo (ITU, IMO) BEES-SOH-TOO (ITU, IMO)
Three (FAA) TREE (ICAO, FAA)
3
Terrathree (ITU, IMO) TAY-RAH-TREE (ITU, IMO)
Four (FAA) FOW ER (ICAO, FAA)
4
Kartefour (ITU, IMO) KAR-TAY-FOWER (ITU, IMO)
Five (FAA) FIFE (ICAO, FAA)
5
Pantafive (ITU, IMO) PAN-TAH-FIVE (ITU, IMO)
Six (FAA) SIX (ICAO, FAA)
6
Soxisix (ITU, IMO) SOK-SEE-SIX (ITU, IMO)
Seven (FAA) SEV EN (ICAO, FAA)
7
Setteseven (ITU, IMO) SAY-TAY-SEVEN (ITU, IMO)
Eight (FAA) AIT (ICAO, FAA)
8
Oktoeight (ITU, IMO) OK-TOH-AIT (ITU, IMO)
Nine (FAA)
NIN ER (ICAO, FAA)
9 Novenine (ITU, IMO)
NO-VAY-NINER (ITU, IMO)
(No 'r' in spellings)

Pronunciation

The spelling and pronunciation given are those officially prescribed by the ICAO, ITU, IMO, and the FAA.
The ICAO indicates unstressed numeric syllables in lower case (stressed in UPPER CASE), unlike its own
alphabet, where stressed syllables are UNDERLINED UPPER CASE (unstressed in UPPER CASE). In the
interests of uniformity, the IMO/FAA style of stressed syllables in BOLD will be used here (underlines
might be confused with links).

Wherever the agencies (ICAO, ITU, IMO, FAA, ANSI) differ, each agency's preferred pronunciations or
spellings are also given in the table. The ICAO, ITU, and IMO give an alternate pronunciation for a couple
of letter-words. The FAA gives the alternate pronunciations in one publication as shown by the image on this
page, but in other publications it does not. The FAA gives different spellings for their pronunciations
depending on the publication consulted. These are from the FAA Flight Services manual (§ 14.1.5) and the
ATC manual (§ 2-4-16). ANSI gives English spellings, but does not give pronunciations or numbers. The
ICAO, NATO, and FAA use the common English number words (with stress), which are also the second
component of the more complex ITU and IMO number words (no stress), but not always pronounced the
same.[4][6][7][5][8]

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Only the ICAO prescribes pronunciation in the IPA, and then only for letters, not for numbers.[4] Several of
the pronunciations indicated do not occur in General American English or British Received Pronunciation
(/ˈʃɑːli/, ɡʌlf, ˈroːmiˑo, ˈuːnifɔrm, ˈtænɡo, ˈjænki). Both the IPA and Latin alphabet pronunciations were
developed by the ICAO before 1956 with input from the governments of both the United States and United
Kingdom,[9] so the pronunciations of both General American English and British Received Pronunciation
are evident, especially in the rhotic and non-rhotic accents. The Latin alphabet version usually has a rhotic
accent ('r' always pronounced), as in CHAR LEE, SHAR LEE, NO VEM BER, YOU NEE FORM, and
OO NEE FORM, whereas the IPA version usually has a non-rhotic accent ('r' pronounced only before a
vowel), as in ˈtʃɑːli, ˈʃɑːli, noˈvembə, and ˈjuːnifɔːm. Exceptions are OSS CAH and ˈuːnifɔrm. The IPA form
of Golf implies it is pronounced gulf, which does occur, but not in either General American English or
British Received Pronunciation. The Latin alphabet and IPA forms of Bravo have different syllable stresses.
The ŋ phoneme ('ng') in the IPA forms of Tango and Yankee is shown as an 'n' and marked '[sic]'. The
midheight back rounded vowel shown in Oscar and Foxtrot is actually a low back rounded vowel in
Received British, and a low unrounded vowel in General American. Furthermore, the pronunciation
prescribed for "whiskey" agrees with many (but by no means all) English dialects, in which the "wh-" is
simplified into the non-fricative "w-" sound.

History
The first internationally recognized alphabet was adopted by the ITU in 1927. The experience gained with
that alphabet resulted in several changes being made in 1932 by the ITU. The resulting alphabet was adopted
by the International Commission for Air Navigation, the predecessor of the ICAO, and was used in civil
aviation until World War II.[9] It continued to be used by the IMO until 1965:

Amsterdam Baltimore Casablanca Denmark Edison Florida Gallipoli Havana Italia Jerusalem
Kilogramme Liverpool Madagascar New_York Oslo Paris Quebec Roma Santiago Tripoli
Upsala Valencia Washington Xanthippe Yokohama Zurich

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In military use British and

American armed forces Military alphabets before 1956
each developed their
phonetic alphabets prior to Western Front slang U.S. phonetic
Royal Navy RAF phonetic alphabet
both forces adopting the or "signalese" alphabet
ICAO alphabet in 1956. 1914–1918 (WWI) 1924–1942 1943–1956 1941–1956
British forces adopted the Apples Ack Ace Able/Affirm Able
RAF phonetic alphabet Butter Beer Beer Baker Baker
which is similar to the Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie Charlie
phonetic alphabet used by Duff Don Don Dog Dog
the Royal Navy in World Edward Edward Edward Easy Easy
War I. The U.S. adopted Freddy Freddie Freddie Fox Fox
the Joint Army/Navy George Gee George George George
Harry Harry Harry How How
Phonetic Alphabet from
Ink Ink Ink Item/Interrogatory Item
1941 to standardize Johnnie Johnnie Johnnie Jig/Johnny Jig
systems amongst all King King King King King
branches of its armed London London London Love Love
forces. The U.S. alphabet Monkey Emma Monkey Mike Mike
became known as Able Nuts Nuts Nuts Nab/Negat Nan
Baker after the words for Orange Oranges Orange Oboe Oboe
A and B. The United Pudding Pip Pip Peter/Prep Peter
Kingdom adapted its RAF Queenie Queen Queen Queen Queen
alphabet in 1943 to be Robert Robert Robert Roger Roger
Sugar Esses Sugar Sugar Sugar
almost identical to the
Tommy Toc Toc Tare Tare
American Joint- Uncle Uncle Uncle Uncle Uncle
Army-Navy (JAN) one. Vinegar Vic Vic Victor Victor
Willie William William William William
After World War II, with Xerxes X-ray X-ray X-ray X-ray
many aircraft and ground Yellow Yorker Yorker Yoke Yoke
personnel drawn from the Zebra Zebra Zebra Zebra Zebra
allied armed forces, "Able
Baker" continued to be
used in civil aviation. But
many sounds were unique
to English, so an
alternative "Ana Brazil"
alphabet was used in Latin
America. But the
International Air
Transport Association
(IATA), recognizing the
need for a single universal
alphabet, presented a draft
alphabet to the ICAO in
1947 which had sounds
common to English,
French, and Spanish. After
further study and
modification by each
approving body, the
revised alphabet was
implemented on 1
November 1951 in civil

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aviation, (but it may not

have been adopted by any
military):[9]

Alfa Bravo Coca Delta Echo Foxtrot Golf Hotel India Juliett Kilo Lima Metro Nectar Oscar
Papa Quebec Romeo Sierra Tango Union Victor Whisky Extra Yankee Zulu

Immediately, problems were found with this list. Some users felt that they were so severe that they reverted
to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. To identify the deficiencies of the new alphabet, testing was conducted
among speakers from 31 nations, principally by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United
States. Confusion among words like Delta, Nectar, Victor, and Extra, or the unintelligibility of other words
under poor receiving conditions were the main problems. After much study, only the five words representing
the letters C, M, N, U, and X were replaced. The final version given in the table above was implemented by
the ICAO on 1 March 1956,[9] and was adopted before 1959 by the ITU, because it appears in the 1959
Radio Regulations as an established phonetic alphabet.[10] Because the ITU governs all international radio
communications, it was also adopted by all radio operators, whether military, civilian, or amateur (ARRL). It
was finally adopted by the IMO in 1965. In 1947 the ITU adopted the compound number words (Nadazero
Unaone, etc.), later adopted by the IMO in 1965.

Usage
The alphabet is used to spell out parts of a message containing letters and numbers to avoid confusion,
because many letters sound similar, for instance "n" and "m" or "b" and "d"; the potential for confusion
increases if static or other interference is present. For instance the message "proceed to map grid DH98"
could be transmitted as "proceed to map grid Delta-Hotel-Niner-Ait". Using "Delta" instead of "D" avoids
confusion between "BH98" and "DH98". The unusual pronunciation of certain numbers was designed to
reduce confusion, eg, "Niner" instead of "Nine", to avoid confusion with "Five", in the presence of static.
[citation needed]

In addition to the traditional military usage, civilian industry uses the alphabet to combat similar problems in
the transmission of messages over telephone systems. For example, it is often used in the retail industry
where customer or site details are spoken over the telephone (in order to authorize a credit agreement or
confirming stock codes), although ad hoc coding is often used in that instance. It has found heavy usage in
the information technology industry to accurately and quickly communicate serial/reference codes (which
are frequently very long) or other specialised information by voice. In addition, most major airlines use the
alphabet to communicate passenger name records (PNRs) internally, and in some cases, with customers.

Several letter codes and abbreviations using the phonetic alphabet have become well-known, such as Bravo
Zulu (letter code BZ) for "well done",[11] Checkpoint Charlie (Checkpoint C) in Berlin, and Zulu Time for
Greenwich Mean Time or Coordinated Universal Time. During the Vietnam War, Viet Cong guerrillas and
the group itself were referred to as VC, or Victor Charlie; the name "Charlie" became synonymous with this
force.

Variants
Aviation
"Delta" is replaced by "Data", "Dixie" or "David" at airports that have a majority of Delta Air Lines
flights, such as Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in order to avoid confusion because
"Delta" is also Delta's callsign.[citation needed]
"Lima" is replaced by "London" in Indonesia because "lima" means "5" in the Indonesian language.
Thus, confusion could occur if a string of mixed numerals and letters was being given. [citation needed]

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Other

Many unofficial phonetic alphabets are in use that are not based on a standard, but are based on words the
transmitter can easily remember. Often, such ad-hoc phonetic alphabets are first name alphabets based on
(mostly) men's names, such as Alan Bobby Charlie David Edward Frederick George Howard Isaac James
Kevin Larry Michael Nicholas Oscar Peter Quincy Robert Stephen Trevor Ulysses Vincent William Xavier
Yaakov Zebedee, or on a mixture of names and other easily recognizable (and locally understandable) proper
nouns, such as U.S. states, local cities and towns, etc. One documented example of this is the LAPD
phonetic alphabet.[citation needed]

In addition, "India" used to be replaced by "Indigo" in the alphabet used by British Police forces, but this is
no longer the case.[citation needed]

Additions in other languages

Certain languages' standard alphabets have letters, or letters with diacritics (e.g., umlauts) that do not exist in
the English alphabet. Each of these countries had its own radiotelephonic alphabet containing words for
these letters decades before the ICAO had their alphabet.

Danish

The Danish phonetic alphabet uses Ægir for <Æ>, Ødis (village and parish in Denmark) for <Ø>, and Åse
(female first name) for <Å>.

Estonian

In Estonian, Õnne (female first name) is used for <Õ>, Ärni (male first name) is used for <Ä>, Ööbik
("Nightingale") for <Ö> and Ülle (female first name) for <Ü>.

Finnish

In Finnish, Åke (male first name) is used for <Å>, Äiti ("mother") for <Ä> and Öljy ("oil") for <Ö>.

German

To the above NATO series has been added Ärger ("anger") for <Ä>, Ökonom ("economist") for <Ö>, and
Übermut ("cockiness") for <Ü> as prescribed by DIN 5009 since 1996. These additions are not in the ICAO
alphabet and are used only in the German-speaking world. Three other special consonants commonly used in
German radiotelephonic alphabets are: Charlotte for <Ch>, Schule ("school") for <Sch> ("sh"), and Esszett
for <ß>. ß can also be encoded as "ss".

Norwegian

The Norwegian phonetic alphabet of the Norwegian Defence Forces uses Ærlig ("honest") for <Æ>, Østen
("the East") for <Ø>, and Åse (female first name) for <Å>. The civil alphabet uses Ægir (a Norse god),
Ørnulf (a male name) and Ågot (a female name).

Spanish

In Spain, Ñoño is used for <Ñ>.

In Latin America, Ñandú ("rhea") or Ñuble is used for <Ñ>.[citation needed]

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Swedish

In Swedish, Alfa Alfa is used for <Å>, Alfa Echo for <Ä> and Oscar Echo for <Ö> when using the ICAO
spelling alphabet. This is done because Å is sometimes written as "aa," Ä as "ae," and Ö as "oe." This is
common in computer systems that only accept the 26 characters used in the English alphabet.[12]

See also
International maritime signal flags
LAPD phonetic alphabet
List of military time zones
Procedure word
Ten-code
Voice procedure

References
1. ^ International Code of Signals (http://www.nga.mil/portal/site/maritime
/?epi_menuItemID=923e01c531c0a3825b2a7fbd3227a759&
epi_menuID=35ad5b8aabcefa1a0fc133443927a759&
epi_baseMenuID=e106a3b5e50edce1fec24fd73927a759) , United States Edition, 1969 Edition (Revised 2003),
Chapter 1, pages 18-19, 148.
2. ^ Globalization and Sea Power (http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/Books_2002
/Globalization_and_Maritime_Power_Dec_02/02_ch01.htm)
3. ^ Communication instructions – General (http://www.jcs.mil/j6/cceb/acps/acp121/ACP121H.pdf) , Allied
Communications Publication ACP 121(H), Combined Communications-Electronics Board, April 2007, section
318
4. ^ a b c Aeronautical Telecommunications: Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Volume
II, Chapter 5.
5. ^ a b American National Standard T1.523-2001, Telecom Glossary 2000 (http://www.atis.org/glossary
/definition.aspx?id=2568)
6. ^ ITU Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code (http://life.itu.ch/radioclub/rr/ap14.htm)
7. ^ ICAO Phonetics by the FAA (http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs
/ATC/atc0204.html#atc0204.html.5)
8. ^ ICAO phonetic alphabet by Canada (http://www.tc.gc.ca/CivilAviation/general/CCARCS/TP11957
/Appendices/appendixa.htm)
9. ^ a b c d L.J. Rose, "Aviation's ABC: The development of the ICAO spelling alphabet", ICAO Bulletin 11/2
(1956) 12-14.
10. ^ International Telecommunication Union, "Appendix 16: Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code", Radio
Regulations (Geneva, 1959) 430-431.
11. ^ Where does the term "Bravo Zulu" originate? (http://web.archive.org/web/20050306051400
/www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/questions/bzulu.html)
12. ^ "Sambandsregelmente för Försvarsmakten, Telefoni - HKV 12800: 70799" dated 2006-06-26.

External links
Military Alphabet and translator on MilitarySpot.com (http://www.militaryspot.com/resources
/item/military_alphabet)
Phonetic Alphabets, Historic, English & Others plus other Comms Info. (http://www.phonetic.org.au
/alphabet.htm)
Most comprehensive collection of phonetic alphabets (http://www.bckelk.ukfsn.org/menu.html)
Online utility for phoneticising text (http://www.phoneticise.com)
Public ICAO site (http://www.icao.int)
Spoken NATO phonetic alphabet - Click the letters to play the words

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(http://www.phoneticalphabets.net/Spoken_Phonetic_Alphabet.html)
Google Gadgets:
NATO phonetic alphabet Google Gadget cheat sheet (http://www.falkens-maze.com/articles
/39-reference/55-nato-phonetic-alphabet.html)
Spell It Out! (Alpha Bravo Charlie) (http://www.braju.com/ig/)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_spelling_alphabet"

Categories: NATO | Spelling alphabets | Military communications | Latin alphabet representations | Amateur
radio

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