Bahasa Inggris 1: Modul Perkuliahan

MODUL PERKULIAHAN
Bahasa Inggris 1
• Adjectives to Describe Problems
• Auxiliary Verbs
• Modals
Kode Mata Kuliah : U5119006

Fakultas : Teknik Tatap Muka
Program Studi : Teknik Mesin

03 Disusun Oleh : Sholihannisa Dwi SK,
S.S, M.Sas
ABSTRAK
So many types of problems can exist, such as test problems or even math test problems. You
might have a comprehensive problem or a multiple choice problem. You can have a big
problem, a complicated problem, or a small problem. Problems can be sudden, unforeseen,
and unavoidable.
An auxiliary verb (or a helping verb as it’s also called) is used with a main verb to help express
the main verb’s tense, mood, or voice. The main auxiliary verbs are to be, to have and to do.
We use the modal verbs can, could and be able to + verb infinitive to talk about ability. When
we talk about ability, we mean two things. First, we mean general ability. This is something that
once you have learned you can do anytime you want, like being able to read or swim or speak
a language, for example. The other kind of ability is specific ability. This means something that
you can or can’t do in one particular situation. For example, being able to lift something heavy,
or find somewhere you are looking for
TUJUAN
Tujuan dari pertemuan ketiga pada mata kuliah ini adalah :
Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan masalah dengan kata benda dan kata sifat, mampu
menggunakan dan membedakan penggunaan kata kerja bantu dalam Bahasa Inggris dan
mampu memahami dan menggunakan modal untuk mengekspresikan advice, ability,
necessity, dan possibility.
2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

2 Sholihannisa Dwi SK: sholihannisa.kazeinda@undira.ac.id http://www.undira.ac.id
PEMBAHASAN
A. Adjectives to describe problems
So many types of problems can exist, such as test problems or even math test
problems. You might have a comprehensive problem or a multiple choice problem. You can
have a big problem, a complicated problem, or a small problem. Problems can be sudden,
unforeseen, and unavoidable. Below are some adjectives can be used for describe problems
in our daily life:
Puzzling unsolvable enigmatic shallow deep
Esoteric arcane difficult perplexing pedantic
Special singular important presumed silly
Slight ponderous weighty welcome unsettling
Disturbing monumental urban rural chemical
mathematical grammatical numerical nonsensical
Below are some words that can be counted as the synonyms for the word “problem”:
Complication dilemma dispute headache issue

Obstacle question trouble botheration box
Count crunch disagreement doubt hitch
Mess pickle predicament quandary scrape
Squeeze worriment can of worms disputed point hot water
How to describe a problem
You will have to describe the problem while asking somebody for help.
Use there is ….. to say what the problem is.
• There is a cat under the bed.
• There is a problem with my laptop.
• There is a smell of gas in the kitchen.
• There are mice in the storeroom.
If you don’t have what you need, use there isn’t….
• There isn’t any milk in the fridge.

• There aren’t any clean bed sheets.
• There isn’t enough food for everyone.
• There isn’t anything to eat.
For some problems, you can use I’ve got….

• I’ve got a problem.
• I’ve got too much luggage.
• I’ve got too much work.
If you don’t have what you need, use I haven’t got….
• I haven’t got his phone number.

• I haven’t got enough money.
• I haven’t got his address.
• I haven’t got anything to wear.
• I haven’t got anything to drink.
• I haven’t god anything to read.
If your problem is that you can’t do something use I can’t….
• I can’t ride a bicycle.

• I can’t walk without support.
• I can’t see properly.
• I can’t open the door.
• I can’t find my phone.
If you do not understand something, say I don’t understand….
• I don’t understand French.

• I don’t understand what he wants.
• I don’t understand how to operate this machine.
To say what happened, use I have….
• I have forgotten my passport.

• I have lost my keys.
• I have broken my arm

10 English Idioms for Problem & Difficulties
#1 – At your wits’ end = when you are at the limit on your mental resources, desperate and
without additional options.
Example: “I’ve been trying to download the file all day and I keep getting an error message –
I’m at my wit’s end!”
#2 – Catch-22 = a situation in which it’s impossible to succeed because of conflicting rules or

conditions.
Example: “Getting your first job is a catch-22 because companies want to hire someone with
experience, but how can I get experience unless someone gives me a job?”
#3 – Dodge a bullet = barely escaped from a dangerous/disastrous situation.
Example: “One of my ex-boyfriends later became a drug dealer! I’m glad I broke up with him –
I definitely dodge a bullet.”
#4 – The crux of the matter = the most essential or main part of the problem.
Example: “Of course there are a number of things that the country needs to improve, but the
crux of the matter is that the politicians are corrupt.”
#5 – Grasping at straws = when you’re desperate and you’re pursuing even the slightest
hope or possibility (even if it probably won’t work).
Example: “The police are grasping at straws because there’s virtually no evidence at the
crime scene.”
#6 – In dire straits = in a very serious, very bad situation.
Example: “Harry has been unemployed for the past three years – he’s really in dire straits.”

#7 – You’ve got your work cut out for you = when you have a large and difficult task to do in
the future.
Example: “You want to finish a four-year college degree in just two years? Well, you’ve got
your work cut out for you.”
#8 – Last resort = an option you use as a “last chance” when there are no other options
available.
Example: “If we can’t stay with any of our friends in London, then we can always book a hotel
as a last resort.”
#9 – The tip of the iceberg = only a small part of the problem; the biggest part of the problem
is hidden.
Example: “My parents’ arguing about where to go on vacation was only the tip of the iceberg;
they treated each other horribly throughout their marriage.”
#10 – A vicious cycle = when one problem causes another problem, which then causes the
first problem again.
Example: “When I gain weight, I have less energy to exercise… and when I do less exercise, I
gain even more weight. It’s a vicious cycle.”
B. Auxiliary Verbs
An auxiliary verb (or a helping verb as it’s also called) is used with a main verb to help express
the main verb’s tense, mood, or voice. The main auxiliary verbs are to be, to have and to do.
The appear in the following forms:
• To Be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, will be

• To Have: has, have, had, having, will have
• To Do: does, do, did, will do
Examples of Auxiliary Verbs Expressing Tense
Here are some examples of auxiliary verbs expressing tense. In these examples, the main
verbs are in bold and the auxiliary verbs are underlined.
• She was waiting for an hour.

• She is waiting in the hall.
• She will be waiting outside.
(In each of these examples, the auxiliary verb to be helps to form the progressive
tense, which is the tense used for ongoing actions.)
• She had drunk it before we arrived.

• She has drunk it already.
• She will have drunk it by then.
(In each of these examples, the auxiliary verb to have helps to form the perfect tense,
which is the tense used for expressing an action’s completion.)
• She had been studying before the incident.

• She has been studying.
• She will have been studying for a month at that point.
(In each of these examples, the auxiliary verbs have and been help to form the perfect
progressive tense, which is the tense used for expressing an ongoing action’s
completion.)
Examples of Auxiliary Verbs Expressing Voice
Here are some examples of auxiliary verbs expressing voice:
• Our dessert was eaten by the dog.

• The geese are driven through the snicket.
• The phone will be disconnected tomorrow.

(In these examples, the auxiliary verb to be helps to form the passive voice. A verb is
said to be in the passive voice when its subject does not perform the action of the verb
but has the action done to it.)
Examples of Auxiliary Verbs Expressing Mood
Here are some examples of auxiliary verbs being used to express mood:
• Did you win?

(Here, the auxiliary verb to do is used to form the interrogative mood, i.e., to ask a
question.)
• Don’t forget your wallet.
(Here, the auxiliary verb to do (in its negative form) is used to form the imperative
mood, i.e., to give an order.)
C. Modals (Advice, Ability, Necessity, Possibility)
Advice
There are two modal verbs for advice: should and would.
Should is used for advice in the present. The structure is: Subject + should + base verb
Example:
• You should eat healthy food.

• You should exercise every day.
Should also can be used for advice in the past. The structure is: Subject + should + have +
past participle

Example:
• You should have gone to the party.

• She should have studied more often.
It is a common to use should to give negative advice. In this case, add “not” after the word
should. Example:
• You should not smoke.

• You should not eat too much candy.
The modal verb would is used to give advice as well. In this situation, the speaker is giving
hypothetical advice as if he/she were the listener. Here are some examples:
• If I were you, I would return the book.

• If I were you, I would not wear that jacket.
But, it is not always necessary to include if I were you at the beginning of the sentence. For
examples:
• I wouldn’t eat that.

• I would choose the red shoes.
Normally would is used to talk about yourself, and should is used to talk about someone else.
For examples:
• I would study tonight if I were you.

• You should study tonight.
Ability
We use the modal verbs can, could and be able to + verb infinitive to talk about ability. When
we talk about ability, we mean two things. First, we mean general ability. This is something that

once you have learned you can do anytime you want, like being able to read or swim or speak
a language, for example. The other kind of ability is specific ability. This means something that
you can or can’t do in one particular situation. For example, being able to lift something heavy,
or find somewhere you are looking for.
Present tense:
can / can’t (for both general and specific ability)
• I can play the piano.

• She can speak English.
• He can’t drive – he’s too tired.
• We can’t come now.
Past tense:
could / couldn’t (for general ability)
• I could read when I was four.

• She could speak French when she was a child, but now she has forgotten it.
• He couldn’t dance at all until he took lessons.
• My grandfather couldn’t swim.
be [was, were] able to / couldn’t (for specific ability)
• When the computer crashed yesterday, I was able to fix it. (not ‘I could fix it’)
• She was able to pass the exam, even though she hadn’t studied much. (not ‘she could
pass’)
• He called us because he couldn’t find the house.
• I couldn’t open the window.
could + have + past participle (an ability someone had in the past, but didn’t use)

• I could have played the piano well but I didn’t practice enough.
• We could have come earlier.
• She could have studied law, but she preferred to become secretary.
Future tense:
will / won’t be able to (general ability)
• At the end of the course, you will able to make your own website.
• He won’t be able to speak Japanese in a week! It will take months.
can / can’t (specific ability)
• I can help you tomorrow.

• I can’t come to the party next week.
Necessity
The modal verbs of necessity show obligations in the past, present, or future. It can be a
necessary action that was required over and over again, or something that occurred just once.
The modal verbs of necessity are have to, must, and have got to.
Have to, must and mustn’t are used to talk about a necessity in the present of future.
Examples:
• He has to attend the meeting tomorrow.

• He must attend the meeting tomorrow.
• He mustn’t be late for the meeting.
Had to refers to a necessity in the past. For example:
• He had to attend the meeting yesterday.

There is a difference between must and have to when expressing necessity for yourself or
others. Examples:
• I must be careful not to upset him.

• They have to be in Charlotte before Thursday.
Must not, or mustn’t, shows that it is important for something NOT to happen or take place. For
example:
• You mustn’t talk when your teacher is explaining in front of the class.
Must not and don’t have to means different things. Must not means that it is important that you
don’t do something. Don’t have to means that it isn’t necessary to do, but you can. Examples:
• You mustn’t give me flowers because I’m allergic.

• You don’t have to give me flowers but you can if you like.
Possibility
In English, there are three main modals of possibility: may, might and could. The sentence
pattern is: modal (may / might / could) + base verb. We use these modals to describe a
possible action. Because of the uncertainty, these modals are often used to talk about the
future, though sometimes we want to express possibility in the present. May expresses a
greater degree of certainty than might. Examples:
• I may go travelling next year. (future possibility)

• My keys might be in the car. (present possibility)
• You should ask him. He may/might know Susan’s telephone number. (Perhaps he
knows her number.)
• I may/might see you later. (Perhaps I will see you later.)
• You should introduce yourself; he may/might not remember you. (Perhaps she
doesn’t/won’t remember you.)

May, might and could + perfect infinitive express uncertainty with reference to past actions:
• We haven’t heard from him for ten years. He may/might/could have died. (Perhaps
he has died, but don’t know.)
But when we want to say that something was possible but did not happen, we use might or
could:
• He was very careless when crossing the road. He might/could have died. (He didn’t
die.)
• I could have caught the bus if I had hurried. (I didn’t hurry, so I didn’t catch the bus.)

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Azar, B. S. (2003). Fundamentals of English grammar. Longman.
Lebeau, I., Rees, G., Hall, D., & King, D. (2008). Language leader: pre-intermediate:
coursebook and CD-ROM. Pearson Education Limited.
Murphy, R. (2012). English grammar in use. Ernst Klett Sprachen.
Hutchinson, T., & Sherman, K. (2013). Network: Get Connected. Oxford University Press.
Edwards, Lynda. (2013). English Elevator International (Pre-Intermediete). Jakarta, Indonesia:

Asta Ilmu Sukses.
https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/problem
https://www.espressoenglish.net/10-english-idioms-for-problems-difficulties/
https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/auxiliary_verbs.htm
https://www.grammaring.com/modals-to-express-possibility-may-might-can-could
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-ability.html
http://www.learnenglish-online.com/grammar/modals/advice.html


Bahasa Inggris 1: Modul Perkuliahan

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MODUL PERKULIAHAN

Kode Mata Kuliah : U5119006

Program Studi : Teknik Mesin

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

Puzzling unsolvable enigmatic shallow deep

Esoteric arcane difficult perplexing pedantic

Special singular important presumed silly

Slight ponderous weighty welcome unsettling

Disturbing monumental urban rural chemical

mathematical grammatical numerical nonsensical

Complication dilemma dispute headache issue

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

Count crunch disagreement doubt hitch

Mess pickle predicament quandary scrape

Squeeze worriment can of worms disputed point hot water

How to describe a problem

Use there is ….. to say what the problem is.

• There is a cat under the bed.

• There is a problem with my laptop.

• There is a smell of gas in the kitchen.

• There are mice in the storeroom.

If you don’t have what you need, use there isn’t….

• There isn’t any milk in the fridge.

For some problems, you can use I’ve got….

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

If you don’t have what you need, use I haven’t got….

• I haven’t got his phone number.

If your problem is that you can’t do something use I can’t….

• I can’t ride a bicycle.

If you do not understand something, say I don’t understand….

• I don’t understand French.

To say what happened, use I have….

• I have forgotten my passport.

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

#2 – Catch-22 = a situation in which it’s impossible to succeed because of conflicting rules or

#3 – Dodge a bullet = barely escaped from a dangerous/disastrous situation.

#6 – In dire straits = in a very serious, very bad situation.

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

• To Be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, will be

Examples of Auxiliary Verbs Expressing Tense

• She was waiting for an hour.

• She had drunk it before we arrived.

• She had been studying before the incident.

Examples of Auxiliary Verbs Expressing Voice

Here are some examples of auxiliary verbs expressing voice:

• Our dessert was eaten by the dog.

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

Examples of Auxiliary Verbs Expressing Mood

• Did you win?

C. Modals (Advice, Ability, Necessity, Possibility)

• You should eat healthy food.

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

• You should have gone to the party.

• You should not smoke.

• If I were you, I would return the book.

• I wouldn’t eat that.

• I would study tonight if I were you.

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

can / can’t (for both general and specific ability)

• I can play the piano.

could / couldn’t (for general ability)

• I could read when I was four.