SRIRAM LAW ACADEMY

www.sriramlawacademy.com
Training Organisation for CLAT and IIT HSEE

Sectional Test [Subject : English, Topic: Comprehension]

Test Code ENG11

Topic COMPREHENSION
No. of Questions 45
Maximum Marks 45
Competitive score 35
Time allowed 25 minutes
Answers with explanations have been provided for self-evaluation.

Passage 1

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain
words/phrases have been printed in bold to help you to locate them while answering some of the
questions.
India’s colleges and universities, with just a few exceptions, have become large under -funded,
ungovernable institutions. At many of them, Politics has intruded into campus life, influencing academic
appointments and decision across levels. Under investment in libraries, information technology, laboratories, and
classrooms make it very difficult to provide top-quality instruction or engage in cutting-edge research. The rise
in the number of part-time teachers and the freeze on new full-time appointments in many places has affected
morale in the academic profession. The lack of accountability means that teaching a nd research performance
are seldom measured. The system provides few incentives to perform. Bureaucratic inertia hampers change.
Student unrest and occasional faculty agitation disrupt operations. Nevertheless, with a semblance of normality,
faculty administrators are able to provide teaching, co-ordinate examinations, and award degrees.
Even the small top tier of higher education faces serious problems. Many IIT graduates, well trained in
technology, have chosen not to contribute their skills to the burgeoning technology sector in India. Half leave
the country immediately upon graduation to pursue advance study abroad and most do not return. A stunning
86% of students in science and technology fields from India, who obtain degrees in the United States, do not
return home immediately following their study. Another significant group, of about 30%, decides to earn MBAs
in India because local salaries are higher and are lost to science and technology. A corps of dedicated and able
teachers work at the IITs and IIMs, but the lure of jobs abroad and in the private sector makes it increasingly
difficult to retain the best and brightest to the academic profession.
Few in India are thinking creatively about higher education. There is no field of higher education
research. Those in government as well as academic leaders seem content to do the “same old thing.” Academic
institutions and systems have become large and complex. They need to get data, careful analysis, and creative
ideas. In China, more than two-dozen higher education research centres, and several government agencies are
involved in higher education policy for optimum planning.
India has survived with an increasingly mediocre higher education system for decades. Now as India
strives to compete in a globalised economy, in areas that require highly trained professionals, the quality of

1
 SRIRAM LAW ACADEMY
www.sriramlawacademy.com
Training Organisation for CLAT and IIT HSEE

Sectional Test [Subject : English, Topic: Comprehension]

higher education becomes increasingly important. So far, India’s large educated population base and its
reservoir of at least moderately well-trained university graduates have permitted the country to move ahead.
But the competition is fierce. China, in particular, is heavily investing in improving its best universities with the
aim of making a small group of them world class in the coming decade, and making a larger number
internationally competitive research universities.
To compete successfully in the knowledge - based economy of the 21st century, India needs enough
universities that not only produce bright graduates for export but can also support sophisticated research in a
number of scientific and scholarly fields and produce at least some of the knowledge and technology needed for
an expanding economy. How can India build a higher education system that will permit it to join developed
economies? The newly emerging private sector in higher education cannot spearhead academic growth. Several
of the well-endowed and effectively managed private institutions maintain reasonably high standards, although
it is not clear whether these institutions will be able to sustain themselves in the long run. They can help
produce well-qualified graduates in such fields as management, but they cannot form the basis for
comprehensive research universities. This sector lacks the resources to build the facilities required for quality
instruction and research in the sciences. Most of the private institutions do not focus on advanced training in the
sciences.
Only public universities have the potential to be truly world class institutions. But these institutions have
not been adequately or consistently supported. The top institutions require sustained funding from public
sources. Academic salaries must be high enough to attract excellent scientist and scholars. Fellowships and
other grants should be available for bright students. An academic culture that is based on merit-based norms
and competition for advancement and research funds is a necessary component, and is a judicious mix of
autonomy to do creative research and accountability to ensure productivity. World class universities require
world class professors and students and a culture to sustain and stimulate them.

1. What according to the author, is the shortfall of our government officials as well as academicians when it
comes to higher education?
a. They are of the opinion that India has the best system of higher education in the world.
b. they believe that it is the responsibility of private institutions to bring about a change in higher education
c. They are unaware of the new developments in the field of higher education
d. They do not think innovatively in the direction of bringing about a change in higher education and are
stuck in a rut.
2. Which of the following is / are the problem/s faced by Indian colleges and universities?
A. Political interference in decision making
B. Lack of funding necessary for improvement in classrooms, libraries, etc.
C. Hiring of teachers on a part-time basis only.
a. Only A b. only B and C c. Only C d. All A, B and C
3. Which of the following steps has China taken to improve higher education?
A. Their education policy formation involves many governmental bodies for thoughtful planning
B. They are sanctioning grants to their teachers to facilitate the improvement process
C. They are investing in universities to make them internationally competitive.
a. Only B b. only A and C c. Only C d. Only B and C

2
 SRIRAM LAW ACADEMY
www.sriramlawacademy.com
Training Organisation for CLAT and IIT HSEE

Sectional Test [Subject : English, Topic: Comprehension]

4. How according to the author, has India progressed despite a mediocre higher education system?
a. By borrowing ideas as well as technology from the west
b. By convincing the world that it is more knowledgeable than it actually is
c. On the basis of its fairly competent graduates and a large number of educated population
d. Because of its sound and progressive economic policies
5. Which of the following is possibly the most appropriate title for the passage?
a. Literacy in India c. Top Universities of India
b. State of Higher education in India d. Educational Institutes in India
6. Which of the following problems do top institutes in India face in terms of contribution to academics?
A. The teachers of these institutes get enticed by the openings in foreign countries.
B. Many graduates from these institutes find opportunities abroad and never return
C. Graduates from these institutes who do not migrate to foreign countries are unfit for teaching in these
institutes.
a. Only A b. Only C c. Only B and C d. Only A and B
7. Which of the following is true, in the context of the passage?
A. Private Universities are well equipped to produce graduates who can conduct research.
B. India needs more universities that can cater to research studies in different scientific fields.
C. India should completely stop graduates from leaving the country to pursue a career.
a. Only B b. Only A and B c. Only A d. Only B and C
8. What according to the author, is/are the step/s that can make Indian universities world class?
A. Students need to be given independence to conduct research
B. Remuneration of teachers should be increased
C. Proper support in the form of funds should be provided to universities.
a. Only A and B b. Only C c. All A, B and C d. Only B and C

Choose the word/group of words which is most similar in meaning to the word/group of words
printed in bold as used in the passage.
9. JUDICIOUS
a. Hard working b. legal c. thoughtful d. difficult
10. CONTENT
a. unhappy b. matter c. enclosure d. satisfied
11. GRANT
a. agreement b. funding c. allow d. let
12. INCENTIVE
a. Prompt b. discouragement c. cash d. motivator
Choose the word/group of words which is most opposite in meaning to the word/group of words
printed in bold as used in the passage.
13. FIERCE
a. strong b. weak c. tame d. scrawny

3
 SRIRAM LAW ACADEMY
www.sriramlawacademy.com
Training Organisation for CLAT and IIT HSEE

Sectional Test [Subject : English, Topic: Comprehension]

14. BURGEONING
a. minimizing b. growing c. escalating d. dwindling
15. MEDIOCRE
a. superlative b. middle c. average d. pleasant

Passage 2
Read the following passage carefully and answer the quest ions given below it. Certain
words/phrases have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the
questions.
India is rushing headlong towards economic success and modernization, counting on high-tech
industries such as information technology and biotechnology to propel the nation to prosperity. India’s recent
announcement that it would no longer produce unlicensed inexpensive generic pharmaceuticals bowed to the
realities of the World Trade Organization while at the same time challe nging the domestic drug industry to
compete with the multinational firms. Unfortunately, its weak higher education sector constitutes the Achilles’
heel of this strategy. Its systematic disinvestment in higher education in recent years has yielded neither world-
class research nor very many highly trained scholars, scientists or managers to sustain high-tech development.
India’s main competitors – especially China, but also Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea – are
investing in large and differentiated higher education systems. They are providing access to large numbers of
students at the bottom of the academic system while at the same time building some research – based
universities that are able to compete with the world’s best institutions. The recent London Times Higher
Education Supplement ranking of the world’s top 200 universities included three in China, three in Hong Kong,
three in South Korea, one in Taiwan, and one in India. These countries are positioning themselves for leadership
in the knowledge-based economies of the coming era.
Low wages still help, but contemporary large-scale development requires a sophisticated and at least
partly knowledge based economy. India has chosen that path, but will find a major stumbling block in its
university system.
India has significant advantages in the 21 st century knowledge race. It has a large higher education
sector - the third largest in the world in student numbers, after China and the United states. It uses English as a
primary language of higher education and research. It has a long academic tradition. Academic freedom is
respected. There are a small number of high quality institutions, departments, and centres that can form the
basis of quality sector in higher education. The fact that the Stats, rather than the Central Government, exercise
major responsibility for higher education creates a rather cumbersome structure, but the system allows for a
variety of policies and approaches.
Yet the weaknesses far outweigh the strengths. India educates approximately 10 percent of its young
people in higher education compared with more than half in the major industrialized countries and 15 percent in
China. Almost all of the world’s academic systems resemble a pyramid, with a small high quality tier at the top
and a massive sector at the bottom. India has a tiny top tier. None of its universities occupies a solid position
at the top. A few of the best universities have some excellent departments and centres, and there are a small
number of outstanding undergraduate colleges. The University Grants Commission’s recent major support of five

4
 SRIRAM LAW ACADEMY
www.sriramlawacademy.com
Training Organisation for CLAT and IIT HSEE

Sectional Test [Subject : English, Topic: Comprehension]

universities to build on their recognized strength is a step toward recognizing a differentiated academic system
and fostering excellence. These universities combined, enroll well under 1 percent of the student population.
16. Which of the following is true in the context of the passage?
a. The top five universities in India educate more than 10 percent of the Indian student population.
b. India’s higher education sector is the largest in the world.
c. In the past, countries could progress economically through low manufacturing cost as well as low
wages of labourers.
d. India has recently invested heavy sums in the higher education sector leading to world class
research.
17. What does the phrase ‘Achilles Heel’ mean as used in the passage?
a. Weakness b. Quickness c. low quality d. Nimbleness
18. Which of the following is/are India’s strength/s in terms of higher education?
1. Its system of higher education allows variations
2. Medium of instruction for most higher learning is English
3. It has the paraphernalia, albeit small in number, to build a high quality higher educational sector.
a. Only 2 b. only 1 and 2 c. only 3 d. All 1,2 and 3
19. Which of the following are Asian countries, other than India, doing to head towards a knowledge- based
economy?
1. Building competitive research based universities.
2. Investing in diverse higher educational systems
3. Providing access to higher education to a select few students.
a. Only 1 b. only 1 and 2 c. only 2 and 3 d. Only 2
20. Which of the following is possibly the most appropriate title for the passage?
a. The Future of Indian Universities.
b. Methods of Overcoming the Educational Deficit in India.
c. India and the Hunt for a Knowledge Based Economy.
d. Indian Economy versus Chinese Economy.
21. What did India agree to do at the behest of the World Trade Organization?
a. It would stop manufacturing all types of pharmaceuticals
b. It would ask its domestic pharmaceutical companies to compete with the international ones.
c. It would buy only licensed drugs from USA
d. It would not manufacture cheap common medicines without a license.
22. Which of the following is/are India’s weakness/es when it comes to higher education.
1. Indian universities do not have the requisite teaching faculty to cater to the needs of the higher
education sector.
2. Only five Indian universities occupy the top position very strongly, in the academic pyramid, when it
comes to higher education.
3. India has the least percentage of young population taking to higher education as compared to the
rest of the comparable countries.
a. Only 1 and 2 b. only 2 c. only 3 d. only 1 and 3
5
 SRIRAM LAW ACADEMY
www.sriramlawacademy.com
Training Organisation for CLAT and IIT HSEE

Sectional Test [Subject : English, Topic: Comprehension]

23. Which of the following according to the passage, is/are needed for economic success of a country?
1. Cheap labour
2. Educated employees
3. Research institutions to cater to development
a. only 1 and 2 b. only 2 c. only 3 d. only 2 and 3

Choose the word/group of words which is most similar in meaning to the word/group of
words printed in bold as used in the passage.
24. FOSTERING
a. Safeguarding b. neglecting c. sidelining d. Nurturing
25. PROPEL
a. Drive b. jettison c. burst d. acclimatize
26. MASSIVE
a. Lump sum b. strong c. little d. huge
27. STUMBLING BLOCK
a. argument b. frustration c. advantage d. hurdle
Choose the word/group of words which is most opposite in meaning to the word/group of
words printed in bold as used in the passage.
28. CUMBERSOME
a. Handy b. manageable c. breathtaking d. awkward
29. RESEMBLE
a. Against b. similar to c. mirror d. differ from
30. DIFFERENTIATED
a. Similar b. varied c. harmonized d. synchronized

Passage 3
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain
words/phrases have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the
questions.

Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) have long been recognized for their potential as environment
friendly, versatile and sustainable energy alternatives for rural areas of India. However, despite efforts by the
Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) and the India Renewable Energy Development Agency
(IREDA), RETs have not yet succeeded as a major alternative source of energy in rural India. The programmes
of MNES and IREDA designed to support small-scale distributed systems have relied on heavily subsidized credit,
technology training and consumer awareness activities to stimulate the market for end-user finance for
renewable energy systems for domestic use and a tiered set of capital and interest rate subsidies for wat er
pumping in the agriculture sector. While end-users in some rural areas now have access to solar-powered
lanterns or lights and biogas systems for their homes; and agricultural operations are taking advantage of
remarkable capital subsidies for solar energy to use for water pumping. The use of heavy capital and interest
6
 SRIRAM LAW ACADEMY
www.sriramlawacademy.com
Training Organisation for CLAT and IIT HSEE

Sectional Test [Subject : English, Topic: Comprehension]

rate subsidies, and the focus on domestic use rather than on matching renewable energy technology
applications with income enhancement opportunities have tied the success of these programm es to government
budgets and political cycles limited both the breadth and depth of development and penetration of projects that
harness renewable energy resources.
In order to fully understand the barriers to the development of renewably energy enterprise s / projects
in rural India, we must review a few of the key characteristics of investments in renewable energy projects.
First, investments in renewable energy projects are relatively information and capital -intensive. The
greater information intensity arises primarily from the need for more upfront information regarding the energy
resource compared to conventional power projects. Renewable energy resources assessments, in most cases,
need to be side-specific and preferably with data for a significant period of time. Renewable energy technologies
are also more capital-intensive than conventional hydrocarbon ones because of the large upfront investment
cost in generation equipment needed to utilize a ‘free’ or low-cost energy source. Due to the capital intensity,
the financial viability of such investments and projects is often more dependent on longer -term financing
structures available at the outset of the project.
Second, individual renewable energy investments are generally smaller than those made in conventional
power generation projects due to constraints on local resource availability. Local resource availability is in turn
limited by the low energy density of renewable energy resources. As extensive time resources are necessary to
catalogue the site specific resource availability before financing can be considered, the technical and managerial
know-how requirements and associated costs that occur prior to the project often represent a much larger
percentage of projects costs than in the case of conventional power projects.
Third, entrepreneurs developing small-scale renewable energy projects face the same business and
financial risks associated with any enterprise. The viability of any enterprise depends on its ability to build a
business based on solid concepts and competencies in sound contexts that mitigate those risks.
Considering the aforementioned characteristics, the key barriers to development of small -scale renewable
energy projects are fourfold. First, rural entrepreneurs do not usually have the knowledge and expertise
necessary to write business plans for projects that link renewable energy technologies with productive use of
applications, to assess the rewards and risks of the project and estimate the costs to mitigate the associated
risks. All of these are necessary inputs before a project is presented to a financier for investment. In addition,
the negotiations with financiers may be complex, involving concepts and approaches that are not familiar to the
entrepreneur. Second, the paperwork and soft costs associated with identifying and obtaining access to
financing for small and medium-scale projects is high relative to the financing needs. Without critical first-stage
financing, most of the entrepreneurs interested in developing renewable energy projects will not be able to take
the time away from normal business operations to implement renewable energy projects. Third, many of the
renewable energy technologies are still relatively new to the market, so the commercial chains, networks,
marketing and financial links and other institutional structures that service traditional energy technologies are
not in place to assist the entrepreneur even if she/he has the skills, know -how and capital. Fourth, given the
‘newness’, there is a limited availability of investment capital to finance the high upfront costs associated with
the initial stages of developing a renewable energy project.

7
 SRIRAM LAW ACADEMY
www.sriramlawacademy.com
Training Organisation for CLAT and IIT HSEE

Sectional Test [Subject : English, Topic: Comprehension]

31. Which of the following is/are the small change/s visible in a few rural areas in terms of usage of RETs?
1. Biogas systems are being used.
2. People now use solar powered lights
3. Agricultural operations are now carried out by pumping, of water through the use of solar energy.
a. Only 2 b. only 1 and 3 c. only 3 d. only 1 and 2

32. Which of the following is/are the reason/s that the programmes implemented by IREDA and MNES have
not yet succeeded in making RETs the major alternative source of energy?
1. Focus on employment generation
2. Emphasis on industrial use of renewable energy
3. Interest rate subsidies linking these to Government budgets and political cycles.
a. Only 2 b. only 2 and 3 c. only 3 d. only 1 and 2
33. Which of the following is/are the problem/s faced by rural entrepreneurs in the development of small -
scale renewable energy projects?
1. Lack of technical know-how to implement these projects
2. Lack of willingness amongst local for the implementation of such projects.
3. Inability to deal with intricate details in interactions with financiers of renewable energy projects.
a. Only 2 b. only 1 and 2 c. only 3 d. only 1 and 3
34. Which of the following is possibly the most appropriate title for the passage?
a. Programmes to implement Renewable Energy Projects in Rural Areas.
b. Rural Renewable Energy Projects – The Barriers
c. The Benefits of Alternative Sources of Energy
d. The Government and Renewable Energy Projects
35. Which of the following is/are the characteristic/s of investment in RETs?
1. There are a number of investors willing to invest readily in these projects.
2. These demand more investment of capital over the conventional energy projects
3. These involve lesser risk as compared to the conventional energy projects.
a. Only 1 and 3 b. only 1 and 2 c. only 2 d. only 2 and 3

36. Why are renewable energy projects termed information – intensive?

a. The information on resources required by these projects is specific in terms of the location as well
as the time period.
b. Very little information about renewable energy is available for the implementation of these
projects.
c. Information needed by these projects is mostly confidential and requires a lot of paperwork in
order to gain access.
d. The information required by these projects is far greater than that required by any other project
related to energy conservation.

8
 SRIRAM LAW ACADEMY
www.sriramlawacademy.com
Training Organisation for CLAT and IIT HSEE

Sectional Test [Subject : English, Topic: Comprehension]

37. Which of the following is true in the context of the passage?

1. The renewable energy projects are independent of the government budget.
2. Renewable energy projects require investments for a longer term than a conventional energy project.
3. Securing financing for renewable energy projects involves a lot of paperwork.
a. Only 2 b. only 1 and 2 c. only 2 and 3 d. only 1
38. What, according to the passage, is a drawback of renewable energy projects' ‘newness’?
a. The unfamiliarity with the concept of renewable energy amongst the locals.
b. The low risk factor involved in its implementation attracts entrepreneurs who fail to complete these
projects in time.
c. Too many investors willing to invest in these projects thereby creating confusion
d. The absence of well established links for networking, marketing and financing
Choose the word/group of words which is most similar in meaning to the word/group of
words printed in bold as used in the passage.
39. OUTSET
a. start b. periphery c. boundary d. culmination
40. VIABILITY
a. technically b. rigidity c. regularity d. feasibility
41. CRITICAL
a. grave b. vital c. dangerous d. final
42. RECOGNIZED
a. predicted b. standard c. known d. resembled
Choose the word/group of words which is most opposite in meaning to the word/group of
words printed in bold as used in the passage.
43. MITIGATE
a. aggravate b. anger c. moderate d. alleviate
44. COMPLEX
a. plain b. simple c. undisturbed d. compound
45. LIMITED
a. boundless b. released c. freed d. seamless

REFER NEXT PAGE FOR

ANSWERS

9
 SRIRAM LAW ACADEMY
www.sriramlawacademy.com
Training Organisation for CLAT and IIT HSEE

Sectional Test [Subject : English, Topic: Comprehension]

Q.No Answer HINTS / EXPLANATIONS

1 d Few in India are thinking creatively about higher education. There is no field of higher
education research. Those in government as well as academic leaders seem content to do the
“same old thing.”
2 d India’s colleges and universities, with just a few exceptions, have become large under-funded,
ungovernable institutions. At many of them, Politics has intruded into campus life, influencing
academic appointments and decision across levels. Under investment in libraries, information
technology, laboratories, and classrooms make it very difficult to provide top-quality
instruction or engage in cutting-edge research. The rise in the number of part-time teachers
3 b In China, more than two-dozen higher education research centres, and several government
agencies are involved in higher education policy for optimum planning. China, in particular, is
heavily investing in improving its best universities with the aim of making a small group of
them world class in the coming decade, and making a larger number internationally
competitive research universities.
4 c So far, India’s large educated population base and its reservoir of at least moderately well -
trained university graduates have permitted the country to move ahead.
5 b
6 d Lure of jobs abroad and in the private sector makes it increasingly difficult to retain the best
and brightest to the academic profession. Half leave the country immediately upon graduation
to pursue advance study abroad and most do not return.
7 a Private institutions maintain reasonably high standards, they can help produce well-qualified
graduates.
8 d Academic salaries must be high enough to attract excellent scientist and scholars. A judicious
mix of autonomy to do creative research and accountability to ensure productivity.
9 c using or showing judgment as to action or practical expediency
10 d satisfied with what one is or has; not wanting more or anything else.
11 b something granted, as a privilege or right, a sum of money, or a tract of land
12 d an additional payment made to employees as a means of increasing production
13 b menacingly wild, savage, or hostile. Hence option ’b’ is its antonym
14 d to grow or develop quickly; flourish. Hence option ’d’ is its antonym
15 a of only ordinary or moderate quality. Hence option ’a’ is its antonym
16 c There was a time when countries could achieve economic success with cheap labour and low -
tech manufacturing
17 a Unfortunately, its weak higher education sector constitutes the Achilles’ heel of this strategy
18 d It has a large higher education sector - the third largest in the world in student numbers, after
China and the United states. It uses English as a primary language of higher education and
research. It has a long academic tradition. Academic freedom is respected. There are a small
number of high quality institutions, departments, and centres that can form the basis of
quality sector in higher education
19 b China, but also Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea – are investing in large and differentiated
higher education systems. They are providing access to large numbers of students at the
bottom of the academic system while at the same time building some research – based
universities that are able to compete with the world’s best institutions
20 c
10
 SRIRAM LAW ACADEMY
www.sriramlawacademy.com
Training Organisation for CLAT and IIT HSEE

Sectional Test [Subject : English, Topic: Comprehension]

21 d It would no longer produce unlicensed inexpensive generic pharmaceuticals bowed to the

realities of the World Trade Organization.
22 c India educates approximately 10 percent of its young people in higher education compared
with more than half in the major industrialized countries and 15 percent in China
23 d contemporary large-scale development requires a sophisticated and at least partly knowledge
based economy
24 d to promote the growth or development of
25 a to drive, or cause to move, forward or onward
26 d large in scale, amount, or degree
27 d an obstacle or hindrance to progress, belief, or understanding
28 a Burdensome; unwieldy. Hence option ’a’ is its antonym
29 d To be like or similar to. Hence option ’d’ is its antonym
30 a To perceive the difference in or between. Hence option ’a’ is its antonym
31 a The answer is all three. While end-users in some rural areas now have access to solar-
powered lanterns or lights and biogas systems for their homes; and agricultural operations are
taking advantage of remarkable capital subsidies for solar energy to use for water pumping,
32 c Renewable energy technology applications with income enhancement opportunities have tied
the success of these programmes to government budgets and political cycles limited both the
breadth and depth of development and penetration of projects that harness renewable energy
resources.
33 c In addition, the negotiations with financiers may be complex, involving concepts and
approaches that are not familiar to the entrepreneur.
34 b
35 c Renewable energy technologies are also more capital-intensive than conventional hydrocarbon
ones because of the large upfront investment cost in generation equipment needed to utilize a
‘free’ or low-cost energy source.
36 d First, investments in renewable energy projects are relatively information and capital -
intensive. The greater information intensity arises primarily from the need for more upfront
information regarding the energy resource compared to conventional power projects.
Renewable energy resources assessments, in most cases, need to be side -specific and
preferably with data for a significant period of time.
37 b Only 3 paperwork and soft costs associated with identifying and obtaining access to financing
for small and medium-scale projects is high relative to the financing needs.
38 d Many of the renewable energy technologies are still relatively new to the market, so the
commercial chains, networks, marketing and financial links and other institutional structures
that service traditional energy technologies are not in place to assist the entrepreneur even if
she/he has the skills, know-how and capital.
39 a the beginning or start
40 d the capacity to operate or be sustained
41 b Crucial; decisive
42 c to perceive as existing or true; realize
43 a to lessen in force or intensity, hence option ‘a’ is its antonym
44 b so complicated or intricate as to be hard to understand/deal with, hence option ‘b’ is its
antonym
45 a having a limit; restricted. Hence option ‘a’ is its antonym

11