Knowledge Flow

Chemical Changes and Reactions - Exercise 2(C)

Question 1
What is a chemical change? Give two examples of chemical change?

Solution 1
A chemical change is a permanent change in which the chemical composition of a
substance is changed and a new substance is formed.
Examples:
Heating of copper carbonate
Formation of curd from milk

Question 2
Why energy is involved in a chemical change?

Solution 2
In every chemical change, change in energy is involved.
There is a difference between the chemical energies of the reactants and products. It
involves the breaking up of chemical bonds between the atoms resulting in the
absorption of energy in the form of heat and simultaneous formation of bonds with the
release of energy.

Question 3
What do you understand by 'chemical reaction'?

Solution 3
A chemical reaction is the process of breaking the chemical bonds of the reacting
substances (reactants) and making new bonds to form new substances (products).
A chemical change or chemical reaction occurs when particles collide. Collisions occur
when reactants are in close contact or by supply of energy.

Question 4
Give an example of a reaction where the following are involved
(a) Evolution of heat
(b) Absorption of heat
(c) High pressure is required

Solution 4
(a) C + O2 → CO2 + Heat
(b) C + 2S CS2

(c) N2 + 3H2 2NH3

Question 6
Give an example of each of the following chemical changes.
(a) A reaction involving
(i) Change of state
(ii) formation of precipitate
(b) An exothermic and an endothermic reaction involving carbon as one of the
reactants.
(c) A reaction where colour change is noticed.

Solution 6
(a)
(i) Change of state
Ammonia gas reacts with HCl gas to give solid ammonium chloride.
NH3(g) + HCl(g) ⇋ NH4Cl(s)
(ii) Formation of precipitate
When a solution of silver nitrate is added to a solution of sodium chloride, a white
insoluble substance, silver chloride, is formed.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(aq) + NaNO3(aq)
(b)
Exothermic reaction:
When carbon burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide, a lot of heat is produced.
C + O2 → CO2 + Heat

Endothermic reaction:
When carbon is heated with sulphur at high temperature, liquid carbon disulphide is
formed.
C + 2S CS2
(c) Colour change
A few pieces of iron are added into a blue coloured copper sulphate solution; the
blue colour of copper sulphate fades and eventually turns into light green due to the
formation of ferrous sulphate.
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

Question 7
Define exothermic and endothermic changes. Give two examples in each case.

Solution 7
Exothermic reaction:
A chemical reaction in which heat is given out is called an exothermic reaction.
Example:
When carbon burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide, a lot of heat is produced.
C + O2 → CO2 + Heat
When hydrogen is burnt in oxygen, water is formed and heat is released.
2H2 + O2 2H2O + Heat
Endothermic reaction:
A reaction in which heat is absorbed is called endothermic reaction.
Example:
When carbon is heated with sulphur at high temperature, liquid carbon disulphide is
formed.
C + 2S CS2
When nitrogen and oxygen are heated together to a temperature of about 3000°C, nitric
oxide gas is formed.
N2 + O2 2NO

Question 8
State the effects of endothermic and exothermic reactions on the surroundings.

Solution 8
Exothermic reactions are spontaneous and warm their surroundings with the release of
heat energy.
Endothermic reactions absorb heat energy from their surroundings and cause their
surroundings to cool down.

Question 9
Define:
(a) Photochemical reaction
(b) Electrochemical reaction
Give one example in each case.
 Solution 9
(a) It is a reaction which occurs with absorption of light energy.
Example: Photosynthesis

(b) It is a reaction which occurs with absorption of electrical energy.

Example:
Acidulated water breaks into hydrogen and oxygen.

Question 10
Complete and balance the following reactions:
(a) NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) →
(b) Pb(NO3)2 + KI →
(c) CuCO3
(d) Pb(NO3)2
(e) NH3 + O2

Solution 10
(a) NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(aq) + NaNO3(aq)
(b) Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI →2KNO3 + PbI2
(c) CuCO3 CuO(s) + CO2(g)
(d) 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
(e) 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO +6H2O

Question 11
What do you observe? When
a. Lead nitrate is heated.
b. Silver chloride is exposed to sunlight.
c. Hydrogen peroxide is exposed to sunlight.
d. H2S gas is passed through copper sulphate solution.
e. Barium chloride is added to sodium sulphate solution
f. Water is added to the quick lime.
g. Sodium chloride solution is added to silver nitrate solution.

Solution 11
a. Lead nitrate decomposes on heating, leaving a yellow residue of lead monoxide, and
brown nitrogen dioxide and colourless oxygen gases are evolved.
b. Due to thermal decomposition, silver chloride breaks down into silver and chloride.
c. Hydrogen peroxide breaks down to form water and oxygen gas along with heat
energy.
d. When hydrogen sulphide is passed through a blue solution of copper sulphate, a
black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained, and sulphuric acid so formed
remains in the solution.
e. A white insoluble precipitate of barium sulphate is formed.
f. Quick lime reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime, i.e. calcium
hydroxide.
g. When sodium chloride is added to the silver nitrate solution, a white curdy
precipitate of silver chloride is formed.

Question 12
(a) a carbonate which do not decompose on heating.
(b) a nitrate which produces oxygen as the only gas.
(c) a compound which produces carbon dioxide on heating
(d) a nitrate which produces brown gas on heating.

Solution 12
(a) Sodium carbonate
(b) Sodium nitrate
(c) Zinc carbonate
(d) Lead nitrate