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ENHANCEMENT OF MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH USING

IMPROVEED TECHNIQES OF SPACING

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 J. Expt. Biosci. 11(2):27-34, July 2020 ISSN 223-9626 (Online) ISSN 2070-3358 (Print)
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ENHANCEMENT OF MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH USING IMPROVEED

TECHNIQES OF SPACING

Md. Jewel Alam1*, Md. Azam Uddin2, Most. Khairun Nahar3, Md. Younus Ali4 and Kazi
Shahanara Ahmed5

*Corresponding author: agjewel32251@bau.edu.bd

Abstract

The present investigation was undertaken to examine the effect of suitable spacing
technique(s) of maize on the morpho-physiology, yield attributes, yield and nutrient
composition of maize at the Entomology Field Laboratory, Department of Entomology,
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during Rabi season of 2016-17.
The research work was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three
replications. Maize var. BARI Hybrid Butta-09 was used as the test crop. Five spacing
techniques (Distance of row to row and plant to plant, respectively were 50cm×20cm (T1),
55cm×25cm (T2), 60cm×30cm (T3), 65cm×35cm (T4) and 70cm×40cm (T5). All the spacing
techniques showed significantly different performance on yield. It was revealed that the
maximum morpho-physiological characters, yield attributes and yield was obtained with
higher composition of nutrients by using technique of 60cm×30cm (T3). This treatment also
showed the highest plant height (223.45cm), stem diameter (8.10cm), leaf length (74.25cm),
number of cob plant-1 (1.74), cob length (22.20cm), number of grain cob-1 (710.13), grain
weight cob-1 (230.67g), grain yield (10.11 t ha-1), protein content (10.45g), fat (3.46g),
carbohydrate content (65.42g) and vitamin C (0.12g). Furthermore, based on yield of maize
and nutrient composition, the increasing order of yield was S2>S4>S1>S5. Therefore,
considering all facts, 60cm×30cm as the technique of spacing could be recommended to grow
maize for obtaining higher yield quality.

Key words: Spacing techniques, morpho-physiological characters, yield attributes, nutrient

composition and maize yield.

Introduction

In Bangladesh, like many developing countries strive for an increase of their agriculture production in order
to meet up their food and feed crisis for the rapidly growing population. Maize (Zea mays L) is becoming
an important cereal crop of the world for removing the food and feed crisis (Bithy and Ahamed, 2018;
Mannan et al., 2019; Ullah et al., 2016; Ullah et al., 2017a,b). Maize (Family: Poaceae) is often announced
as ‘king of grain crop’ due to its high potential of productivity. It’s also known as corn, Bengali called as
Bhutta (Alam et al., 2018, 2019a). It is used for three main purposes as human food, feed for poultry-
livestock and fish sector. As maize being the highest yielding second most important cereal crop after rice
in Bangladesh, it can use as food for direct human consumption (Alam et al., 2020a, b). It is grown for
animal feed and used as raw material for industrial products such as starch, glucose, dextrose, corn sugar,
oil, protein, corn-flacks, soup, salad and corn syrup etc. But it is the main source of food and fodder
nowadays for rearing of poultry and fish (Alam et al., 2020b). As it’s high demandable crop, its production

1Ph.D Researcher, 5Professor, Department of Entomology, 3Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural

University, Mymensingh-2202 2Additional Deputy Director, Department of Agricultural Extension, Khamarbari,
Farmgate, Dhaka-1215 4Farm Management Unit, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

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Alam et al. 2020

of Bangladesh is only about 3.3 MT year in 2018-2019 (BBS, 2020), which is very low compared to
neighboring countries (Alam et al., 2020b).
Maize production depends on various management practices as well as environmental factors that affect
the crop performance (Alam et al., 2020a; Ullah et al., 2018a,b,c). Of all modern agro-management
techniques/practices of growing a maize crop, spacing techniques is probably the most important subject
to production of yield because of reducing insect infestation and maintains the proper population of plants
like mustard crop (Alam et al., 2015a, b & c). Ultimate yield became affected. Different spacing techniques
are practiced in the world of maize sowing as well as Bangladesh. If not, follow the proper or scientific
techniques of spacing, the farmer will be lost their yield. As in known, it is matter of worried that, maize
production in hampered by the lack of suitable modern technique of spacing. So, spacing technique has a
great role to play in increasing maize yield. Our farmers generally apply their eye estimate method of
spacing in maize production that had so many disadvantages, that is, abuse of seeds and land, consequently
insect infestation became high due to close planting (Alam et al., 2014, 2019b). Improved spacing
technology may lead to increase yield, though reducing abuse of land & seed, which will result in attaining
self-sufficiency in food and feed (Alam et al., 2014, 2019a, c). Spacing technique not only ensures proper
adjustment and optimum plant population in the field but also enables the plants to utilize the land and
nutrients. Keeping in view the above review, the research was undertaken to find out the suitable spacing
technique(s) of maize in Bangladesh with respect to the growth, yield attributes and yield with nutrient
composition of maize.

Materials and Methods

The present study was set up to find out the suitable spacing technique of maize in Bangladesh with respect
to the morpho-physiology, yield attributes and yield with the nutrient composition of maize at the
Entomology Field Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU),
Mymensingh during Rabi season of 2016-17. The research site was situated at 24.75 N latitude and 0.50 E
longitudes at an average altitude of 18m above the mean sea level which is belongs to Agro-Ecological
Zone-09 (Old Brahmaputra Floodplain) (Alam et al., 2019b). The land was prepared well through six (06)
ploughing. Before final ploughing, all fertilizers were applied during land preparation except urea and
Muriate of Potash (MOP). One-fourth of urea and MOP were applied at the time of final land preparation.
The nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, mangnishium, zinc and boron fertilizers were applied in
form of urea, triple super phosphate, muriate of potash, gypsum, magnesium sulphate, zinc sulphate and
boric acid at the rate of 250, 80, 120, 45, 8, 3 and 2.4 kg ha-1, respectively (FRG, 2012, Alam, et al., 2019b,
2020a, b; Sanjit, et al., 2019; Mollah, et al., 2014, 2015a, b, c). The seed rate of maize was 20kg per hectare.
Remaining urea and MOP were applied three equal installments at pre-vegetative stage, full vegetative
stage and early corn formation stage. Weeding, irrigation, plant protection and other intercultural operation
were done properly as and when necessary for better growth and development of maize.
The research work was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) having a total number of
three replications. Maize var. BARI Hybrid Butta-09 variety was used as experimental crop. Five spacing
techniques (Distance of row to row and plant to plant, respectively) viz. 50cm×20cm(T1), 55cm×25cm(T2),
60cm×30cm(T3), 65cm×35cm(T4) and 70cm×40cm(T5) were used as experimental techniques of spacing.
The crop was sown in line according to mentioned spacing techniques in the fields with the size of plot was
10m2 (4m×2.5m) where the distance of between two plots was 70cm. Total number of plots was 15. To find
out the suitable spacing technique(s) on the productivity of maize, the whole grain was harvested when
95% of the cobs became matured in plants. The harvested cobs were then threshed, cleaned and dried to
moisture content of 12-14%. The grain yield was received from each replication of each treatment, were
weighed and recorded, and data were converted into yield per hectare basis according to each replication
of treatment. Plant height and leaf length (cm) were measured using measuring tape based on a centimeter
scale just after harvest of cob and averaged. Plant diameter (cm) and cob length (cm) without husk were
measured from five randomly selected plants in each plot (replication) from the middle portion by
measuring tape stretching. They were measured in centimeters and averaged. Number of cobs and grain in
the five (05) randomly selected plants and cobs was counted from each replication of treatment after
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harvest, respectively. After shelling the grain from cobs and were divided by the number of cobs. Then all
grains received from each replication were weighed and on the basis of grain yield per plot, grain yield per
hectare was calculated in kilograms by using digital weight machine and then converted into tons per
hectare. During observation, different data were collected on two main parameters such as morpho-
physiological characters (Plant height (cm), plant diameter, cm and leaf length, cm) and yield attributes &
yield (number of cob plant-1, cob length without husk (cm), number of grain cob-1, grain weight cob-1(g)
and grain yield, t ha-1). All the recorded data were compiled and tabulated for statistical analysis. The whole
procedures of data collection are followed according to Alam et al., 2020a, b. The obtained data were
statistically analyzed to find out the significance of differences among different spacing techniques. The
mean values of all the characters were evaluated and analysis of variance (ANOVA) following Randomized
Complete Block Design was performed by using R statistics software version 3.5.3 to find out the treatment
effect, and the mean differences were adjudged by Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMRT) Test (Gomez and
Gomez, 1984).

Results and Discussion

The results of the effect of different spacing technologies on agronomical and yield contributing characters
of maize are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Agronomical and yield contributing characters of maize as affected by different spacing
technology

Spacing Plant Plant Leaf No. of Cob No. of Grain Grain

Techniques height Diameter length cob length grain wt. Yield
(cm) (cm) (cm) plant-1 without cob-1 cob-1 (t ha-1)
husk (g)
(cm)
S1 205.22cd 7.35d 66.21c 1.53d 16.06d 551.65d 5.10d
174.58d
S2 217.13ab 7.78b 73.14a 1.66b 21.36b 670.64b 210.24b 9.80b
S3 223.45a 8.10a 74.25a 1.74a 22.20a 710.13a 230.67a 10.11a
S4 210.66c 7.54bc 70.33b 1.60c 18.10c 615.27c 194.34c 7.02c
S5 195.57e 7.13de 64.07cd 1.50de 15.62e 520.27ef 164.13d 5.00e
Level of * ** ** * ** * * *
significance
CV (%) 7.88 5.94 7.65 6.62 7.32 6.14 6.57 7.11
SE (±) 1.56 1.24 1.10 1.34 1.27 1.16 1.30 1.03
Here, S1=50cm×20cm, S2= 55cm×25cm, S3= 60cm×30cm, S4= 65cm×35cm, S5= 70cm×40cm; In column,
means followed by different letters are significantly different, *means at 5% level of probability, **means
at 1% level of probability, CV= Coefficient of variation and SE (±) = Standard error.

Plant height is an important parameter which reflects the vegetative growth of the plant. The results of the
study reveal that plant height of maize deferred significantly at the 5% level of significant as affected by
different spacing techniques (Table 1), where the highest (223.45cm) plant height was obtained from the
spacing techniques of 60cm×30cm (S3) followed by S2 (217.13cm), S4 (210.66cm) and S1 (205.22cm),
respectively. The lowest (195.57cm) plant height was observed from the technique of spacing of S5
(70cm×40cm). The finding is agreed with the finding of Alam et al., (2020a). They reported that optimum
spacing techniques resulted in higher plant height than other spacing techniques. In case of plant diameter,
as the results showed, there were significant differences among the different dates of sowing at the 1% level
of probability (Table 1). The maximum (8.10cm) plant diameter was noted from S3 (60cm×30cm) which

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Alam et al. 2020

was followed by 7.78, 7.54 and 7.35 in S2, S4 and S1, respectively, whereas the minimum (7.13cm) plant
diameter was found in S5 (70cm×40cm). The findings are supported by Alam et al., (2020a, b). On the other
hand, based on leaf length, in this study spacing techniques significantly (P≤0.01) affected on length of the
leaf and their results are depicted in Table 1. The length of leaf was recorded in the range of 64.07 to
74.25cm. Among the different spacing techniques, the highest (74.25cm) length of the leaf was got from
the spacing technique of 60cm×30cm (S3) which was statistically at par with S2 (55cm×25cm), and the
lowest (64.07cm) length of the leaf was recorded from the spacing technique of 70cm×40cm (S5). The
present result is in agreement with the findings of Ahmed et al., 2011 and Alam et al., 2019b. Considering
the number of cob plant-1, from the results showed, in Table 1, there were significant differences among
the different techniques of spacing at 5% level of probability. The maximum (1.74) number of cob plant -1
was obtained from S3 (60cm×30cm) whereas the minimum (1.50) number of cob plant-1 was recorded in S5
(70cm×40cm). The findings are supported by Maryam et al. (2011) and Khan et al., 2002.
Besides, as cob length, in the present research, from Table 01, a significant variation in cob length without
husk was found under different spacing techniques at 1% level of probability. Among the different spacing
techniques, the biggest (22.20cm) length of cob without husk was noted from S3 (60cm×30cm) followed
by S2 (21.36cm), S4 (18.10cm) and S1 (16.06cm), respectively, whereas the lowest (15.62cm) cob length
without husk was obtained from S5 (70cm×40cm). The results are in line with the findings of Amjadian et
al., 2013. In this study, the technique of spacing of 60cm×30cm had a highest cob length whereas from the
spacing 70cm×40cm minimum cob length was obtained. On the basis of number of grain cob-1, the
experimental result revealed that the effect of all techniques of spacing had highly significant (P≤0.05)
influence on the number of grains per cob (Table 1). The maximum (710.13) number of grain per cob was
gotten in S3 (60cm×30cm) which was followed by 670.64, 615.27 and 551.65 in S2, S4 and S1, respectively,
whereas the minimum (520.27) number of grain per cob was obtained in S5 (70cm×40cm). The findings
are supported by Alam et al., (2020b). This finding indicates that the optimum spacing also result
remarkably improved number of grain per cob. In case of grain weight cob-1, from the results showed, there
were significant differences among the different techniques of spacing at 5% level of probability (Table 1).
The highest (230.67g) grain weight cob-1 was obtained from S3 (60cm×30cm) whereas the lowest (164.13g)
grain weight cob-1 was observed from S5 (70cm×40cm). The findings are supported by OnurKoca and
Canavar, 2014; Alam, et al., 2020a and Buriro, et al., 2015. They reported that environmental changes
associated with different techniques (nutrients management, sunshine and temperature) have a modifying
effect on growth and development of maize plants. Each variety of maize, especially BARI hybrite Butta-
09 as affected by spacing, close or apart distance cause yield loss and decreases the nutrient composition
of grain.
Finally, considering the grain yield, as the results showed, there were significant differences among the
different dates of sowing at 5% level of probability (Table 1). The maximum (10.11 t ha-1) grain yield per
hectare was noted from S3 (60cm×30cm) which was followed by 9.80 t ha-1, 7.02 t ha-1 and 5.10 t ha-1 in
S2, S4 and S1, respectively, whereas the minimum (5.00 t ha-1) grain yield per hectare was found in S5
(70cm×40cm). The results were confirmed with the finding of OnurKoca and Canavar, 2014 and Alam, et
al., 2020a. They reported that the maximum grain yield was obtained from the spacing technique of
60cm×30cm. They are also stated that this finding indicate that the optimum spacing resulted remarkably
improved grain yield. This might be due to the appropriate distance of spacing; delay spacing reduces grain
weight, grain number per cob and cob length.
Nutrient composition is vital element of grain, which has helped to remove the malnutrition of health in
human and animals. The result of nutrient composition of maize grain as influenced by different spacing
techniques are depicted in Figure 1-4.
Protein is an important quality component and source of nutritional feed for human and animal feeding as
well as its use in the industries. The protein content influenced by different spacing techniques was very
significantly different. Protein content was decreased by the very close or very far distance of spacing,
which it was significantly affected by its very close or very far distance of spacing. The highest (10.45g)
amount of protein per 100g grain was obtained in S3 (60cm×30cm) and the lowest (9.95g) amount of protein
in S5 (70cm×40cm) (Figure 1). The results are in line with the finding of OnurKoca and Canavar (2014).

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10.5
10.45
10.4
Protein (g)
10.3 10.33
Protein (g)

10.2 10.21
10.1
10.05
10
9.95
9.9
9.8
9.7
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Spacing Techniques

Figure 1. Protein (g) per 100g grain of maize as affected by different spacing techniques

Considering the fat of maize grain, BARI hybrite variety-09 sown in different spacing showed significant
variation for fat content of grain (Figure 2). Maximum fat content (3.46g) per 100g grain of maize was
noted from S3 (60cm×30cm) whereas, the lowest (3.02g) fat content was determined in S5 (70cm×40cm).
This finding is agreed with Letchworth and Lambert (1998). They are stated that a significant influence of
different spacing techniques (close or far away) on the fat content of grain.

3.5
3.46
Fat (g)
3.4 3.4

3.3
3.27
Fat (g)

3.2
3.15
3.1

3 3.02

2.9

2.8
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Spacing Techniques

Figure 2. Fat (g) per 100 g grain of maize as affected by different spacing techniques

Besides, as like protein and fat, carbohydrate is also a main quality component which contented huge
amount of carbohydrate in maize grain. Increase or decrease in carbohydrate content of grain, mainly
depends on the combination of factors such as number of grain per cob, weight of grain per cob and grain
yield ha-1. As in known, this parameter depends on suitable spacing. A significant differentiation in
carbohydrate content of grain was observed under various spacing. Maximum carbohydrate content
(65.42g) was recorded from S3 (60cm×30cm). However, minimum carbohydrate (64.01g) was found in S5
(70cm×40cm) (Figure 3). This indicates that closes or far away distance of spacing, resulting decreasing
quantity and quality of maize grain. Variation in carbohydrate content of the grain is quite in suitable
spacing with the findings of Buriro et al., (2015). They are reported that significant spacing distance existed
among maize grain for crude starch content in grains.

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Alam et al. 2020

Spacing Techniques S5 64.01

S4 65.2

S3 65.42

S2 65.33

S1 64.11

63 63.5 64 64.5 65 65.5 66

Carbohydrate (g)

Figure 3. Carbohydrate (g) per 100 g grain of maize as affected by different spacing techniques

On the basis of vitamin C, the results of this research reveal that vitamin C of maize grain deferred
significantly at 5% level of significant as affected by different spacing techniques (Figure 4). The highest
(0.12mg) content of vitamin C of grain was got from S3 (60cm×30cm) and the minimum (0.07mg) content
of vitamin C was obtained in S5 (70cm×40cm). The results are in line with the finding of OnurKoca and
Canavar (2014). They are said that content of vitamin C of grain decreased due to the very close distance
of spacing during planting system.

Figure 4. Vitamin C (mg) per 100 g grain of maize as affected by different spacing techniques
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It was concluded from the findings of the present research work that all quantitative/qualitative traits were
promising, when the techniques of spacing was 60cm×30cm; close or apart a distance of spacing adversely
affected on yield components which ultimately caused a significant decline in grain yield ha -1 as well as
various nutrients components of grain. However, the spacing of 60cm×30cm was proved to be suitable
techniques of spacing than others tested techniques of spacing in the sense of all quantity and quality
contributing of maize. It is therefore, suggested that the techniques of spacing of 60cm×30cm may be the
most suitable for sowing to obtain higher grain yields with better quality (protein, fat, carbohydrate and
vitamin C).

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