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2r3tn
where r is the number of factors in the effect considered, t is the number of factors in the
experiment minus the number of linear terms in this effect, and n is the number of
replicates. For example, BL has the divisor 21 x 31 x 4= 24.
The sums of squares are obtained by squaring the element in column (2) and dividing by
the corresponding entry in the Divisor column. The Sum of Squares column now
contains all of the required quantities to construct an analysis of variance table if both of
the design factors A and B are quantitative. However, in this example, factor A (material
type) is qualitative; thus, the linear and quadratic partitioning of A is not appropriate.
Individual observations are used to compute the total sum of squares, and the error sum
of squares is obtained by subtraction.
Table 1. Yates's Algorithm for the 32 Design in Example 5-1
Treatment
Combination Response (1) (2) Effects Divisor Sum of Squares
The analysis of variance is summarized in Table 2. This is essentially the same results
that were obtained by conventional analysis of variance methods in Example 5-1.
The matrix A = ( X1′ X1 ) −1 X1′ X 2 is called the alias matrix. The elements of this matrix
identify the alias relationships for the parameters in the vector β1.
This procedure can be used to find the alias relationships in three-level and mixed-level
designs. We now present two examples.
Example 1
Suppose that we have conducted an experiment using a 32 design, and that we are
interested in fitting the following model:
y = β 0 + β 1 x1 + β 2 x2 + β 12 x1 x2 + β 11 ( x12 − x12 ) + β 22 ( x22 − x22 ) + ε
This is a complete quadratic polynomial. The pure second-order terms are written in a
form that orthogonalizes these terms with the intercept. We will find the aliases in the
parameter estimates if the true model is a reduced cubic, say
y = β 0 + β 1 x1 + β 2 x2 + β 12 x1 x2 + β 11 ( x12 − x12 ) + β 22 ( x22 − x22 )
+ β 111 x13 + β 222 x23 + β 122 x1 x22 + ε
Now in the notation used above, the vector β 1 and the matrix X1 are defined as follows:
LM1 −1 − 1 1 1/ 3 1/ 3 OP
LM β OP MM11 −1 0
−1 1
0
−1
1/ 3 −2 / 3
PP
MM1 PP
0
1/ 3 1/ 3
MM ββ 1 PP 0 −1 0 −2 / 3 1/ 3
β1 =M PP, X = M1 −2 / 3 −2 / 3 PP
MM1
2
and 0 0 0
MMββ
1
12
PP MM1
0 1 0 −2 / 3 1/ 3 PP
MNβ 11
Q 1 − 1 −1 1/ 3 1/ 3
PP
22
MM1 1 0 0 1/ 3 −2 / 3
PQ
N1 1 1 1 1/ 3 1/ 3
Now
LM9 0 0 0 0 0 OP
MM00 6 0 0 0 0
PP
X′X = M PP
0 6 0 0 0
MM00
1 1
0 0 4 0 0
MN0
0 0 0 2 0 PP
0 0 0 0 2 Q
and the other quantities we require are
LM−1 −1 −1 OP
MM−1 0 0 PP LM0 0 0 OP
MM−01 1 −1
−1 0
PP LM β OP MM60 0 4
PP
=M0 PP,
111
=M PP
6 0
β2 = Mβ PP, and X1′ X 2
X2
MM 0 0 0
PP MNβ
222
Q MM0 0 0
MM 1
1
−1 1
0 122
MN00 0 0 PP
MM 1 0 0
PP 0 0 Q
N1 1 1 PQ
The expected value of the fitted model parameters is
E( β 1 ) = β 1 + ( X1′ X1 ) −1 X1′ X 2 β 2
or
LM β OP L β OP LM9 0 0 0 0 0 OP −1
LM0 0 0OP
PP MM β
0
MM β
0
1
PP MM00 6 0 0 0 0
PP MM60 0 4
PPL
β 111 OP
PP = MMββ
1
PPMM
β
EM MM0 6 0
MMβ
2 2
PP + MM0 0 6 0 0 0
PP β 222 PP
PP MMβ PPMN
0 0 4 0 0 0 0
12
MMβ
12
Nβ
22
22 0 0 0 0 2 N0 0 0 Q
The alias matrix turns out to be
LM0 0 0 OP
MM10 0 2/3
PP
A=M PP
1 0
MM0 0 0
PP
MN00 0 0
0 0 Q
This leads to the following alias relationships:
E ( β 0 ) = β 0
E ( β ) = β + β
1 1 111 + (2 / 3) β 122
E ( β 2 ) = β 2 + β 222
E ( β ) = β
12 12
E ( β 11 ) = β 11
E ( β ) = β
22 22
Example 2
This procedure is very useful when the design is a mixed-level fractional factorial. For
example, consider the mixed-level design in Table 9-10 of the textbook. This design can
accommodate four two-level factors and a single three-level factor. The resulting
resolution III fractional factorial is shown in Table 3.
Since the design is resolution III, the appropriate model contains the main effects
y = β 0 + β 1 x1 + β 2 x2 + β 3 x3 + β 4 x4 + β 5 x5 + β 55 ( x52 − x52 ) + ε ,
where the model terms
β 5 x5 and β 55 ( x52 − x52 )
represent the linear and quadratic effects of the three-level factor x5. The quadratic
effect of x5 is defined so that it will be orthogonal to the intercept term in the model.
Table 3. A Mixed-Level Resolution III Fractional Factorial
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
-1 1 1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 -1
-1 -1 1 1 0
1 1 -1 -1 0
-1 1 -1 1 0
1 -1 1 -1 0
-1 -1 -1 -1 1
1 1 1 1 1
E ( β 2 ) = β 2 + (1 / 2) β 15
E ( β ) = β + (1 / 2) β
3 3 15
E ( β 4 ) = β 4 + (1 / 2) β 155
E ( β ) = β + β
5 5 12
E ( β 55 ) = β 55
The linear and quadratic components of the interaction between x1 and x5 are aliased with
the main effects of x2 , x3 , and x4 , and the x1 x2 interaction aliases the linear component
of the main effect of x5.