FLUID

KINEMATICS:
NOTES, TYPES
AND METHODS

MET 3118 – FLUİD

MECHANİCS APPLİCATİONS
LAB
YOUSSEF MALİCK DİABATE
CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS OF VISUALIZATION OF FLUID FLOW:

- TYPES OF FLUID FLOW

- TYPES OF FLUID MOVEMENTS
 METHODS OF DESCRIPTION OF FLUID FLOW
INTRODUCTION

Kinematics of fluid flow deals with the motion of fluid particles without considering the
agency producing the motion. This deals with the geometry of motion of fluid particles. This
also deals with the velocity and acceleration of fluid particles in motion.
The motion of a fluid can be analyzed on the same principles as those applied in the motion
of a solid. There, however exists a basic difference between the motion of a solid and the
motion of a fluid. A solid body is compact and moves as one mass. There is no relative
motion between the particles of a solid body. Hence, we study the motion of the entire body
and there is no necessity to study the motion of any particle of a solid body.
 Steady flow Unsteady flow
TYPES OF FLUID The flow in which In this flow, velocity, pressure
FLOW characteristics of fluid like and density changes with time:
velocity, pressure, density etc., ∂V/∂ t ≠ 0; ∂P/∂t ≠ 0; ∂d/∂t ≠ 0.
- Steady and Unsteady at a point, do not change with
time: ∂V/∂ t = 0; ∂P/∂t = 0;
∂d/∂t = 0

- Uniform and Non-uniform

Uniform flow Non-uniform flow

- Laminar and Turbulent The flow In this flow, velocity any given ti
in which velocity at any given ti me changes with respect
me does not to distance:
- Rotational and change with respect (∂V/∂s)t=c ≠ 0
to distance: (∂V/∂s)t=c = 0
Irrotational
 Laminar flow Turbulent flow

TYPES OF FLUID The flow in which the adjacent
FLOW layers do not cross each other
and move along well-
defined path.
- Steady and Unsteady
The flow in which adjacent layers
cross each other and do not
move along well-defined path.

- Uniform and Non-

uniform
Rotational Flow Irrotational Flow

- Laminar and Turbulent If the fluid particles flowing
alone stream lines, also rotate
about their own axes, then flow
- Rotational and is rotational.
Irrotational
If fluid particles do not rotate
about their own axes, then flow is
irrotational.
 COMBINING THESE, THE MOST COMMONS FLOW TYPES ARE:
 Steady uniform flow: conditions do not change with position in the stream or with
time. E.g., a flow of water in a pipe of constant diameter with constant velocity.
 Steady non-uniform flow: conditions change from point to point in the stream but
do not change with time. E.g., flow in a tapering pipe with constant velocity at the
inlet.
 Unsteady uniform flow: at a given instant in time, the conditions are the same but
will change with time. E.g., a pipe of constant diameter connecting to a pump
pumping at constant rate which is then switched off.
 Unsteady non-uniform flow: every condition of the flow may change from point to
point and with the time at every point. E.g., water in channel.
FLOW PATTERN
 Stream line is a line that is
everywhere tangent to the velocity
- Stream Line field.

- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Stream Tube Path line is the actual path
travelled by a particle over
some time period.
 The streak line is the locus of A stream tube is an imaginary
FLOW PATTERN the positions of fluid particles tubular space formed by a
which have passed through a number of stream lines. It is
given point in succession an assembly or collection of
stream lines forming a tabular
space
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Stream Tube
VARIOUS TYPES OF
FLUID MOVEMENT

- Pure translation
- Pure rotation
- Linear deformation
- Angular deformation
VARIOUS TYPES OF
FLUID MOVEMENT

- Pure translation
- Pure rotation
- Linear deformation
- Angular deformation
1-D, 2-D, 3-D DIMENSIONAL FLOW

 One Dimensional Flow:

- In which the flow parameter such as velocity is a function of time and one space co-
ordinate only
 Two Dimensional Flow:
- In which the velocity is a function of time and two rectangular space co-ordinates.
 Three Dimensional Flow:

- In which the velocity is the function of time and three mutually perpendicular
directions.
 METHODS OF DESCRIBING FLUID MOTIONS
We know that each particle of a fluid in motion has at any instant a certain definite value of its
properties like density, velocity, acceleration etc. As the fluid moves on, the values of these properties
will change from one position to other positions, from time to time.

 Thus, it may be realized that two methods are
possible to describe fluid motion. In the first
method called the Lagrangian method, we
study the velocity, acceleration etc. of an
individual fluid particle at every instant of time
as the particle moves to different
positions. This method of studying the
properties of a single fluid particle is a very
tedious process and therefore this method is
not generally adopted.
 This method of studying the properties of a
single fluid particle is a very tedious process
and therefore this method is not generally
adopted. In the second method called the
Eulerian method, we describe the flow by
studying the velocity, acceleration, pressure,
density etc. at a fixed point in space. Due to
its easy application, this method is most
commonly adopted.
 Velocity of Fluid Particle Acceleration of Fluid Particle
 Velocity of a fluid along any direction can be defined as the rate  Acceleration of a fluid element along any direction can be
of change of displacement of the fluid along that direction defined as the rate of change of velocity of the fluid along
that direction.
 Let V be the resultant velocity of a fluid along any direction
and u, v and w be the velocity components in x,  If ax, ay and az are the components of acceleration along x,
y and z directions respectively. y and z directions respectively, they can be mathematically
written as a x = du/ dt.
 Mathematically the velocity components can be written as

 u = f (x, y, z, t)

 w = f (x, y, z, t)

 v = f (x, y, z, t)

 Let VR is resultant velocity at any point in a fluid flow.

 Resultant velocity VR = ui + vj + wk

 Where u=dx/dt, v=dy/dt and w=dz/dt are the resultant vectors

in X, Y and Z directions, respectively.
REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM

 A tool to relate system concepts to control volume concepts.

 Let B be a fluid parameter (e.g., mass, temperature, momentum).

 Let b represent the amount of that parameter per unit mass

 E.g., Momentum B=mV => b=V & Energy B=1/2mV2 => b=1/2 V2