PETER SCHOMAKERS

GUIDO SEILER
STEVE SUTCLIFFE
RICHARD TINDALL

A Handbook
for the
Fabric Piece Dyer
Chapter - 5

TABLES
 Water Quality

Standard for Textile Dye house Water Supply:

The following list indicates the minimum standards which a Textile Dye house water
supply should meet. To achieve these levels it may be necessary to pre treat the water ‘in-
house’ before it is used for wet processing or dyeing.

• Water hardness: total max. 5dH - German

6.25 - U.K.
5.2 - U.S.A.
8.95 - French
The use of 0.125 g/l Calgon T will eliminate the equivalent of 1°dH German hardness
from the water.

• Suspended solids <1 mg/l

• Organic load (KMnO4 absorption) < 20 mg/l

• Filterable solids < 50 mg/l

• Solid residues from evaporation < 500 mg/l

• Iron (Fe) < 0.1 mg/l

• Manganese (Mn) < 0.02 mg/l

• Copper (Cu) < 0.005 mg/l

• Nitrate < 50 mg/l

• Nitrite <5 mg/l

• pH should be in the range 7-8 ( pH values should be checked using a pH meter)

• The water should be both odourless and colourless.

• The water should be free of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), as its long-term presence may result
in machine corrosion. „<„ = less than you should daily check the level of Sodium
Bicarbonate (NaHCO3), adjusting the alkali additions to your dye bath accordingly.
 Water hardness

Conversion factors for water hardness:

Hardness
USA D GB F
1° USA 1.0 0.056 0.07 0.10
1° D 17.9 1.000 1.25 1.79
1° GB 14.3 0.800 1.0 1.43
1° F 10.0 0.560 0.70 1.0

0.3 g/l NaHCO3 = 10° dH (German Hardness).

Heat setting temperatures

Fabric heat setting temperatures:

Method PA 6 PA 6.6 PES PAC

Hydro 105-130 °C 105-130 °C 105-130 °C -
fixation
Time 15-30 min 15-30 min 15-30 min -
Pressure 125-130 °C 125-130 °C 125-130 °C 98 °C
steamer 2.5-3 bar 2.5-3 bar 2.5-3 bar
Vacuum 15-30 min 15-30 min 15-30 min 30-45 sec
steamer
Thermo 170-185 °C 180-190 °C 160-200 °C 140 °C
fixation
Stentering 15-20 sec 15-20 sec 10-30 sec 10-30 sec

Here,
PA 6 = Nylon type 6
PA 6.6 = Nylon type 6.6
PES = Polyester
PAC = Acrylic
 Salt solubility

Salt solubility - at varying temperatures:

Sodium Sodium Sodium

Temperature Carbonate Chloride Sulphate
°C (Soda) (Common salt) (Glauber's salt)
(Na2CO3) (NaCl) (Na2SO4)
g/l g/l g/l
0 71 356 -
10 126 - -
20 214 358 161
30 409 - 332
40 497 363 351
50 475 - 325
60 - - 318
70 458 371 -
80 452 - -
90 - - -
100 452 391 299

Conversion Factors

Weight – Mass:
1 oz = 28.3495 g
1g = 0.0352 oz
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 kg = 2.2046 lb
1 metric t = 1,000.00 kg
1 metric t = 0.984 UK ton
1 metric t = 1.1023 USA ton

Length:
1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 mm = 0.0394 inches
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1m = 3.2808 ft
1 yd = 0.9144 m
1 mile = 1.6093 km
 1 km = 0.6214 miles

Volume:
1 Litre = 1.05467 liq quarts
1 liq qt = 0.9464 litres
1 UK gall = 4.5461 litres
1 USA gall = 3.7854 litres
1 UK pint = 0.568 litres
1 USA pint = 0.473 litres
1 Litre = 0.2199 UK gall
1 Litre = 0.2642 USA gall
Temperature:
°Celsius = (°Fahrenheit - 32) x 0.556
°Fahrenheit = (°Celsius/0.556) + 32
Pressure:
bar x 14.503 = p.s.i.
p.s.i./14.503 = bar

Conversion Tables:
Celsius - °Fahrenheit: bar/p.s.i.:

° Celsius ° Fahrenheit bar psi

5 41 0.2 2.90
10 50 0.4 5.80
15 59 0.6 8.70
20 68 0.8 11.60
25 77 1.0 14.50
30 86 1.2 17.40
35 95 1.4 20.30
40 104 1.6 23.20
45 113 1.8 26.11
50 122 2.0 29.01
55 131 2.2 31.91
60 140 2.4 34.81
65 149 2.6 37.71
70 158 2.8 40.61
75 167 3.0 43.51
80 176 3.5 50.76
85 185 4.0 58.01
90 194 4.5 65.26
 95 203 5.0 72.52
100 212 5.5 79.77
105 221 6.0 87.02
110 230 6.5 94.27
115 239 7.0 101.52
120 248 7.5 108.77
125 257 8.0 116.02
130 266 8.5 123.28
135 275 9.0 130.53
140 284 9.5 137.78

G/linear meter to Ozs/linear yard: Litres to gallon:

g/lm ozs/yard Litre UK Gallon USA Gallon

10 0,35 5 1,1 1,3
20 0,71 10 2,2 2,6
30 1,06 20 4,4 5,3
40 1,41 50 11 13
50 1,76 100 22 26
60 2,12 150 33 40
70 2,47 200 44 53
80 2,82 250 55 66
90 3,17 500 110 132
100 3,53 1000 220 264
110 3,88 1500 330 396
120 4,23 2000 440 528
130 4,59 2500 550 661
140 4,94 3000 660 793
150 5,29 3500 770 925
200 7,05 4000 880 1.057
250 8,82 4500 990 1.189
300 10,58 5000 1.100 1.321
350 12,35 5500 1.209 1.453
400 14,11 6000 1.319 1.585
450 15,87 6500 1.429 1.717
500 17,64 7000 1.539 1.849
550 19,40 7500 1.649 1.982
600 21,16 8000 1.759 2.114
650 22,93 8500 1.869 2.246
700 24,69 9000 1.979 2.378
750 26,46 9500 2.089 2.510
800 28,22 10000 2.199 2.642
850 29,98 15000 3.299 3.963
 900 31,75 20000 4.398 5.284
950 33,51 30000 6.597 7.926
1000 35,28 40000 8.796 10.568
Steam pressure and Temperature Table:
Table
Bar - °C
p.s.i - °F
bar deg C p.s.i. deg F
0.10 45,83 1,45 114,93
0.15 54.00 2,18 129,12
0.20 60,09 2,90 140,08
0.25 64,99 3,63 148,89
0.30 69,12 4,35 156,32
0.35 72,00 5,08 161,50
0.40 75,89 5,80 168,49
0.45 78,74 6,53 173,62
0.50 81,35 7,25 178,31
0.55 83,74 7,98 182,61
0.60 85,95 8,70 186,59
0.65 88,02 9,43 190,31
0.70 89,96 10,15 193,80
0.75 91,79 10,88 197,09
0.80 93,51 11,60 200,18
0.85 95,15 12,33 203,13
0.90 96,71 13,05 205,94
0.95 98,20 13,78 208,62
1.00 99,63 14,50 211,19
1.50 11,37 21,75 232,31
2.00 120,23 29,01 248,24
2.50 127,43 36,26 261,19
3.00 133,54 43,51 272,18
3.50 138,87 50,76 281,77
4.00 143,62 58,01 290,31
4.50 147,92 65,26 298,04
5.00 151,84 72,52 305,09
5.50 155,46 79,77 311,60
6.00 158,84 87,02 317,68
6.50 161,99 94,27 323,35
7.00 164,96 101,52 328,69
7.50 167,75 108,77 333,71
8.00 170,41 116,02 338,49
8.50 172,94 123,28 343,04
9.00 175,36 130,53 347,40
9.50 177,66 137,78 351,53
10.00 179,88 145,03 355,53
Yarn count conversion table (Direct count): (10.000/Nm) = dtex = (den/0, 9)

Conversion
Nm - dtex - den

System Yarn length Yarn weight

Metric Count Nm xm 1g
Tex dtex 10 000 m xg
Denier den 9.000 m xg