Assignment

Subject:
Nuclear Proliferation
Topic:
Evaluate or Critically Analyze the Successes and Failures
of NPT
Submitted To:
Sir Muhammad Sadiq
Submitted By:
Umar Baig
Department:
Defense and Strategic studies
Program:
MSc DSS (2nd Semester)
Q: Evaluate or critically analyze successes and failures of NPT?

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty:

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent

the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the
peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament.

The treaty was opened for signature in 1968 and entered into force in 1970. Nuclear Non-
Proliferation treaty is divided into three parts.

1. Non-Proliferation
2. Peaceful use of nuclear technology
3. Disarmament

With this treaty, states are divided into haves and have not states. States which made and
exploded nuclear weapon before January 1, 1967 are labelled as nuclear weapon states and
others are labelled as non-nuclear weapon states. After 50 years the question rises, Firstly,
has this treaty been a failure or a success? And secondly, what accounts for this success or
failure?

The staggering and reliable accord of researchers and policy makers is that the NPT and the
system has fizzled or is falling flat. Be that as it may, would they say they are correct? This
segment considers the contentions from the two sides.

Why is it a successful one:

Let us see the brighter side of the picture first. Following are the arguments that prove that
this treaty has been a success. Firstly, look at the nuclear proliferation record. As it was
expected that till mid 1980s the world will have more than 15 nuclear weapon states. But
declining rate of proliferation over time and declining number of countries interested in
acquiring nuclear weapons made this treaty a successful one. Secondly, Egypt and Australia,
the two of which more than once looked for the securing of nuclear weapons. When joining
the arrangement, in any case, their atomic obtaining exercises went to approach zero. Thirdly,
contention focuses to contemporary talk on proliferation. During the 1950s and 1960s,
driving figures in the United States and somewhere else, saw atomic weapons as "ordinary,"
i.e., weapons that the militaries of most modern states would consolidate into their powers. It
was normal that in addition to the fact that nations would procure atomic weapons however
that strategic atomic weapons would be utilized in limited wars. Today, nations blamed for
looking for atomic weapons are classified “rogue states." at the end of the day, they are not
the standard; they are exceptions, the special cases that demonstrate the standard. Lastly, this
treaty has gotten stronger over time. With more than 190 countries joined this treaty while
joining of NPT required destruction of their nuclear assets and altering their behavior with
respect to the treaty made it a successful one.

Arguments or Critics:

Now if we look at the arguments or critics that we see on this treaty. The first is the
proceeded with presence of atomic weapons' states outside the arrangement like Pakistan,
India, and Israel. States which do have nuclear weapons, but they are not part of this treaty
led to the third category in this treaty as states with nuclear weapons. A subsequent concerns
cheating, and specifically the instances of Iraq, the DPRK, Libya, and Iran. States like Iran,
DRPK, Libya which violated the treaty and converted their peaceful nuclear technology into
military use raised many questions on NPT. The third is that the bargain is unprepared to deal
with the dangers presented by non-state actors, particularly terrorist and black marketeers.
The last scrutinize concerns the treaty itself, to be specific, its absence of requirement
arrangements, its withdrawal clause, and its loopholes regarding fuel-cycle technology.

Not all nations have complied with the conditions of the Treaty. Iran, for instance, is an
individual from the NPT, yet there is solid proof that it is seeking after atomic weapons
innovation. Without outside assistance, Iran is accepted to be a few years from its atomic
objectives - and the United States is focused on denying Iran that help.

Examples:

Iraq's atomic program, the extent of which got known after the Gulf War, likewise exhibited
that adherence to the NPT is not without anyone else an adequate premise to assume the
nonappearance of a multiplication danger. The IAEA, notwithstanding, has from that point
forward fortified its arrangement of protections, reaffirmed the option to direct uncommon
reviews at undeclared locales, and endorsed a deliberate program of detailing atomic fares to
the Agency. Investigation of the consolidated information will upgrade IAEA's capacity to
recognize undeclared atomic exercises.
In North Korea, the IAEA's examinations have shown to the world its watchfulness in
seeking after consistence with global protections understandings. During the Agency's
investigations to confirm the culmination and rightness of North Korea's underlying
revelation, the Agency found errors that drove it to look for exceptional examinations at
undeclared locales. The circumstance in North Korea exhibits a worldwide standard at work
and the way that the NPT can work as planned by utilizing a compelling check. When
resistance was distinguished in North Korea, the issue was alluded to the UN Security
Council, and global weight was put on North Korea to satisfy its commitments as an NPT
signatory.

Conclusion:

The NPT is a worldwide treaty its aimed is to limiting the spread of nuclear weapons. The
basic purpose of this is to peaceful use of nuclear energy and away from the nuclear war and
the use of nuclear weapons. The NPT has been effective, and it is the most successful treaty
till now. But the challenges in front of NPT are too huge, for treaty to achieve their goal of
nuclear free world they had to overcome the challenges in front of them. This treaty will
prevent from the nuclear war. In sum, the treaty cannot be a substitute for measures one
might otherwise take in protecting ones security. Without reform, it does not provide a good
model for dealing with proliferation threats other than nuclear (e.g., chemical, biological, or
missile), but it is an important adjunct whose absence would raise current anxiety levels
about the spread of weapons of mass destruction.

Security can't be accomplished through the consistent dependence on atomic weapons,

anyway simply through worldwide joint effort in making and keeping up viable, definitive,
and undeniable multilateral understandings. Vertical and level expansion ought to be given
equivalent need. Fulfillment of NWS obligations is fundamental to keeping up the NPT itself.
On the off chance that NNWS are to be convinced of the procedure with estimation of not
looking for after atomic weapons and staying inside the NPT, they ought to be convinced that
the NNWS are making dynamic strides towards wiping out their atomic stockpiles and
lessening as opposed to extending the movements of these weapons being used. In the event
that the NWS neglects to address these worries, the atomic Non-multiplication bargain may
be unraveling when the 2005 NPT Review Conference meets.