RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

Boni Ave., Mandaluyong City

MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN

(San Fernando, Pampanga - Pandi, Bulacan)

A Study Presented to the Faculty of Electronics Engineering

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

Rizal Technological University

Mandaluyong City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree

Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering

By:

BALBIDO, LESTER P.
BONIEL, JOKEMSON B.
LEGO, JAMES S.
LOPEZ, REX T.
VALILA, LEANDRO R.

October 2018
 APPROVAL SHEET

This developmental study entitled “Microwave Communication System

Design San Fernando, Pampanga – Pandi, Bulacan” prepared and submitted by
Lester P. Balbido, Jokemson B. Boniel, James S. Lego, Rex T. Lopez and
Leandro R. Valila in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering, has been examined and is
recommended for acceptance and approval for Oral Examination.

ENGR. ROY GOMEZ

Thesis Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor

of Science in Electronics Engineering by the Oral Examination Committee.

Chairman

Member Member

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of

Science in Electronics Engineering.

DR. WILFREDO L. TIMAJO ENGR. ARMANDO P. MATIAS

Head, ECE Department Dean, CEIT

ii
 DEDICATION

This design is dedicated to the following:

To our God our Almighty Father, who’s all praises and glory rightfully belongs.

To our beloved Parents, for their undying love and support that never ceases to

wither.

To all our Friends and Classmates who were always ready to help in times of

difficulties.

To our Mentors who were always ready to answer our queries during times of

uncertainty.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers would like to express their sincere appreciation to the

following persons who helped them in the completion of this research study:

First of all, to our creator, almighty God who gave us strength, courage

and wisdom to solve all the problems encountered on the study.

To our instructor and adviser, Engr. Roy Gomez who had been there to

answer all the queries in our mid and equip us with the basic knowledge about

the wireless communication system.

To the Lopez, Valila and Lego family, for their continuous support to each

member and allowing us to use their home as our meeting place, providing us

delicious food.

To our panelists Engr. Darius Trance, Engr. Paul Adrian Manalang and

Prof. Ricardo Martinez for their willingness to share their time and expertise. Their

comments gave us in depth information about Microwave Communication

System Design from Pandi, Bulacan to San Fernando, Pampanga.

To our classmates and friends who willingly shared their knowledge and

opinions on the design proper. Their endless support motivated us so we can

have the best output of the design.

iv
 ABSTRACT

Microwave communication is a method of wirelessly sending data. It is the

sending of signals via radio using a series of microwave towers or

communications infrastructure. Communications infrastructure in the Philippine

region is vital to support the economy and civil services. One of the objectives of

our government is to generate positive outcomes in all, from telecom carriers’

infrastructure program & complied with new technologies to efficiently handle

domestic and long distance calls, and delivering value-added services, such as

internet. The Philippine telecommunications industry remains very robust and is

a major contributor to the country’s economy. Continuous apex for the upgrade

of communications equipment contributes to the growth of the ICT industry.

Modern microwave systems are used in telephone networks (both wireless and

wire line) and ISPs. They're used by power utilities to remotely manage the power

grid. Also, microwave communication is nearly 100 percent reliable. The reason

is that microwave communication circuits have been engineered to minimize

fading, and computer-controlled networks often reroute signals through a

different path before a fade becomes noticeable.

The aim of this research is to design a wireless access networks via

specific communications reference points and unique requirements for creating,

maintaining, and managing connectivity. We will analyze the type and

characteristics of the data communicated, describe the expected traffic patterns

v
at the reflection point, and discuss the reliability requirements, the need (or lack

thereof) for real-time traffic delivery, quality of service and other characteristics of

communication technologies, such as security.

Furthermore, environmental factors like bodies of water, forests or trees,

and urban areas must considered. Unfortunately, the Philippines is an

archipelago, water exists everywhere, and cannot be avoided. Microwave

propagation can be done over water as long as reflection based on a mean water

elevation (between tides) is considered. Forests or trees provide a certain amount

of “shielding” for surface reflection points. Trees along the path which do not

obstruct the LOS (Line Of Sight) path diffused reflected signals directed towards

the ground. Tree growth for foliage which is close to the microwave path should

be considered. Unless the path is short (between 2 buildings) reflection over flat

urban areas are considered also to be nominal. However, for urban inter-building

transmission links, large buildings and other man made constructions may cause

either vertical or horizontal reflection points.

Several key enabling techniques are introduced for next-generation

wireless communication systems. The technology and protocols behind passing

data traffic among remote resources is complex and the service provider often

may not own the data communications equipment and protocols used in the

process. This situation will change as more service providers build their own

networks. Yet in both cases, it is important to define requirements for

vi
communication channels in an unambiguous and industry-standard way either to

the communication provider or for its internal configuration. That is why

understanding the communications requirements at each reflection point will help

to design a seamless and consistent network.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING -------------------------- 1

Introduction of the Study 1

Conceptual Framework 3

Statement of the Problem 5

Objective of the Design 6

Significance of the Design 7

Scope and Delimitation 8

Definition of Terms 10

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES ------------------- 20

Related Studies 20

Related Literatures 22

viii
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ------------------------------------------------- 26

The Microwave Network Planning 26

Proposed Model Development Process 26

Survey 29

Overview of the Site 39

CHAPTER IV TECHNICAL STUDY -------------------------------------------- 57

Design Process Flowchart 57

Design Considerations 58

Design Calculations 69

Parameters 69

Location of the Sites 72

Calculation of Coordinates 73

Great Circle Distance Computation 77

Path Profile 79

Frequency Allocation 84

Antenna Height Calculation 85

Point of Reflection 92

Antenna Orientation Calculation 93

Atmospheric Losses 97

Transmission Calculation 101

ix
 Reliability and Unavailability 104

CHAPTER V SUMMARY FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION --------------------------------------------------------------------- 103

Summary Findings 106

Conclusion 104

Recommendation 105

APPENDIX 109

Satellite and Street View of Site A 110

Satellite and Street View of Site B 111

Summary of Data from Site A to Site B 112

Bill of Materials 107

Datasheets of Equipment 113

REFERENCES 146

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Conceptual structure of principles, expectations, processes 4

Figure 3-1 Development Process Model 25

Figure 3-2 Sample of Survey Form 28

Figure 3-3 Province of Pampanga 39

Figure 3-4 SFELAPCO Logo 44

x
Figure 3-5 Map of Site A 45

Figure 3-6 Province of Bulacan 47

Figure 3-7 Meralco Logo 54

Figure 3-8 Map of Site B 55

Figure 4-1 Microwave Link Design Process 57

Figure 4-2 Split-mount point-to-point microwave system 62

Figure 4-3 Site location 72

Figure 4-4 Site A: San Fernando, Pampanga 73

Figure 4-5 Site B: Pandi, Bulacan 75

Figure 4-6 Great Circle Distance 77

Figure 4-7 Path Profile based on Google Earth 79

Figure 4-8 Path Profile with Earth Bulge 83

Figure 4-9 Line of Sight and 0.6 Fresnel Clearance from Site A to Site B 91

Figure 4-10 Antenna Orientation (Horizontal Pan Angle) 96

Figure 4-11 Antenna Orientation (Vertical Pan Angle) 97

Figure 4-12 Power Link Budget 102

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4-1 Typical Hop Length for Different Frequency Bands 60

Table 4-2 NTC Microwave Channel Plan for Upper 8GHz Band 61

xi
Table 4-3 Site Coordinates 76

Table 4-4 Great Circle Distance 79

Table 4-5 Path Profile 80

Table 4-6 NTC Microwave Channel Plan for 8GHz Band 84

Table 4-7 Antenna Height 86

Table 4-8 LOS and Fresnel Clearance 87

Table 4-9 Point of Reflection 93

Table 4-10 Regression Coefficient 99

Table 4-11 Atmospheric Losses 101

Table 4-12 Microwave Path Data Sheet 104

Table 4-13 Rayleigh Fade Margin 104

xii
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction of the Study

In the present days, wireless communication system has become an

essential part of various types of wireless communication devices, which permits

the user to communicate even from remote operated areas. There are many

devices used for wireless communication like mobiles, cordless telephones,

GPS, Wi-Fi, satellite television and computers.

Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is

performed and carried wirelessly. Back in the beginning, man resorted to

shouting to make himself heard beyond his immediate surroundings. Now, the

human voice could only carry so far. Later when people learn to master fire, they

used signal fires placing them on hilltops or other clearly visible landmarks. At the

end of 19th century, Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi invented wireless

signaling. By 1901 he managed to transmit a Morse coded wireless message

across the Atlantic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi).

This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of

connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless

signal through wireless communication technologies and devices. Wireless

communication generally works through electromagnetic signals that are

broadcast by an enabled device within the air, physical environment or

1
atmosphere. The sending device can be a sender or an intermediate device with

the ability to propagate wireless signals. The communication between two

devices occurs when the destination or receiving intermediate device captures

these signals, creating a wireless communication bridge between the sender and

receiver device. One of the electromagnetic signals that are used in wireless

communication is a microwave.

Microwave is electromagnetic radiation with a frequency between 300

MHz and 300 GHz (1 GHz to 100 GHz in radio engineering) or a

wavelength ranging from 0.1 cm to 100 cm. The radiation is commonly referred

to as microwaves. The range includes the SHF (super high frequency), UHF

(Ultrahigh frequency) and EHF (extremely high frequency) radio bands.

The prefix "micro-" in microwaves doesn't mean microwaves have micrometer

wavelengths, but rather that microwaves have very small wavelengths compared

with traditional radio waves (1 mm to 100,000 km wavelengths)

(https://www.thoughtco.com/).

Microwave communications is a high radio frequency link specifically

designed to provide signal connection between 2 specific points. It is also known

as Line-of-Sight (LOS) communications or Point-to-point communications.

Numerous innovations and changes in microwave technology has greatly

improved the system performance on current day microwave communication

links. Furthermore, its flexibility in applications has been expanded beyond the

2
classical common carrier service provider. Today, microwave users include many

non-traditional institutions who need a quick and reliable means of transferring

voice, data and video between offices, factories, warehouse and stations.

Conceptual Framework

The Figure 1.1 represents the conceptual structure of principles,

expectations, processes that provides the ideas for designing a Microwave

communication Link. This will be a comprehensive guide in order for the

proponents to gather every existing possibility and factors to consider for the sake

of the progress of the study.

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM OF MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

DESIGN CONNECTING SAN FERNANDO, PAMPANGA AND PANDI,

BULACAN.

Project proposition and site selection will introduce the purpose of the

design and proper selection of the site suitable for all the services to be provided

for the convenience of potential subscribers. How will the proponents satisfy the

researchers that the study can achieve a reliable service? What are the

considerations in the design? How much allowance should be made for future

expansion? Discussion of problems and solutions to be made based on

communication principles and things to consider for the design.

3
 Figure 1.1: Conceptual structure of principles, expectations, processes

Initial point-to-point link analysis should be made so that the proponents

will be able to check if there will be a huge problem in the link such as mountains

and bodies of water. This way, the proponents will be able to choose the best

route for the link. With the use of google earth pro, the exact coordinate location

of the sites and highest obstruction will be obtained.

4
 Calculate the azimuth of the antennas, distance of site A to site B, distance

from first point to the assumed obstruction, select frequency from NTC’s channel

plan, tower height, microwave antenna and its corresponding polarization,

Fresnel clearance and its ratio, transmission computation and the systems

reliability in percentage. Download the specifications of equipment suitable for

the computed parameters.

Statement of the Problem

Over the past decade microwave links have proved to be a popular

solution for the telecommunications industry. However, the escalation of

microwave communications has created new challenges. The greater the number

of point-to-point links in a given area, the greater the potential they will interfere

with one another. Pandi, Bulacan and San Fernando, Pampanga are

experiencing uneven reception and only few have a better access to the wireless

communication system especially when using the internet due to distortion of the

signal that reduces the quality of service. Below are some of the questions

regarding the research design that may affect the reliability of the microwave

network system.

1. Is the design will achieve a particular performance objective that is based

on equipment and propagation behavior?

2. Do the antennas for both ends of the link need to be the same exact size

or type?

5
 3. Does the province of Bulacan and Pampanga are susceptible to natural

disasters particularly to flood which may affect the microwave

communication link?

4. How can we tell if and when our antennas are properly aligned?

5. How do we know if we need the diversity option?

6. How can we prevent or at least minimize the interference problem?

7. Are microwave links hazardous to our health?

8. Does the microwave link availability calculation include equipment?

9. How can the capacity of the digital microwave systems be increased?

10. Can we use maps instead of path surveys?

Every network, regardless of the type, will have brief outages from time to time,

and microwave networks are no exception. “A network that does not fail is a

fiction.” (Lehpamer, 2010)

OBJECTIVES OF THE DESIGN

This design strives to accomplish the following objectives:

 To provide a wireless network between Pandi, Bulacan and San

Fernando, Pampanga with the support of Microwave Link

Communications especially in rural areas.

 To create a point-to-point microwave communication system with an

overall system reliability of 99.99%.

6
  To plan a seamless and consistent network with the used of necessary

equipment and devices.

 To pinpoint the technical specifications of the available solutions that will

manage the radio propagation, microwave link, cabling, antenna and other

microwave network considerations.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DESIGN

This Microwave Communication system design is envisioned to present the

basic fundamental principles wireless communication through the use of

Microwave Communication. Demonstrate some of the related topics of the

Wireless Communication which are very useful in designing a Microwave

Communication System. Within our design these are the following that will be a

recipient of our design.

 For the residence of the two sites Pandi, Bulacan and San Fernando,

Pampanga, it is provide them an innovative and effective wireless network.

With this advancement of technology will increase the demand for

Telecommunications Company and help every individual to meet their

needs.

 For the students that will have the same design or research study, they

can refer to this design. In addition, there will be a literature study that will

be performed in order to get the overview and sufficient background about

Microwave Communications and the related topics that will surely benefit

7
 Electronics Engineering students to improve their skill and widen their

knowledge in the field of wireless communication design.

 For the seeking designer, this design will also serve as a training ground

for them in developing a reliable wireless communication system that

combines with the industry standards. With the help of their initial inference

and knowledge to provide a better wireless designs.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

I. SCOPE

1. The focus of this research is to design a microwave communication

system considering the general properties based on research, reference

books, and other literature related to microwave transmission network.

2. The study aims to broadcast large quantities of information by using high

frequencies, transmit thousands of data channels between two points

without relying on a physical medium like fiber optics or copper cables over

long distances.

3. Deliberate a careful link planning and management to solve the

interference problem of wireless system.

4. Consideration of ISO, ITU, IEEE, and other necessary standards and

recommendations for this study.

5. A detailed computation of coordinates, losses, and reliability of the design.

6. Floor plans and equipment layout are included.

8
7. Performed site surveys and path surveys to establish the correct and

precise coordinates of the sites.

8. An equipment list (bill of materials) that includes all the equipment that

needs to be provided.

9. Intersystem frequency coordination includes a detailed frequency search

to identify available frequencies for a proposed microwave path based on

provided parameters.

10. Radio visibility is always considered using the concept of the first Fresnel

zone radius along the path.

11. Consideration of clearance criteria along the entire microwave path.

12. Proper choice of the antenna heights through computations and research.

13. Survey has been conducted for the residence of Pandi, Bulacan and San

Fernando, Pampanga.

14. Equipment specifications are indicated for the guidance in installation and

design consideration.

15. Quick guides and installation procedures of microwave antenna mounting

structures.

16. Detailed graph of the path profile with earth bulge as well as Line of Sight

and 0.6 Fresnel Clearance from Site A to Site B.

9
II. DELIMITATION

1. Actual implementation and experienced of microwave network is not

deliberated. Design considerations are based on books, literatures, and

other research study related to microwave transmission network.

2. Attain information (drawings, maps, and so forth) of the existing,

transmission facilities in the area (e.g., MW, fiber optics, copper) as well

as PSTN offices and POPs of the local Telco companies were not

considered.

3. Job Management, market competition and political factors are not

considered for network construction was not consider (e.g. electrical

layouts, civil engineering phase, and interaction with supply chain).

4. Signing of nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) with all parties (customer,

vendors, partners, and so forth) involved in the project are not made.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms were used in the documentation:

Antenna – a conductor or set of conductors used to radiate RF energy into space

or to collect if energy from space or to do both.

Antenna Gain – refers to the directivity gain of an antenna compared to a

reference antenna (isotropic antenna).

Attenuation – progressive decrease of power density or signal power as

distance increases.

10
Azimuth angle – the horizontal pointing angle of an earth station antenna.

Bandwidth – The difference between the highest usable frequency of a device

(upper frequency limit) and the lowest usable frequency of the device (lower

frequency limit).

Bit Error Rate (BER) – empirical (historical) record of a system’s actual bit error

performance.

Bit Error – empirical (historical) record of a system’s actual bit error performance.

Channel – refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire or to

a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel.

Clutter Loss – attenuation due to trees and buildings in the front of the antenna

be propagated and back by the ionosphere.

Communication System – the totality of mechanism that provides information

link between source and destination.

Contour Lines – curves that connect contiguous points of the same altitude, in

other words, every point on the market line 100m elevation is 100m above mean

sea level.

Decibel (symbol dB) – means of expressing change of power level with respect

to specific reference power level: dBm, dBk, dBµ, dBW.

Diffraction – the ability of two electromagnetic transmissions to intermix when

they cross each other’s path.

11
Directional Antenna – an antenna that radiates most effectively on only one

direction.

Directivity – the ability of an antenna to radiate or receive more energy in some

directions than in others.

Dispersive Fade Margin – gains in the equipment which are factored in because

of technical improvements on the system and how they improved the information

signal itself.

Distortion – signal alteration due to imperfect response of the system.

Diversity Technique – the techniques used to improve the overall performance

of the system.

Earth Bulge – refers to equivalent sea level height.

Fading – the fluctuation in signal strength at a receiver due to the interference

between two waves which generally left the same source but arrived at the

destination by different paths.

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) – the output power on the

transmitter side. Especially signal reflections from the terrain and beam banding

due to variations in the atmosphere.

Fade Margin – measure of how much signal attenuation due to the multipath and

rain fading can be accommodated by the radio system without exceeding a

minimum level of performance.

12
Free Space – space that does not interfere with the normal radiation and

propagation of waves.

Free Space Loss – radio transmission loss disregarding variable factors (a

theoretical condition).

Free Space Propagation Model – used to predict the received signal strength

when the transmitter and receiver have a clear and unobstructed Line-of-Sight

between them.

Frequency – the number of times a periodic action occurs in a unit of time,

expressed in Hertz.

Fresnel Clearance – is the criterion to determine whether the earth is sufficiently

removed from the radio horizon of signal to allow free space propagation.

Fresnel Zone – series of concentric ellipsoid surfaces which surrounds the

straight line path between the antennas.

Full Duplex – ability to transmit and receive signals at the same time.

Half-Duplex – transmission can occur in both directions but not at the same time.

Hertz (symbol Hz) – measure of frequency equal to one cycle per second;

named after Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894), a German physicist who

studied electromagnetism.

Hop – a single transmission path from transmitter to receiver.

Improvement Threshold – this is the point at which the RF carrier-to-noise ratio

is equal to 10dB.

13
Interference – contamination by extraneous signals usually man-made or a form

similar to the desired signal.

Isotropic Receive Level – output power on the receiver side.

K Factor – ratio of a hypothetical effective earth radius over 6470km.

Line-of-Sight (symbol LOS) – straight line from a radar antenna to a target.

Major lobe – the maximum lobe in the radiation pattern in which the greatest

amount of radiation occurs.

Mean-Time-Before-Failure (MTBF) – The average length of time that a

component or system will perform before failure occurs.

Mean-Time-To-Repair (MTTR) – the time required to get a system up and

running after failure.

Microwave – are generally described as electromagnetic waves with frequencies

that range from 500MHz to 300GHz or more.

Microwave Communication – high radio frequency link specifically designed to

provide signal connection between to specific points.

Microwave Radio – propagates signal through Earth’s atmosphere between

transmitters and receivers often located on top of towers.

Multi-path Fading – the result of signal attenuation due to the influence of

climate and terrain.

14
National Telecommunication Commission (NTC) – is a government agency

that exercises jurisdiction over the supervision, adjudication and control over all

telecommunications services throughout the Philippines.

Net Path Loss – the sum of all the gains and losses within the path length.

Path Analysis – means of determining the system performance as a function of

the desired path length, required configuration, and prevailing climate and terrain

characteristics of the area under consideration.

Path Profile – graph showing the path of the beam relative to the Earth’s surface

indicating high and low contours taken from a set of topographical maps.

Path Unavailability – percent of time that the system is expected to operate

without outage.

Point-to-Multipoint – a communication link from a certain station towards two or

more stations.

Point-to-Point – a communication link between two stations.

Power Output – the power of the radio signal as it leaves the RF unit.

Propagation – movement of electromagnetic front as it moves away from the

source.

Propagation Models – used in predicting the average received signal strength

at a given distance from the transmitter.

Radio Frequency (symbol RF) – any frequency of electromagnetic energy

capable of propagation into space.

15
Radio wave – generally called an electromagnetic wave because it is made up

of a combination of both electric and magnetic fields.

Radome – a dome-shaped cover made from a material through which radio

waves can pass used to protect antenna.

Receive Signal level (RSL) – is the magnitude of the signal receive by a

receiving antenna.

Receiver – an electronic device that converts a radio signal from a modulated

radio wave into usable information.

Receiver Sensitivity – the minimum signal level required for proper receiver

operation.

Receiver Thermal Noise – absolute noise threshold.

Receiving Antenna – the device used to pick up the RF signal from space.

Reflection – the ability of electromagnetics or transmission to bounce off on a

relatively smooth surface.

Refraction – is the change in direction of wave propagation due to a change in

its transmission medium.

Reliability – the assurance that a component will perform in a specified manner

for a specified time under a set of specified conditions.

Repeater – is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a

higher level and/or higher power, or onto other side of an obstruction, so that the

signal can cover longer distances.

16
Signal – time-varying quality such as voltage and current.

Space Diversity – This is the two separate antenna and receivers are used for

each single transmitter.

Surface Wave – radio waves that travel along the contours of the earth there by

being highly attenuated.

Super high frequencies (SHF) – are signals in the 3 GHz to 30 GHz range and

are include the majority of the frequencies used for microwave ad satellite radio

communications systems.

System Gain – the sum of the transmitter power output and the receiver

sensitivity.

Topographic Maps – also called contour maps, topo maps or topo quads (for

quadrangles), are maps that show topography, or land contours, by means of

contour lines.

Transmission line – cable that connects the transmitter to the antenna or the

antenna to the receiver.

Transmission Line Loss (TLL) – the power loss that occurs the signal travels

in a bounded medium.

Transmission Medium – a means of transferring intelligence from point to point,

includes light, smoke, sound, wire lines, and radio frequency waves.

17
Transmitter – a collection of electronic components and circuits designed to

convert the information into a signal suitable for transmission over a given

communication medium.

Transmitted Power – it is the amount of microwave carrier output, usually

expressed in dBm (decibel reference 1milliwatt).

Transmission Medium – a means of transferring intelligence from point to point,

includes light, smoke, sound, wire lines, and radio frequency waves.

Transmitting Antenna – the device used to send the transmitted signal energy

into space.

Unavailability – expression of the degrees to which a system, subsystem, or

equipment is not operable.

Unfaded Received Signal – signal entering the receiver in the absence of

multipath and rain fading.

Unidirectional – describes a device which radiates or receives energy more

efficiently from a single direction than from all other directions.

Waveguide – a single hollow metallic conductor, either rigid or flexible, which

transfers microwave energy from the RF unit to the antenna.

Waveguide Loss – it is the amount of loss, usually expressed in dB per unit

length (dB/ft. or dB/m) of signal as it travels in the waveguide.

18
Watt – the scientific unit of electrical power, rate of doing work at the rate of one

joule per second; named after a Scottish engineer and inventor James Watt

(1736-1819).

Wavelength (symbol λ) – length or distance between successive points of equal

amplitude and phase on a wave.

Wide band – digital channels having high speed transmission.

Wireless Communication – the transfer of information in a short or long

distances without the use of a wire or simply wireless.

19
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED STUDIES

LOCAL STUDIES

A Point to Point Microwave Communication Link Connecting San Pedro,

Laguna and Sta. Cruz, Laguna for the Expansion of Digital

Telecommunications Philippines Incorporated (Digitel) Company

This study was conducted to provide a point to point microwave

communication link between San Pedro, Laguna and Sta. Cruz, Laguna for the

expansion of Digital Telecommunications Philippines Incorporated (DIGITEL)

Company. The study designed a two-hop full-duplex PDH analog microwave

communication link for the given sites.

This was done systematically and in comparative for both hops based on

a process of designing a microwave link which includes path profiling,

transmission calculations, and system reliability calculations.

It was determined that the design’s main components were consisted of

Harris TRuepoint 5200 Digital Microwave Radio and Commscope Andrew

Antenna and waveguides. This equipment satisfied the required system reliability

of 99.999% with diversity of the system as it performed superbly for the two-hop

design link.

20
 Economical aspect which includes project costs and engineering economy

assumptions were also considered in this study. The computed project cost for

the two-hop link diversity was found to be Php 11,624,701.90 and with an annual

projected income of Php 10,886,400.00. The economic viability of the project was

proven by attaining and studying the relation between the project’s fixed

investment and the annual company savings. The project was found to have an

actual payback period of 357 days with a Rate of Return of 102.34%.

Finally, the study recommended future researchers to conduct further

studies with longer span of time so that a much better and detailed design could

be developed especially the frequency diversity system. In addition, the proposed

design project should be pursued by DIGITEL for its future expansions since it

accomplished all the significant objectives in technical and economical aspect of

the design. (Alipio, Oracion, & Manuel, 2011)

FOREIGN STUDIES

Design of High Capacity Microwave Link between Two Cities

Post 2000, Optical fibre media was deployed throughout the country by

the Indian Cellular operators to meet the increase in Mobile Backhaul Traffic

demand. Due to road expansion activities, fiber media is getting disconnected

almost every day in different parts of the country. During such events, traffic is

diverted to other sections of the fibre ring. Sometimes these Fibber links which

are carrying additional traffic are getting choked due to overload. Augmentation

21
of choked links or laying of additional fibre links are time consuming and

sometimes not feasible due to Techno Commercial reasons. Hence Microwave

links are being deployed to ease out the congestion. Design aspects of

Microwave links for long hop lengths are different from for short hop length links.

In this article various aspects required to be considered to engineer a long- hop

length link spanning between two cities is presented. An attempt is made to

practically design a long hop length MW link between two towns located in north

Karnataka, India separated by a distance of 40Kms by road. (Manjunath, Hegde

& Raju, 2014)

RELATED LITERATURES

LOCAL LITERATURES

Wideband RF Technologies and Antennas in Microwave Frequencies

This book provides an up-to-date introduction to the technologies, design,

and test procedures of RF components and systems at microwave frequencies.

The book begins with a review of the elementary electromagnetics and antenna

topics needed for students and engineers with no basic background in

electromagnetic and antenna theory. These introductory chapters will allow

readers to study and understand the basic design principles and features of RF

and communication systems for communications and medical applications. After

this introduction, the author examines MIC, MMIC, MEMS, and LTCC

technologies. The text will also present information on meta-materials, design of

22
microwave and mm wave systems, along with a look at microwave and mm wave

receivers, transmitters and antennas.

 Discusses printed antennas for wireless communication systems and

wearable antennas for communications and medical applications

 Presents design considerations with both computed and measured results

of RF communication modules and CAD tools

 Includes end-of-chapter problems and exercises

Wideband RF Technologies and Antennas in Microwave Frequencies is designed

to help electrical engineers and undergraduate students to understand basic

communication and RF systems definition, electromagnetic and antennas theory

and fundamentals with minimum integral and differential equations. (Sabban,

2016)

FOREIGN LITERATURES

Wireless Local Area Networks and the 802.11 Standard

The history of CSMA and CSMA/CD demonstrate the designers are

always able to overcome the speed restrictions, creating more sophisticated and

faster PHY techniques. While the limited throughput has been the most critical

issue for WLANs, a very competitive 22 Mbps is expected soon. Moving from the

most popular 900 MHz band, typical for early WLAN applications, to the

unlicensed 2.4 GHz, is just a step to the 5.7 GHz band. The IEEE’s specification

802.11a for equipment operating at 5-GHz supports up to a 54-Mbps rate, and

23
soon we will witness the breakthrough of the 100 MBps barrier. Integrating the

wireless ports and interfaces in Cisco’s LAN switches and low-end and even

middle-range routers, suitable for SOHO and ROBO environment, is a logical

next step for providing a cost effective and robust solution to meet the needs of

high growth mobile enterprises. (Nedeltchev, 2001)

Microwave Communications is simply a high radio frequency link

specifically designed to provide signal connection between two specific points.

Microwave Communications have been coined LOS (Line of Sight)

communications, Radio Link, Point to Point communications (Manny Rule). Since

there are some places that are not capable of the Wired Communications likewise

the Fiber optics or satellite communications. Some establish Microwave

transmitter in order to provide them the services that they are lacking.

Fixed point-to-point microwave systems provide moderate-capacity digital

transmission between well-defined locations. Most popular in situations where

fibre optics or satellite communication is impractical, it is commonly used for

cellular or PCS site interconnectivity where digital connectivity is needed but not

economically available from other sources, and in private networks where

reliability is most important. Until now, no book has adequately treated all

engineering aspects of microwave communications in the digital age. (John Wiley

& Sons, May 2013)

24
 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

THE MICROWAVE NETWORK PLANNING PROCESS

Microwave network planning and microwave network design focus on the

challenges of making the network work properly in an environment that is full of

signals from other users of the RF spectrum. It is also a set of preliminary

activities and information gathering used only to determine a need and a

feasibility (a feasibility study can also be a separate phase) of the microwave

network build-out and to consider other options such as building a fiber-optic

system or leasing lines from the existing wire line operators.

PROPOSED MODEL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

This section describes the development process of the microwave

wireless communication, which includes, procedures used for literature review,

questionnaire design, data collection and its analysis.

Literature and other Reference

Review

Survey and Interview

Data Collection, Analysis and

Findings

Figure 3-1: Development Process Model

25
I. Literature and other Reference Review

Before proposing a design for the development of point-to-point

microwave communication link, a systematic study of the existing related

literatures and references was performed. The study initiated and focused on the

development approach for Microwave Communication Development for which,

the literature review of the subject along with the technical review of the people

working in the chosen area was conducted. The standard sources used for

literature and other reference search included online journals, published

literature, books, and e-books.

II. Survey and Interview

Based on the objectives of the research work, the research methodology

utilized in the current study comprised of an online survey that consisted of

questions covering the entire application and importance of wireless

communication. Since in order to build a reliable wireless network, it is critical to

understand the considerations and questionnaires for the survey.

 Significant features that define reliable wireless network communication

suchlike Wi-Fi and mobile communication systems.

 Issues and challenges encountered while using wireless communication

system.

 Importance of wireless communication to the modern society.

26
  Advantages and disadvantages of using a wireless communication

system.

 Concerns or barriers regarding using a specific application of wireless

communication.

In general, wireless communications is, by any measure, the fast growing

segment of the communications industry. As such it has captured the attention of

the media and of the public.

The main aim for conducting the research survey study was to contribute

towards a greater understanding of the wireless communication development

process and to determine suitable development methods currently being

practiced by telecom companies for the development of wireless applications.

III. Data Collection, Analysis and Findings

The respondents were invited to participate in the survey via written

questionnaire which covered the importance of wireless communication in their

daily lives. 100 responses were received during the data collection period and

the participation in the survey was entirely voluntary. Each response was studied

individually, and then detailed analysis was performed on all the responses

collectively.

The results of the survey were utilized as a starting point to identify specific

requirements in developing the wireless communication system. In addition, the

specific demand of using the internet was also identified.

27
SURVEY

Figure 3-2: Sample of Survey Form

28
I. Survey Results

The figures below shows the result of survey in every answered question by

a total of one hundred (100) participants at San Fernando, Pampanga and Pandi,

Bulacan.

1. Based on your experience in texting and calling using mobile phones. How

satisfied are you in the network capability or strength of signal in your

location?
45
40
35
No. of Respondents

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5

Very Satisfied 23% 23

Somewhat Satisfied 41% 41

Neutral 18% 18

Somewhat Unsatisfied 11% 11

Very Unsatisfied 7% 7
Total Respondents 100

29
2. Internet speed when surfing using mobile data.

30

25
No. of Respondents

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5

Very Satisfied 25% 25

Somewhat Satisfied 20% 20

Neutral 24% 24

Somewhat Unsatisfied 18% 18

Very Unsatisfied 13% 13

Total Respondents 100

30
3. Wireless system is more capable of providing faster connectivity than

wired system.

60

50
No. of Respondents

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Agree 4% 4

Agree 9% 9

Neutral 18% 18

Disagree 48% 48

Strongly Disagree 21% 21

Total Respondents 100

31
4. Are you satisfied from TV channel services that you have?

70

60

50
No. of Respondents

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5

Very Satisfied 62% 62

Somewhat Satisfied 30% 30

Neutral 4% 4

Somewhat Unsatisfied 3% 3

Very Unsatisfied 1% 1

Total Respondents 100

32
5. In using your internet for educational purposes, does your internet service

provider fulfill the requirement on doing a research?

50

45

40

35
No. of Respondents

30

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Agree 45% 45

Agree 29% 29

Neutral 14% 14

Disagree 8% 48

Strongly Disagree 4% 4

Total Respondents 100

33
6. How is the speed and quality of your internet connection? Or even in the

computer shops nearby?

35

30

25
No. of Respondents

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5

Very Satisfied 30% 30

Somewhat Satisfied 22% 22

Neutral 8% 8

Somewhat Unsatisfied 20% 20

Very Unsatisfied 20% 20

Total Respondents 100

34
7. Is it appropriate to have a Computer shop business considering the quality

of the internet connection? Can it provide the needs and wants of the

customer?

40

35

30
No. of Respondents

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Agree 19% 19

Agree 17% 17

Neutral 24% 24

Disagree 38% 38

Strongly Disagree 2% 2

Total Respondents 100

35
8. Do you think it’s necessary for your location to have more triple play

service provider?

70

60

50
No. of Respondents

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Agree 64% 64

Agree 19% 19

Neutral 16% 16

Disagree 1% 1

Strongly Disagree 0% 0

Total Respondents 100

36
9. Do you think that there is a need for improvement of the quality of the

internet services?

80

70

60
No. of Respondents

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Agree 70% 70

Agree 27% 27

Neutral 2% 2

Disagree 1% 1

Strongly Disagree 1% 1

Total Respondents 100

37
10. Wireless system is the best choice for students.

70

60

50
Respondents

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Agree 63% 63

Agree 13% 13

Neutral 10% 10

Disagree 7% 7

Strongly Disagree 7% 7

Total Respondents 100

38
OVERVIEW OF THE SITE

PROVINCE OF PAMPANGA

Figure 3-3: Province of Pampanga

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

Pampanga (Kapampangan: Lalawigan ning Pampanga; Filipino:

Lalawigan ng Pampanga) is a province in the Central Luzon region of the

Philippines. Localizing on the northern shore of Manila Bay, Pampanga is

bordered by Tarlac to the north, Nueva Ecija to the northeast, Bulacan to the east,

the Manila Bay to the central-south, Bataan to the southwest and Zambales to

the west. The capital of this province was the City of San Fernando, Angeles City,

39
while geographically within Pampanga, is classified as a first- class, highly

urbanized city and is governed independently of the province. By 2015, the

province has 2,198,110 inhabitants, while it has 1,079,532 registered voters.

QUICK FACTS ABOUT PAMPANGA

Coordinates: 15° 5' 24.0864'' N 120° 39' 46.2312'' E

Capital: San Fernando City

Region: Central Luzon (Region III)

Land Area: 2002.20 km2

Population (2015): 2, 198, 110

Density: 1100/ km2

Divisions

Independent Cities: 1 District: 4

Component Cities: 2 Barangays: 538

Municipalities: 19

CLIMATE

The province of Pampanga has two distinct climates, rainy and dry. The rainy

or wet season normally begins in May and runs through October, while the rest

of the year is the dry season. The warmest period of the year occurs between

March and April, while the coolest period is from December through February.

40
GEOGRAPHY

Pampanga covers a total area of 2,002.20 square kilometres

(773.05 sq mi) occupying the south-central section of the Central Luzon region.

When Angeles City is included for geographical purposes, the province's area is

2,062.47 square kilometres (796.32 sq mi). The province is bordered by Tarlac to

the north, Nueva Ecija to the northeast, Bulacan to the east, the Manila Bay to

the central-south, Bataan to the southwest, and Zambales to the northwest.

Its terrain is relatively flat with one distinct mountain, Mount Arayat and the

notable Pampanga River. Among its municipalities, Porac has the largest area

with 314 square kilometres (121 sq mi); Candaba comes in second with 176

square kilometres (68 sq mi); followed by Floridablanca with 175 square

kilometres (68 sq mi). Santo Tomas, with an area of only 21 square kilometres

(8.1 sq mi), is the smallest.

TOPOGRAPHY

The province of Pampanga is a part of the great plain extending from

Manila Bay north of the gulf of Lingayen, Pangasinan. Most of this area is only a

few meters above sea level. Mt. Arayat, with a height of 3,200 ft. and the elevated

strip along the western boundary of the Zambales Mountain rise to a height of

nearly 1,900 meters constitute the only highland. The general slope is south and

southeast towards Manila Bay and Rio Grande. In the northwestern part of the

province, however, the land slope is going downward towards Mt. Arayat. Not far

41
from the base is the Pampanga River which channels floodwaters into the wide

Candaba Swamp, then to tributaries, rivulets, creeks and finally to Manila Bay.

TERRAIN

The province has a total land mass of 2,180.68 square kilometers. Its

terrain is relatively flat with one distinct mountain, Mount Arayat and the notable

Pampanga River. Among its municipalities, Porac has the largest land mass with

343.12 square kilometers; Candaba comes in second with 208.7 square

kilometers; followed by Lubao with 155.77 square kilometers.

TRANSPORTATION

The province of Pampanga is strategically located at the crossroads of

central Luzon and is highly accessible by air and land. The province is home to

two airstrips: Basa Air Base in Floridablanca, which is used by the military,

and Clark International Airport in Clark Freeport Zone. Pampanga has five

municipal ports that function as fish landing centers. These are in the

municipalities of Guagua, Macabebe, Masantol, Minalin, and Sasmuan.

ROAD TRANSPORTATION

Land travel to Pampanga is provided by highways and by buses. Buses

that travel the routes of Manila-Bataan, Manila-Zambales, Manila-Tarlac, Manila-

Nueva Ecija, Manila-Bulacan-Pampanga, and Manila-Pampanga-Dagupan serve

as connections with the nearby provinces and Metro Manila.

42
 The 84 kilometres (52 mi) North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) extends from

Balintawak in Quezon City, Metro Manila, to Santa Ines in Mabalacat. It passes

through the cities and municipalities of Apalit, San Simon, Santo Tomas, San

Fernando, Mexico, Angeles, and ends on Santa Ines in Mabalacat.

The 94 kilometres (58 mi) four-lane Subic-Clark-Tarlac

Expressway (SCTEx) to date, is the longest toll expressway in the Philippines. Its

southern terminus is in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone in Zambales and passes

through the Clark Freeport Zone in two interchanges: Clark North and Clark

South. The expressway is linked to the North Luzon Expressway through the

Mabalacat Interchange. Its northern terminus is located at the Central Techno

Park in Tarlac City, Tarlac.

Aside from the expressways, national highways also serve the province.

Two major national highways serves Pampanga, the MacArthur Highway (N2)

and Jose Abad Santos Avenue (N3). Secondary and tertiary national roads, and

provincial roads complement the highway backbone.

43
POWER PROVIDER OF PAMPANGA

Figure 3-4: SFELAPCO Logo

San Fernando Electric Light and Power Co., Inc. (SFELAPCO), a

franchise in the City of San Fernando, Pampanga covers an area of 78,514

square kilometers. In the City of San Fernando there are 35 municipalities. The

franchise area also covers the municipalities of San Isidro and Cabalantian in

Bacolor, Pampanga.

44
SITE A: SAN FERNANDO, PAMPANGA

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

Figure 3-5: Map of Site A

San Fernando, officially the City of San Fernando, (Kapampangan:

Lakanbalen ning San Fernando; Filipino: Lungsod ng San Fernando), or simply

referred to as San Fernando City is a 1st class city and capital of the province of

Pampanga, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of

306,659 people.

It is the regional center of Central Luzon and located 66 kilometers (41 mi)

north of Manila, 73 kilometers (45 mi) east of Subic in Zambales, and 17

kilometers (11 mi) south of Clark Air Base in Angeles City.

45
 The city is named after King Ferdinand VI of Spain and placed under the

patronage of Saint Ferdinand III of Castile and León, whose feast is celebrated

every 30 May. Popularly known as the "Christmas Capital of the Philippines", the

city holds the annual Giant Lantern Festival every December where large parol

are displayed in competition. CNN has hailed the city as 'Asia's Christmas capital.

CLIMATE

The climate is tropical in San Fernando. In winter, there is much less

rainfall than in summer. The climate here is classified as Aw by the Köppen-

Geiger system. The temperature here averages 27.3 °C. The average annual

rainfall is 2120 mm. The driest month is February. There is 9 mm of precipitation

in February. Most precipitation falls in July, with an average of 476 mm.

46
PROVINCE OF BULACAN

Figure 3-6: Province of Bulacan

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

Bulacan is a province in the Philippines, 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north

of Manila (the nation's capital), and part of the Metro Luzon Urban Beltway Super

Region. Bulacan was established on August 15, 1578.

It has three component cities (Malolos the provincial capital, Meycauayan,

and San Jose del Monte). Bulacan is located immediately north of Metro Manila.

Bordering Bulacan are the provinces of Pampanga to the west, Nueva Ecijato the

north, Aurora and Quezon to the east, and Metro Manila and Rizal to the south.

Bulacan also lies on the north-eastern shore of Manila Bay.

47
 In the 2015 census, Bulacan had a population of 3,292,071 people, the

highest in Region III and the 2nd most populous in the Philippines. Bulacan's

most populated city is San Jose del Monte, the most populated municipality

is Santa Maria while the least populated is Doña Remedios Trinidad.

In 1899, the historic Barasoain Church in Malolos was the birthplace of the

First Constitutional Democracy in Asia.

Bulacan prides itself on its rich history. The province figures prominently

in Philippine History. Many national heroes and political figures were born in

Bulacan. The province was also one of the first to revolt against Spain. The

province is honored as one of the 8 rays of the sun in the national flag. It is the

home of the "Three Republics." These are the Republic of Real de Kakarong de

Sili (1896) in Pandi, the Republic of Biak-na-Bato (1897) and the very first

Philippine Republic in Malolos (1899–1901). In recognition thereof, these three

republics established in Bulacan have been incorporated in the official seal of the

province of Bulacan.

In 1899, the historic Barasoain Church in Malolos was the birthplace of the

First Constitutional Democracy in Asia. It is also the cradle of the nation's noble

heroes, of great men and women; also home of many of the country's greatest

artists, with a good number elevated as National Artists.

Bulacan has fast become an ideal tourist destination and an essential

player in the tourism of the Philippines, owing to its vital role in Philippine history,

48
and its rich heritage in culture and the arts. The province is popularly known for

its historical sites; nostalgic old houses and churches; idyllic ecological

attractions; religious attractions; colorful and enchanting festivals; swimming and

various themed attractions; and a wide selection of elegant native crafts and

sumptuous delicacies. It is also home to numerous resorts, hotels, restaurants,

and other recreational facilities.

QUICK FACTS ABOUT BULACAN

Coordinates: 15°00′N 121°05′E

Capital: Malolos City

Region: Central Luzon (Region III)

Total Area: 2,796.10 km2

Population (2015): 3,292,071

Density: 1,200/km2

Divisions

Independent Cities: 0

Component Cities: 3

Municipalities: 21

Barangays: 569

Districts: 4

49
CLIMATE

November to April is generally dry while wet for the rest of the year. The

northeast monsoon (amihan) prevails from October to January bringing in

moderated and light rains. From February to April, the east trade winds

predominate but the Sierra Madre (Philippines) mountain range to the east

disrupts the winds resulting to a dry period. From May to September, the

southwest monsoon (habagat).

The hottest month is May having an average temperature of 29.7 °C

(85.5 °F) while the coldest is February with an average temperature of 25.1 °C

(77.2 °F).

GEOGRAPHY

Bulacan covers a total area of 2,796.10 square kilometres

(1,079.58 sq mi) occupying the southeastern section of the Central Luzon region.

The province is bounded by Nueva Ecija on the north, Aurora (Dingalan) on the

northeast, Quezon (General Nakar) on the east, Rizal (Rodriguez) on the

southeast, Metro Manila (Valenzuela City, Malabon City, Navotas City, Caloocan

City and Quezon City) on the south, Manila Bay on the southwest,

and Pampanga on the west.

Several rivers irrigate the province of Bulacan; the largest one is that of

Angat. Angat River passes through the towns of Norzagaray, Angat, Bustos, San

Rafael, Baliuag, Plaridel, Pulilan, and Calumpit. It flow thence into the Pampanga

50
River, goes out again, washes Hagonoy and loses itself in the mangroves. The

banks of these rivers are very fertile and are covered with trees.

TOPOGRAPHY

The province's total land area indicates that its topography ranges from

level to rugged terrain. The western portion of Bulacan for instance has been

classified in the Landscape Map as belonging to the lowland category with an

approximate coverage of close to 50 percent of the provincial land area. On the

other hand, the eastern part of the province covers those areas that are hilly to

mountainous. This is where the province interfaces with the southeastern part of

Luzon. In the middle of these two major landforms are the piedmont landscapes,

which have elevation of about 50 to 100 meters above sea level. Over one half

of Bulacan's overall land area have been classified as having slopes less than 8

percent or those considered as having level to gently sloping terrain and this is

found on the western part of Bulacan.

TERRAIN

Bulacan lies in the southern portion of the fertile plains of Central Luzon.

The area is drained by the Angat and Pampanga rivers. The Sierra

Madremountain range forms the highlands of Bulacan in the east and is a

protected area known as the Angat Watershed Forest Reserve. Angat Lake,

which was formed by the Angat Dam is located in that area. The highest point in

the province at 1,206 meters is Mount Oriod, part of the Sierra Madre.

51
 On January 19, 2008, an 18-hectare (44-acre) dump site, a new landfill

that would also be a tourist attraction opened in Norzagaray, Bulacan province.

Ramon Angelo, Jr., president Waste Custodian Management Corp. stated:

"I want them to see our system in our place which should not be abhorred

because we are using the new state-of-the-art technology”.

TRANSPORTATION

Bulacan is dubbed as "The Gateway to the Northern Philippines". The

province is linked with Metro Manila primarily through the North Luzon

Expressway and Manila North Road (better known as the MacArthur Highway)

which crosses the province into Pampanga and western part of Northern Luzon

(western Central Luzon, Ilocos and Cordillera Administrative Region). While

taking the Cagayan Valley Road in Guiguinto, the road leads to Nueva Ecija and

to the eastern part of Northern Luzon (eastern Central Luzon and Cagayan Valley

Region). Bulacan will be accessed by the future C-6 Road connecting the

provinces of Rizal and Cavite and the cities of Taguig, Parañaque and Muntinlupa

in Metro Manila.

The proposed North Luzon East Expressway (NLEE) is the future

expressway link between Metro Manila and the provinces of Bulacan and Nueva

Ecija. It will also serves as a new alternate route of motorists coming from Manila

going to Aurora and Cagayan Valley region.

52
 The MacArthur Highway traverses the province from north to south. Most

major towns can be reached through the North Luzon Expressway. A good

number of motor vehicles owned largely by private individuals provide mobility to

Bulacan's populace. Aside from five main highways that traverse the province, all

roads are widely dispersed throughout Bulacan.

Bus terminals of Baliwag Transit Inc., Golden Bee Transport and Logistics

Corp., California Bus Line, Sampaguita Liner and Royal Eagle are in Baliuag,

Balagtas and Hagonoy. The main bus lines of Philippine Rabbit, Victory Liner,

Aladdin Transit that originate from their main terminals in Manila, Pasay and

Quezon City and travel northward to cities and towns in Pampanga, Tarlac and

Zambales, pass through Bulacan via the Tabang exit. Other bus companies that

travel to Bulacan include ES Transport Corp. (Earth Star Transportation), Baliwag

Transit, First North Luzon, Five Star, Agila Bus Transport, Sta Monica Trasport

Corp TSC, NSDC, Buenasher Lines (Del Carmen), Shannine And Pauline Bus

Co., Phil. Corinthian, Mersan, Mayamy, RJ Express. Bulacan is the home of its

pride, the one of the biggest bus lines in luzon, the Baliwag Transit Inc.which

headquarters in Baliuag, Bulacan hence its name.

Public transportation within the province, like in most of the urban areas in

the Philippines, is facilitated mostly using inexpensive jeepneys and buses.

Tricycles are used for short distances.

53
POWER PROVIDER OF BULACAN

Figure 3-7: Meralco Logo

Meralco is the largest private sector electric distribution utility company in

the Philippines covering 36 cities and 75 municipalities, including Metro Manila.

It serves 6.3 million customers in a franchise area covering 9,685 km2, that

includes the core of the country’s industrial, commercial, and population centers.

Now on its 115th year in service, Meralco is committed to being the total energy

solutions provider of choice to the over 6.3 million Filipinos it serve.

54
SITE B: PANDI, BULACAN

Figure 3-8: Map of Site B

QUICK FACTS:

LAND AREA: 31.20 sq.km.

NO. OF BARANGAYS: 22

INCOME CLASS: 2nd Class; Urban

POPULATION (2015): 89,075

POPULATION DENSITY: 2,900 per sq.km.

GEOGRAPHY

The municipality of Pandi lies 41 kilometres (25 mi) north-east

of Manila and is located at the eastern portion of Bulacan Province. According to

the 2015 census, it has a population of 89,075 people.

55
 With the continuous expansion of Metro Manila, Pandi is now included in

the Greater Manila's built-up area which reaches San Ildefonso, Bulacan at its

northernmost part.

Pandi is one of the youngest towns in Bulacan. During the Spanish

Regime, Pandi was a part of the political jurisdiction of the town of Meycauayan

City including the towns of San Jose del Monte, Bocaue, Marilao,

Valenzuela, Obando, Santa Maria, Balagtas, it also formed part of the

vast Hacienda Santa Maria de Pandi, which included the towns of Sta.

Maria and Balagtas and parts of Angat and Bustos. Pandi was then a part of the

town Balagtas.

TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE INFORMATION

MEAN TEMPERATURE: 30 degrees Celsius

MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE: 34 degrees Celsius

MINIMUM TEMPERATURE: 19 degrees Celcius

RAINFALL: 518 mm.

AVERAGE NO. RAINY DAYS IN A YEAR: 156

MEAN HUMIDITY: 80%

AVERAGE WIND SPEED: 13km

56
 Chapter IV

TECHNICAL STUDY

DESIGN PROCESS FLOWCHART

Deliberation of
Frequency
Field Survey Required
Planning
Equipment

Quality and
Link Budget Fading Predictions Availability
Calculations

Figure 4-1: Microwave Link Design Process

Microwave link design is a methodical, systematic, and sometimes lengthy

process that includes the following main activities:

1. Field Survey - includes site and path survey.

2. Frequency Planning- select a specific microwave frequency based on

available band allocated.

3. Deliberation of Required Equipment - obtain the product specification

sheet of necessary equipment (e.g. antenna and microwave radio).

4. Link Budget - the link budget is a calculation involving the gain and loss

factors.

57
 5. Fading Predictions - provide a fair description of the fading process for

distances and frequencies that lie within the data ranges for which

measurements have actually been collected.

6. Quality and Availability Calculations - a microwave system meets

superior reliability, higher security, and more demanding performance and

quality standards.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

PROPAGATION LOSSES

 Free-Space Loss - lost in traversing a path in free space only, with no

other obstructions or propagation issues.

 Attenuation Due to Precipitation - rain attenuation increases

exponentially with rain intensity (mm/hr.) and that horizontal polarization

gives more rain attenuation than vertical polarization.

 Obstacle Loss – includes earth bulge, elevation of the considered

obstruction, and tree growth (15m).

FADING AND FADE MARGINS

 Multipath fading is normally most active during early and late summer of

the year.

 Rain Fading- when the rain rate increases (i.e., it rains harder), the

raindrops are larger, and thus there is more attenuation.

58
  To accurately predict the performance of a digital radio path, the effect of

interference must be considered.

SITE CONSIDERATIONS

 San Fernando, Pampanga is represented by Site A while Pandi, Bulacan

as Site B.

 Maps and photos of Pandi, Bulacan, San Fernando, Pampanga and the

surrounding area of both sites are taken.

 Position of the sites, address, directions to the sites, and coordinates are

considered.

 Typical climate factor and severe climatic conditions that may affect the

communication link and survivability of the equipment.

 The terrain profile and possible obstructions along the path.

FREQUENCY CONSIDERATIONS

 The frequency bands available for microwave backhaul are defined by the

International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R Radio Regulations 2008)

with a global region dependency. Table 4-1 summarizes the global bands

(subject to regional variations), together with typical maximum link lengths.

59
Table 4-1: Typical hop length for different frequency bands, defined by ITU-R
Radio Regulations

Typical Typical
Frequencies
Frequency Band Maximum Link Minimum Link
(Ghz)
Length (km) Length (km)
0.9 (unlicensed) 0.902-0.928 100 -
2.4 (unlicensed) 2.4-2.5 100 -
4 3.6-4.2 70 24
5 4.4-5.0 60 16
5 (unlicensed) 5.3,5.4 and 5.8 50 -
L6 5.925-6.425 50 16
U6 6.425-7.125 50 16
L7 7.1-7.75 50 10
U8 7.75-8.5 50 10
10 10-10.7 20 10
11 10.7-11.7 20 10
13 12.7-13.25 20 6
15 14.4-15.35 20 6
18 17.7-19.7 20 2
23 21.2-23.6 20 2
26 24.25-26.5 20 2
28 27.5-29.5 15 2
32 31.0-33.4 10 1.5
38 37.0-40.0 10 1
42 40.5-43.5 10 1
60 (unlicensed) 57.0-66.0 1 -
80 71-76/81-86 5 -

60
 FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS

Table 4-2: NTC Microwave Channel Plan for Upper 8GHz Band

FREQUENCY BAND RF CHANNEL ARRANGEMENTS REMARKS

CH # F F' ITU-R Rec.

F.386-9
1 8307 8426
Recommended
2 8335 8454 channel
8275-8500 MHz
arrangements
POINT-TO-POINT
for fixed wireless
RADIO SYSTEM
systems for
3 8363 8482 channel
spacing of 28
MHZ.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR DIGITAL MICROWAVE RADIO

 Transmit output power - without this information, it is impossible to

calculate the real gain/loss of the radio equipment.

 Both sites equipped with split-mount unit (Dual Channel, Dual Radio).

 Redundancy capability is achieved with Dual Modem variant connected to

two radios.

 The split-mount unit requires 48 VDC power supply.

 The power to the outdoor unit is supplied from the indoor unit via the IF

coaxial cable.

 Security of equipment includes 3 Level Authentication.

61
  Modulation method chose is 256 QAM to carry more bits of information

per symbol with 28MHz of channel width.

 The microwave radio link polarization must be circular type (dual

polarization will be used). The two antennas that form a link with each

other must be set for the same polarization.

 Frequency range of the selected radio is 6GHz to 11GHz.

Figure 4-2: Split-mount point-to-point microwave system

CONSIDERATIONS FOR MICROWAVE ANTENNA

 The frequency range of selected antenna is 8.2GHz to 8.5GHz (parabolic

shielded antenna, dual-polarized) with 15ft nominal diameter.

 The antenna classified as high-performance antenna that meet or exceed

ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) Class 3

62
 radiation pattern performance standards and has a very high cross-polar

discrimination.

 The survival wind speed of the antenna is 200km/h or 125mph.

 The front-to-back ratio, gain, and cross polarization discrimination are

76dB, 48.8dBi and 40dB respectively.

 Selected microwave antenna are equipped with corrosive environment

protection, two-piece reflector and enhanced white radome with flash.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR SHELTERS

 Shelters that can be positioned virtually anywhere or to use small cabinets

for the telecom equipment infrastructure.

 Temperature control units are initially integrated into a shelter.

 Grounding with a large buried ground loop, including many outward

pointing arms.

 Separate equipment grounding and protection grounding.

 Battery backup and/or diesel generators with extended-capacity diesel

tanks.

 Access roads to the sites.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR CABINETS

 With efficient use of rack space for mounting the payload as well as the

power plant.

 Include several features to protect the equipment and batteries.

63
CONSIDERATIONS FOR EQUIPMENT ROOM (Lehpamer, Microwave

Transmission Networks, 2010)

 Minimum recommended size for this room is 20 m2 (220 ft2).

 Floor space must be available for microwave equipment cabinets/racks,

additional equipment, and future expansions.

 The room must have a lockable door that is large enough to allow for

equipment transport.

 If the room has windows, it is recommended to cover them with blinds to

minimize the heating effect of direct sunlight.

 The room must be clean and, preferably, have painted walls and ceiling

as well as a painted floor or antistatic flooring to minimize dust.

 The temperature in the equipment room must be kept within specified

equipment limits. Heat generated by the equipment must be removed by

ventilation or air conditioning.

 Make sure there is free space above the cabinets for exhaust air and below

the cable ladder to make it easier for bending antenna cables. There must

be enough free space above the ladder for maintenance work.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR ANTENNA TOWER (Lehpamer, Microwave

Transmission Networks, 2010) (Commsope, 2017)

64
  Wind loading shall be the predominant dynamic loading to be considered

outside dead weights since severe environmental conditions that lead to

additional seasonally variable loads are non-existent.

 Type of tower considered is self-support tower for Pandi, Bulacan and San

Fernando, Pampanga.

 Tower height of Site A (San Fernando, Pampanga) and Site B (Pandi,

Bulacan) are 80ft. and 100ft. respectively.

 Designed specifically for various microwave and heavy duty

communications installations.

 The tower is constructed in a tubular steel leg configuration. The use of

angle or pipe bracing is dependent on required tower sections.

 The face width and leg size at the base varies depending on section

required.

 Wind load rating shall be based on the height of the tower and where it is

located.

 Design philosophy shall be based on two limiting factors: strength limit,

which considers the loading of a tower under extreme conditions and

serviceability limit which ensures that the tower will provide the proper

service under normal conditions.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR POWER SUPPLY AND BATTERY BACKUP

I. Considerations for UPS

65
  Online rack/tower uninterruptible power supply (UPS) with LCD control

panel and sine wave output that safeguards multiple types of critical IT

infrastructure requiring seamless power protection.

 The UPS double conversion topology is generator compatible.

 Delivers consistent and clean AC power with zero transfer time, protecting

connected equipment and preventing costly business interruptions.

 Provides battery backup with 6,000VA/5,400W capacity.

II. Considerations for DC Power Supply

 The DC power supply chose provides 675 or 1350 watts of power and is

available with 12, 24 or 48VDC output.

 Provides an ideal DC power solution for wireless communications

professionals who demand high efficiency and space-saving DC power

systems for LMR, broadband, and network communications equipment.

 Output voltage and current limit can be easily and accurately adjusted

using the Intelligent Power Control interface on the password-protected

front panel.

 Designed around the highest quality components available.

 Power factor corrected AC input voltage range of 100-265VAC with 90 to

93% efficiency.

III. Considerations for Motor Generators

66
  The motor generator selected can provide up to 48kW at 60Hz (single

phase.

 Armed with aluminum weather protective enclosure to ensure protection

against harsh environment.

 Fuel system of motor generator is ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel.

 Engine fuel consumption is 3.98gal/hr. or 15.07L/hr. at 100% of rated

load.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR GROUNDING, LIGHTNING, AND SURGE

PROTECTION (Lehpamer, Microwave Transmission Networks, 2010)

 Grounding of electrical equipment. Conductive materials enclosing

electrical conductors or equipment, or forming part of such equipment,

shall be connected to earth so as to limit the voltage to ground on these

materials [NEC Sec. 250-2(b)].

 Commonly used grounding systems include driven rods, water pipes,

chemical wells, grounds, and electrolytic rods.

 Lightning rod be fitted at the top of the tower.

 It should be independently connected to its own dedicated earth at the

base of the tower.

 Microwave radio ODU and cable earth should be connected to a separate

earth conductor to the ground.

67
  Use a gas-tube surge protectors for microwaves because of their low

insertion loss, low voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), easy installation,

and wideband behavior.

 Consideration of inline microwave surge arrestors (or suppressors) to

protect sensitive microwave electronic equipment from the harmful effects

of lightning transients (electromagnetic pulses) and induced voltages.

 Electrical characteristics of microwave surge arrestors consist of their

ability to pass a DC electric current and a broadband frequency range.

ITU-T Recommendations

I. G Series Recommendations

The ITU-T recommendations G.801, G.821, and G.826 define error

performance and availability objectives. The objectives for digital links are divided

into separate grades: high, medium, and local grade. The medium grade has four

quality classifications. The following grades are usually used in wireless

networks:

 Medium grade Class 3 for the access network

 High grade for the backbone network

II. Y Series Recommendations

 ITU-T Recommendation Y.1541 “Network Performance Objectives for IP-

Based Services”

68
  ITU-T Recommendation Y.1540 “IP Data Communication Service – IP

Packet Transfer and Availability Performance Parameters”

 ITU-T Recommendation Y.1561 “Performance and Availability

Parameters for MPLS Networks”

ITU-R Recommendations

ITU-R recommends objectives for the fixed wireless system availability

and performance determination as defined in F.1703 (replaced ITU-R F.1493)

and F.1668 (replaced ITU-R F.1491).

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

PARAMETERS USED

Xn = computed longitude of site n ( ’ ”)

Yn = computed latitude of site n ( ’ ”)

A’ = measured horizontal distance from the site (km)

A = measure horizontal distance of the small grid (km)

B’ = measured vertical distance from the site (km)

B = measure horizontal distance of the small grid (km)

c = angle opposite to c ( ’ ”)

a = side opposite to site A ( ’ ”)

b = side opposite to site B ( ’ ”)

69
c = computed distance between site A and B (km)

Fc = Center Frequency (GHz)

F = Low band Frequency (GHz)

F’ = High band Frequency (GHz)

Fs = Frequency Separation (GHz)

D = Total distance (km)

d1 = Distance of less elevated site to obstruction (km)

d2 = Distance of more elevated site to obstruction (km)

a1 = Antenna height of less elevated site (m)

a2 = Antenna height of more elevated site (m)

eo = Elevation of the considered obstruction (m)

e1 = Elevation of less elevated site (m)

e2 = Elevation of more elevated site (m)

eb = Earth bulge (m)

H = Fresnel Clearance (m)

Hn = Radius of the first Fresnel zone (m)

ho = Total height of the obstruction (m)

h1 = Total height of elevation at the lower site (m)

h2 = Total height of elevation at the higher site (m)

k = Effective earth radius factor (4/3)

t.g. = Tree growth (15m)

70
F = Fresnel ratio (0.6)

 = Reflection Coefficient (unitless)

v = Vertical Panning angle ( ’ ”)

a = Water Vapor Density (g/m3)

Rp = Crane Rainfall Rate (mm/h)

AO = Oxygen absorption loss (dB)

AH2O = Water vapor loss (dB)

AL = Atmospheric loss (dB)

AG = Antenna Gain (dBi)

AML = Antenna Misaligned Loss (dB)

PO = Transmitted Power Output (dBm)

IT = Improvement Threshold (dBm)

TLL = Transmission Line Loss (dB)

TFL = Total Fixed Loss (dB)

FSL = Free Space Loss (dB)

RSL = Receive Signal Level (dBm)

FM = Fade Margin (dB)

R = Reliability (%)

U = Unavailability (hrs/yr)

71
LOCATION OF THE SITES

Based on Google Earth Imagery Date: 8/31/18

Figure 4-3: Site Location

Site A: San Fernando, Pampanga

Site B: Pandi, Bulacan

72
CALCULATION OF COORDINATES

Formulas:

𝐴′
𝑋𝑛 = (5′) + 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝐴

𝐵′
𝑌𝑛 = (5′) + 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝐵

For Site A: San Fernando, Pampanga

Figure 4-4: Site A: San Fernando, Pampanga

73
Given:

A’ = 2.27 km B’ = 3.73 km

A = 8.95 km B = 9.225km

Solution for Longitude:

𝐴′
𝑋𝐴 = (5′) + 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝐴

2.27
𝑋𝐴 = (5′) + 120 40′
8.95

𝑋𝐴 = 0 1′ 16.09" + 120 40′

𝑿𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟒𝟏′ 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟗"

Solution for Latitude:

𝐵′
𝑌𝐴 = (5′) + 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝐵
3.73
𝑌𝐴 = (5′) + 15
9.225

𝑌𝐴 = 0 2′ 1.3" + 15

𝒀𝑨 = 𝟏𝟓 𝟐′ 𝟏. 𝟑”

74
For Site B: Pandi, Bulacan

Figure 4-5: Site B: Pandi, Bulacan

Given:

A’ = 3.94 km B’ = 3.71 km

A = 9 km B = 9.225km

Solution for Longitude:

𝐴′
𝑋𝐴 = (5′) + 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝐴

75
 3.94
𝑋𝐴 = (5′) + 120 55′
9

𝑋𝐴 = 0 2′ 11.33" + 120 55′

𝑿𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟓𝟕′ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑"

Solution for Latitude:

𝐵′
𝑌𝐴 = (5′) + 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝐵
3.71
𝑌𝐴 = (5′) + 14 50′
9.225

𝑌𝐴 = 0 2′ 0.65" + 1450′

𝒀𝑨 = 𝟏𝟒 𝟓𝟐′𝟎. 𝟔𝟓"

Table 4-3: Site Coordinates

SITE LOCATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE

San Fernando,
A 152’1.3” N 12041’16.09” E
Pampanga

B Pandi, Bulacan 1452’0.65” N 12057’11.33” E

76
GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE COMPUTATION

The great-circle distance is the shortest distance between two points

on a sphere, measured along the surface of that sphere.

Figure 4-6: Great Circle Distance

Formulas:

 = |XB – XA|

a = 90 - YB

b = 90 - YA

cos(c) = [cos(a) x cos(b)] + [sin(a) x sin(b) x cos()]

Given:

XA = 12041’16.09” XB = 12057’11.33”

YA = 152’1.3” YB = 1452’0.65”

77
Solutions:

 = |XB – XA|

 = |12057’11.33” - 12041’16.09”|

 = 015’55.24”

a = 90 - YB

a = 90 - 1452’0.65”

a = 757’59.35”

b = 90 - YA

b = 90 - 152’1.3”

b = 7457’58.7”

Cos(c) = [cos (a) x cos (b)] + [sin (a) x sin (b) x cos ()]

cos(c) = [cos(757’59.35”) x cos(7457’58.7”)] + [sin(757’59.35”)

x sin(7457’58.7”) x cos(015’55.24”)]

c = cos-1(0.9999857501)

60 nmi 1.852 km
c = 0.3058752924 x x
1o 1 nmi

c = 33.98886249 km

78
Table 4-4: Great Circle Distance

GREAT CIRCLE MEASURED DIFFERENCE

SITE
DISTANCE (km) DISTANCE (km) (m)

A to B 33.98886249 34 11.13750851

PERCENTAGE OF ERROR

34 𝑘𝑚 − 33.98886249 𝑘𝑚
𝑥100% = 0.03276811633% 𝑜𝑟 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑%
33.98886249 𝑘𝑚

PATH PROFILE

Figure 4-7: Path Profile based on Google Earth

79
 Path profiling is helpful in identifying possible sources of reflection and

obstruction.

The survey of path condition is based on Map from NAMRIA and Google Earth

Satellite View. No actual survey has done. The path conditions are as follows:

1. Urban – New building construction may result in total path obstruction.

2. Timberland – land covered with forest suitable or managed for timber.

They have a tendency to diffuse any multipath propagation.

3. Rice Field – composed mostly of farmland. Some part has bodies of

water surrounding it, so it might be a risk for reflections.

4. River – small body of water that might cause reflections. Bulge

5. Plantation – large-scale estate meant for farming that specializes in

cash crops.

Table 4-5: Path Profile (Note: Path elevation based on Google Earth)

DISTANCE DISTANCE PATH EARTH

TERRAIN GROUND
FROM A FROM B ELEVATION CURVATURE
TYPE ELEVATION
(d1;m) (d2;m) (eo;m) (eb;m)
0 34 5.1816 0.0000 Urban 5.1816
0.5 33.5 7.3152 0.9853 Urban 8.3005
1 33 7.0104 1.9412 Urban 8.9516
1.5 32.5 5.7912 2.8676 Urban 8.6588
2 32 3.048 3.7647 Urban 6.8127
2.5 31.5 4.8768 4.6324 Rice Field 9.5092
3 31 4.572 5.4706 Rice Field 10.0426

3.5 30.5 3.048 6.2794 Timberland 9.3274

4 30 1.524 7.0588 Rice Field 8.5828

4.5 29.5 2.4384 7.8088 River 10.2472

80
 5 29 3.3528 8.5294 River 11.8822
5.5 28.5 3.048 9.2206 Rice Field 12.2686
6 28 2.4384 9.8824 Rice Field 12.3208
6.5 27.5 2.1336 10.5147 Rice Field 12.6483
7 27 1.2192 11.1176 Rice Field 12.3368
7.5 26.5 4.2672 11.6912 Rice Field 15.9584
8 26 3.9624 12.2353 Rice Field 16.1977
8.5 25.5 4.572 12.7500 Rice Field 17.3220
9 25 2.7432 13.2353 Rice Field 15.9785
9.5 24.5 3.6576 13.6912 Rice Field 17.3488
10 24 4.8768 14.1176 Rice Field 18.9944
10.5 23.5 3.048 14.5147 Rice Field 17.5627
11 23 2.1336 14.8824 Rice Field 17.0160
11.5 22.5 2.7432 15.2206 Rice Field 17.9638
12 22 4.3256 15.5294 Rice Field 19.8550
12.5 21.5 4.8754 15.8088 River 20.6842
13 21 5.2357 16.0588 Rice Field 21.2945
13.5 20.5 3.3528 16.2794 Rice Field 19.6322
14 20 5.7912 16.4706 Plantation 22.2618
14.5 19.5 4.2672 16.6324 Plantation 20.8996
15 19 2.4384 16.7647 Plantation 19.2031
15.5 18.5 2.4384 16.8676 Rice Field 19.3060
16 18 3.048 16.9412 Rice Field 19.9892
16.5 17.5 3.3528 16.9853 Rice Field 20.3381
17 17 6.4008 17.0000 Rice Field 23.4008
17.5 16.5 8.2296 16.9853 Rice Field 25.2149
18 16 8.2296 16.9412 Rice Field 25.1708
18.5 15.5 8.5354 16.8676 Rice Field 25.4030
19 15 6.096 16.7647 Rice Field 22.8607
19.5 14.5 7.62 16.6324 Rice Field 24.2524
20 14 10.3632 16.4706 Rice Field 26.8338
20.5 13.5 10.668 16.2794 Rice Field 26.9474
21 13 10.668 16.0588 Rice Field 26.7268
21.5 12.5 10.668 15.8088 Rice Field 26.4768
22 12 8.5354 15.5294 Rice Field 24.0648
22.5 11.5 8.5354 15.2206 Rice Field 23.7560

81
 23 11 9.7536 14.8824 Rice Field 24.6360
23.5 10.5 10.9728 14.5147 Rice Field 25.4875
24 10 11.5824 14.1176 Rice Field 25.7000
24.5 9.5 9.7536 13.6912 Rice Field 23.4448
25 9 14.3256 13.2353 Rice Field 27.5609
25.5 8.5 14.0208 12.7500 Rice Field 26.7708
26 8 13.4112 12.2353 Rice Field 25.6465
26.5 7.5 14.6304 11.6912 Rice Field 26.3216
27 7 14.9352 11.1176 Rice Field 26.0528
27.5 6.5 11.5824 10.5147 Timberland 22.0971
28 6 11.2776 9.8824 Timberland 21.1600
28.5 5.5 10.0584 9.2206 Timberland 19.2790
29 5 12.8016 8.5294 Timberland 21.3310
29.5 4.5 13.1064 7.8088 Timberland 20.9152
30 4 15.8496 7.0588 Timberland 22.9084
30.5 3.5 12.8016 6.2794 Timberland 19.0810
31 3 15.24 5.4706 Timberland 20.7106
31.5 2.5 12.4968 4.6324 Timberland 17.1292
32 2 14.0208 3.7647 Timberland 17.7855
32.5 1.5 13.4112 2.8676 Timberland 16.2788
33 1 18.5928 1.9412 Timberland 20.5340
33.5 0.5 24.6888 0.9853 Timberland 25.6741
34 0 33.528 0.0000 Urban 33.5280
Notes:

Path profiling interval is 0.5 kilometer or 500 meters

Path Elevation is based on Google Earth

Ground Elevation = Earth curvature + Path Elevation

82
83
Figure 4-8: Path Profile with Earth Bulge

Notes:

Scale Interval for y-axis is 2.5m

Scale Interval for x-axis is 0.5km or 500m

FREQUENCY ALLOCATION

Table 4-6: NTC Microwave Channel Plan for 8GHz Band

FREQUENCY RF CHANNEL
REMARKS
BAND ARRANGEMENTS

8275 – 8500 MHz CH # F F’ ITU-R Rec. F. 386-9

POINT-TO-POINT 1 8307 8426 Recommended RF Channel

RADIO SYSTEM arrangements for fixed
2 8335 8454 wireless systems for
channel spacing of 28 MHz.
3 8363 8482

Formulas:

𝐹 + 𝐹′
Fc =
2

Given:

F = 8275 MHz

F’ = 8500 MHz

Solutions:

8500𝑀ℎ𝑧 + 8275𝑀ℎ𝑧
Fc = = 𝟖𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟓 𝑴𝑯𝒛 𝑜𝑟 𝟖. 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝑮𝑯𝒛
2

84
 Channel No. 1 with go and return channels of 8.307 and 8.426 GHz will

be used that will be availed at the National Telecommunications (NTC) – Radio

Frequency Planning Division.

ANTENNA HEIGHT CALCULATION

Formulas:

d1 d2 d d d1 (h2 −h1 )
eb = | H𝑛 = 17.3√ F1 D2 | H𝑛 = − ho + h1
12.75k c D

H
ho = eo + eb + t. g. | h1 = e1 + a1 | h2 = e2 + a2 | F = Hn

Given:

4
Fc = 8.3875 GHz k= (For standard refractivity conditions)
3

D = 33.98886249 km e1 = 5.1816 m

d1 = 1 km e2 = 33.5280 m

d2 = 33 km eo = 7.0104 m

t.g. = 20 m F = 0.6

Solutions:

d1 d2 1(33)
eb = = 4 ; eb = 1.941176471 m
12.75k 12.75( )
3

ho = eb + eo + t.g = 1.941176471 + 7.0104 + 20 ; ho = 28.95157647 m

85
 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑥 33
𝐻𝑛 = 17.3√ 1 2 = 17.3√ ; Hn = 5.88597606 m
𝐹𝐷 𝑐 8.3875 𝑥 33.98886249

H = F x Hn = 0.6 x 5.885011935; H = 3.531585636 m

Assume Antenna Height: a2 = 27 m, (For Site B)

h2 = a2 + e2 = 27 m + 33.528 m; h2 = 60.528 m

d1 (h2 − h1 )
H= − ho + h1
D

1(60.528 − h1 )
3.531585636 = − 28.95157647 + h1
33.98886249

h1 = 31.63303158 m

a1 = h1 - e1 = 31.63303158 – 5.1816

a1 = 26.45143158 or 27 m (For Site A)

Table 4-7: Antenna Height

SITE LOCATION ANTENNA HEIGHT USED

A San Fernando, Pampanga 27 m

B Pandi, Bulacan 27 m

Table 4-8: LOS and Fresnel Clearance

86
DISTAN DISTAN TREE LINE CLEARAN
OBSTRUCTI CLEARAN
CE CE AND OF CE 60%
ON HEIGHT CE FIRST
FROM A FROM B BUILDI SIGHT FIRST
(ho; m) FRESNEL
(d1; m) (d2; m) NG (m) (m) FRESNEL
32.181
0 34 20 25.1816 0.0000 0.0000
6
32.606
0.5 33.5 20 28.3005 4.1934 2.5161
7
33.03
1 33 20 28.9516 5.8860 3.5316
17
33.456
1.5 32.5 20 28.6588 7.1540 4.2924
8
33.881
2 32 20 26.8127 8.1969 4.9182
8
34.306
2.5 31.5 9.5092 9.0926 5.4555
9
34.731
3 31 10.0426 9.8810 5.9286
9
35.157
3.5 30.5 15 24.3274 10.5863 6.3518
0
35.582
4 30 8.5828 11.2241 6.7345
0
36.007
4.5 29.5 10.2472 11.8053 7.0832
1
36.432
5 29 11.8822 12.3380 7.4028
1
36.857
5.5 28.5 12.2686 12.8282 7.6969
2
37.282
6 28 12.3208 13.2806 7.9683
2
37.707
6.5 27.5 12.6483 13.6989 8.2193
3
38.132
7 27 12.3368 14.0862 8.4517
3
38.557
7.5 26.5 15.9584 14.4449 8.6670
4
38.982
8 26 16.1977 14.7772 8.8663
4
39.407
8.5 25.5 17.3220 15.0849 9.0509
5
39.832
9 25 15.9785 15.3693 9.2216
5

87
 40.257
9.5 24.5 17.3488 15.6317 9.3790
6
40.682
10 24 18.9944 15.8733 9.5240
6
41.107
10.5 23.5 17.5627 16.0950 9.6570
7
41.532
11 23 17.0160 16.2975 9.7785
7
41.957
11.5 22.5 17.9638 16.4817 9.8890
8
42.382
12 22 19.8550 16.6481 9.9888
8
42.807
12.5 21.5 20.6842 16.7972 10.0783
9
43.232
13 21 21.2945 16.9294 10.1577
9
43.658
13.5 20.5 19.6322 17.0453 10.2272
0
44.083
14 20 22.2618 17.1451 10.2871
0
44.508
14.5 19.5 20.8996 17.2291 10.3375
1
44.933
15 19 19.2031 17.2975 10.3785
1
45.358
15.5 18.5 19.3060 17.3505 10.4103
2
45.783
16 18 19.9892 17.3883 10.4330
2
46.208
16.5 17.5 20.3381 17.4110 10.4466
3
46.633
17 17 23.4008 17.4185 10.4511
3
47.058
17.5 16.5 25.2149 17.4110 10.4466
4
47.483
18 16 25.1708 17.3883 10.4330
4
47.908
18.5 15.5 25.4030 17.3505 10.4103
5
48.333
19 15 22.8607 17.2975 10.3785
5
48.758
19.5 14.5 24.2524 17.2291 10.3375
6

88
 49.183
20 14 26.8338 17.1451 10.2871
6
49.608
20.5 13.5 26.9474 17.0453 10.2272
7
50.033
21 13 26.7268 16.9294 10.1577
7
50.458
21.5 12.5 26.4768 16.7972 10.0783
8
50.883
22 12 24.0648 16.6481 9.9888
8
51.308
22.5 11.5 23.7560 16.4817 9.8890
9
51.733
23 11 24.6360 16.2975 9.7785
9
52.159
23.5 10.5 25.4875 16.0950 9.6570
0
52.584
24 10 25.7000 15.8733 9.5240
0
53.009
24.5 9.5 23.4448 15.6317 9.3790
1
53.434
25 9 27.5609 15.3693 9.2216
1
53.859
25.5 8.5 26.7708 15.0849 9.0509
2
54.284
26 8 25.6465 14.7772 8.8663
2
54.709
26.5 7.5 26.3216 14.4449 8.6670
3
55.134
27 7 26.0528 14.0862 8.4517
3
55.559
27.5 6.5 15 37.0971 13.6989 8.2193
4
55.984
28 6 15 36.1600 13.2806 7.9683
4
56.409
28.5 5.5 15 34.2790 12.8282 7.6969
5
56.834
29 5 15 36.3310 12.3380 7.4028
5
57.259
29.5 4.5 15 35.9152 11.8053 7.0832
6
57.684
30 4 15 37.9084 11.2241 6.7345
6

89
 58.109
30.5 3.5 15 34.0810 10.5863 6.3518
7
58.534
31 3 15 35.7106 9.8810 5.9286
7
58.959
31.5 2.5 15 32.1292 9.0926 5.4555
8
59.384
32 2 15 32.7855 8.1969 4.9182
8
59.809
32.5 1.5 15 31.2788 7.1540 4.2924
9
60.234
33 1 15 35.5340 5.8860 3.5316
9
60.660
33.5 0.5 15 40.6741 4.1934 2.5161
0
61.085
34 0 20 53.5280 0.0000 0.0000
0

Notes:

Tree growth allowance = 15 meters (For Timberland Areas)

Building allowance = 20 meters (For Urban Areas)

90
91
Figure 4-9: Line of Sight and 0.6 Fresnel Clearance from Site A to Site B
POINT OF REFLECTION

Formulas:
ℎ1 ℎ2
𝑥= 𝑦=
𝐷2 𝐷2

4 1
𝑘= 3
 = 𝑦
(1+ √ )
𝑥

𝑑1 = 𝐷 𝑑2 = 𝐷 − 𝑑1

Given:

h1 = 31.63303158 m

h2 = 60.52857 m

D = 33.98886249 km

Solutions:

ℎ1 ℎ2
𝑥= 𝑦=
𝐷2 𝐷2

31.63303158 60.52857
𝑥= 𝑦=
33.988862492 33.9888624942

𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟖 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟔𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟖

1
=
𝑦
(1 + √𝑥 )

1
=
0.05239467528
(1 + √ )
0.02738215058

 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟔𝟑

92
 𝑑1 = 𝐷 𝑑2 = 𝐷 − 𝑑1

𝑑1 = (0.4195899763 )(33.98886249) 𝑑2 = 33.98886249 − 14.26138601

𝒅𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟏 𝒌𝒎 𝒅𝟐 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝒎

Table 4-9: Point of Reflection

x (m/km2) y (m/km2)  d1 (km) d2 (km) Terrain

0.0273821506 0.0523946752 0.4195899763 14.26138601 19.72747648 Plantation

ANTENNA ORIENTATION CALCULATON

Formula:

C = XB – XA

Y − Y
Y−X C Sin ( A 2 B )
Tan ( ) = |[Cot ( )] [ ]|
2 2 Cos (YA + YB )
2

YA − YB
Y+X C Cos ( 2 )
Tan ( ) = |[Cot ( )] [ ]|
2 2 Y + Y
Sin ( A 2 B )

h2 − h1
1 = 2 = Tan−1 ( )
D

Horizontal Panning

Given:

XA = 12041’16.09”

93
XB = 12057’11.33”

YA = 152’1.3”

YB = 1452’0.65”

Solution:

C = XB – XA

C = 12057’11.33” - 12041’16.09”

C = 015’55.24”

Y − Y
Y−X C Sin ( B 2 A )
Tan ( ) = [Cot ( )] [ ]
2 2 Cos (YB + YA )
2

1452’0.65” − 152’1.3”
015’55.24” Sin ( 2 )
= [Cot ( )] [ ]
2 1452’0.65” + 152’1.3”
Cos ( )
2

−1.45606161173 x 10−3
[ ]
= 431.8588786 [ ]
0.9661501012

= −0.6508238327

Y−X
( ) = Tan−1 (−0.650823837)
2
𝐘−𝐗
( ) = −𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟗
𝟐

YA + YB
Y+X C Cos ( 2 )
Tan ( ) = [Cot ( )] [ ]
2 2 Y − Y
Sin ( A 2 B )

94
 152’1.3” − 1452’0.65”
015’55.24” Cos ( 2 )
= [Cot ( )] [ ]
2 152’1.3” + 1452’0.65”
Sin ( )
2

0.99999894
= [431.8588786] [ ]
0.2579805843

= 1673.995824

Y+X
( ) = Tan−1 (1673.995824)
2
𝐘+𝐗
( ) = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟕𝟕𝟑𝟎𝟓
𝟐

Solving for X & Y

𝐘+𝐗 𝐘−𝐗
X= ( )− ( )
𝟐 𝟐

X = 89.96577305 − (−33.05703759)

𝐗 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟏′ 𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟐"

𝐘+𝐗 𝐘−𝐗
Y= ( )+ ( )
𝟐 𝟐

Y = 89.96577305 + (−33.05703759)

𝐘 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟔 = 𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟒′ 𝟑𝟏. 𝟒𝟓"

For Site A: For Site B:

N (90 – X) E N (Y - 90) E

N (90 - 123.0228106 + 360) E N (55.90873546° - 90 + 360) E

N (326.9771894°) E N (326.9087355°) E

S (90 - X) W S (Y - 90) W

95
S (90 - 123.0228106 + 360) W S (55.90873546° - 90 + 360) W

S (326.9771894°) W S (326.9087355°) W

Vertical Panning

Given: Solution:

ℎ2−ℎ1
D = 33.98886249 km  = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝐷
)

60.52857−31.63303158
h1 = 31.63303158 m  = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 ( 33.98886249𝑥 1000
)

h2 = 60.52857 m  = 𝟎𝟑′𝟖. 𝟎𝟔"

Figure 4-10: Antenna Orientation (Horizontal Pan Angle)

96
 Figure 4-11: Antenna Orientation (Vertical Pan Angle)

ATMOSPHERIC LOSSES

Formulas:

Oxygen Absorption Loss (AO)

6.09 4.81
𝐴𝑂 = 𝐷(𝐹𝑐 2 𝑥 10−3 ) [7.19 𝑥 10−3 + ( )+( )]
𝐹𝑐 2 + 0.227 (𝐹𝑐 − 57)2 + 1.5

Water Vapor Loss (AH2O)

3 9
𝐴𝐻2𝑂 = 𝐷(𝐹𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 10−4 ) [0.067 + ( )+( )
(𝐹𝑐 − 22.3)2 + 7.3 (𝐹𝑐 − 183.3)2 + 6

4.3
+( )]
(𝐹𝑐 − 323.8)2 + 10

97
Rain Attenuation Loss (AR)

𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓𝑥
𝑀=
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓2

𝑘𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 −1 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑘1 − 𝑀(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑘1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑘1 )]

𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 − 𝑀(𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )

𝐷
𝐷𝐸 =
𝐷
1+
35 𝑥 𝑒 −0.015𝑅0.01

𝐴𝑟 = 𝐷𝐸 𝑘𝑥 𝑅0.01 𝑎𝑥

𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑂 + 𝐴𝐻2𝑂 + 𝐴𝑟

Given:

Fc = 8.3875 GHz

a = 12 g/m3

D = 33.98886249 km

R0.01 = 2120 mm/year = 0.2420091324 mm/h (See page 46)

Solutions:

Oxygen Absorption Loss (AO)

6.09 4.81
𝐴𝑂 = 𝐷(𝐹𝑐 2 𝑥 10−3 ) [7.19 𝑥 10−3 + ( 2 )+( )]
𝐹𝑐 + 0.227 (𝐹𝑐 − 57)2 + 1.5

6.09
𝐴𝑂 = 33.98886249 (8.38752 𝑥 10−3 ) [7.19 𝑥 10−3 + ( )
8.38752 + 0.227

4.81
+( )]
(8.3875 − 57)2 + 1.5

98
𝑨𝑶 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝒅𝑩

Water Vapor Loss (AH2O)

Note: a is Water Vapor Density in g/m 3, should be below 12g/m3

3 9
𝐴𝐻2𝑂 = 𝐷(𝐹𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 10−4 ) [0.067 + ( 2
)+( )
(𝐹𝑐 − 22.3) + 7.3 (𝐹𝑐 − 183.3)2 + 6

4.3
+( )]
(𝐹𝑐 − 323.8)2 + 10

3
AH2O = 33.98886249 (8.3875 x 12 x 10−4 ) [0.067 + ( )
(8.3875 − 22.3)2 + 7.3

9 4.3
+( ) + ( )]
(8.3875 − 183.3)2 + 6 (8.3875 − 323.8)2 + 10

𝑨𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒅𝑩

Rain Attenuation Loss (AR)

Note: Method use for this computation is CCIR Recommendation 530

Table 4-10: Regression Coefficient

Frequency (GHz) kH kV av aH
1 0.0000387 0.0000352 0.912 0.880
2 0.0001540 0.0001380 0.963 0.923
4 0.0006500 0.0005910 1.121 1.075
6 0.0017500 0.0015500 1.308 1.265
7 0.0030100 0.0026500 1.332 1.312
8 0.0045400 0.0039500 1.327 1.310
10 0.0101000 0.0088700 1.276 1.264
12 0.0188000 0.0168000 1.217 1.200

99
 15 0.0367000 0.0335000 1.154 1.128
20 0.0751 0.0691 1.099 1.065
25 0.124 0.113 1.061 1.030
30 0.187 0.167 1.021 1.000
35 0.263 0.233 0.979 0.963
40 0.350 0.310 0.939 0.929

Solutions:

𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓𝑥
𝑀=
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓2

𝑙𝑜𝑔 8 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 8.3875

𝑀=
𝑙𝑜𝑔 8 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10

𝑴 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟑

𝑘𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔−1 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑘1 − 𝑀(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑘1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑘2 )]

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 −1 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.00887 − 0.21157233(𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.00887 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 0.00395)]

𝒌𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟒𝟔

𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 − 𝑀(𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )

𝑎𝑥 = 1.276 − 0.21157233(1.276 − 1.327)

𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟗

𝐷
𝐷𝐸 =
𝐷
1+
35 𝑥 𝑒 −0.015𝑅0.01

33.9888624934
𝐷𝐸 =
33.98886249
1+
35 𝑥 𝑒 −0.015(0.2420091324)

𝑫𝑬 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟓

𝐴𝑟 = 𝐷𝐸 𝑘𝑥 𝑅0.01 𝑎𝑥

100
 = (17.21552635)(0.1222557246)(0.24200913241.286790189 )

𝑨𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒅𝑩

Total Atmospheric Losses (AT)

𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑂 + 𝐴𝐻2𝑂 + 𝐴𝑟

𝐴 𝑇 = 0.2284572132 + 0.0281547005 + 0.3390863103

𝑨𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝒅𝑩

Table 4-11: Atmospheric Losses

Atmospheric Losses Value (dB)

Oxygen Absorption (AO) 0.2284572132
Water Vapor Loss (AH2O) 0.0281547005
Rainfall Attenuation Loss (Ar) 0.3390863103
Total 0.595698224

TRANSMISSION CALCULATION

101
 PO CTX AGTX RTX AL & FSL RRX AGRX CRX RSL

67.29 dBm

18.5 dBm 18.49 dBm

-26.59 dBm

38.41 dB

-75.39 dBm -65 dBm

Figure 4-11: Power Link Budget

FORMULA:

𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 2(𝐴𝑀𝐿) + (𝑇𝐿𝐿𝑅𝑋) + (𝑇𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑋)

𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 20log (FC(GHz)) + 20log (𝐷km) + 92.44

𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇𝐹𝐿 + 𝐹𝑆𝐿 + 𝐴𝐿

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝑂 + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 - 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝐹𝑀 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 – 𝐼𝑇

Given:

Fc = 8.3875 GHz

D = 33.98886249 km

AL (see Table 4-11) = 0.595698224 dB

102
AG (see page 113) = 48.8 dBi

AML (by Manny Rule) = 0.25 dB

PO (see page 115) = 18.5 dBm

IT (see page 115) = -65 dBm

Connector Loss (see page 120) = 0.01dB

Solution:

Total Fixed Loss

𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 2(𝐴𝑀𝐿) + (𝑇𝐿𝐿𝑅𝑋 ) + (𝑇𝐿𝐿 𝑇𝑋 )

𝑇𝐹𝐿 = 2(0.25 𝑑𝐵) + 2(0.01) + 2(0.01)𝑑𝐵

𝑻𝑭𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒 𝒅𝑩

Free Space Loss

𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 20 log(𝐹𝐶(𝐺𝐻𝑧) ) + 20 log(𝐷𝑘𝑚 ) + 92.44

𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 20 log(8.3875) + 20 log(33.98886249) + 92.44

𝑭𝑺𝑳 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟗 𝒅𝑩

Total Loss

𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇𝐹𝐿 + 𝐹𝑆𝐿 + 𝐴𝐿

𝑇𝐿 = 0.54 + 141.542229 + 0.595698224

𝑇𝐿 = 142.6779272 dB

Receive Signal Level

103
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝑃𝑂 + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 - 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 18.5𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 2(48.8𝑑𝐵𝑖) − 142.6779272 𝑑𝐵

𝑹𝑺𝑳 = −𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟕𝟐 𝒅𝑩𝒎

Fade Margin

𝐹𝑀 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − 𝐼𝑇

𝐹𝑀 = −26.5779272 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−65 𝑑𝐵𝑚)

𝑭𝑴 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟖 𝒅𝑩

Table 4-12: Microwave Path Data Sheet

Parameter Value Unit

Output Power (PO) 18.5 dBm
Total Line Loss (TLL) 0 dB
Antenna Gain (TX) 48.8 dBi
Free Space Loss (FSL) 142.6779272 dB
Atmospheric Losses (AL) 0.595698224 dB
Antenna Gain (RX) 48.8 dBi
Receive Signal Level (RSL) -26.5779272 dBm
Improvement Threshold (IT) -65 dBm
Fade Margin (FM) 38.4220728 dB

RELIABILITY AND UNAVAILABILITY

Table 4-13: Rayleigh Fade Margin

Fade Margin (dB) Reliability

8 90%
18 99%
28 99.9%
38 99.99%
FM R

104
 48 99.999%
58 99.9999%
68 99.99999%
78 99.999999%
Formula: (The formula used here is interpolation method.)

𝐹𝑀1 −𝐹𝑀 𝑅1 −𝑅
= U = 1-R
𝐹𝑀1 −𝐹𝑀2 𝑅1 −𝑅2

Given: FM = 38.4220728 dB

FM1 = 48 dB

FM2 = 38 dB

Solution:

38.4220728 𝑑𝐵 = 10 log(𝐹𝑀); 𝑭𝑴 = 𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟗

48 𝑑𝐵 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝐹𝑀1 ); 𝑭𝑴𝟏 = 𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟓. 𝟕𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟓

38 𝑑𝐵 = 10log(𝐹𝑀2 ); 𝑭𝑴𝟐 = 𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟓

63095.73445−6953.561179 99.999−𝑅
= ; R = 99.99010207 %
63095.73445−6309.573445 99.999−99.99

𝑈 = 1 − 0.9999010207 = 0.0000989793

365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠

𝑈 = 0.0000989793 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑥 𝑥 ; U = 0.867058668 or 0.87 hrs. /year
1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦

105
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY FINDINGS

In designing point-to-point microwave communications system, the first

thing to consider is the appropriate location wherein the applications of

Microwave System was really needed. Based on our survey, it shows that the

majority of the residence of each location want to have an improvement for their

internet and other relative services. These locations are not capable of having

the Fiber optics or satellite communications due to its geographical condition. In

order to provide them the services that they are lacking likewise the internet. At

first you need to know the principles and operation of the Microwave

Communications System on how can you make a point to point link on your

locations by looking attentively the factors and variables in installing the system.

After choosing the locations for the sites (San Fernando, Pampanga and Pandi,

Bulacan), the proponents will check the terrain of the point-to-point path before

proceeding to the initial path profiling. Using the principles and theories for point-

to-point microwave communications system, the proponents will be able to

calculate the appropriate parameters for the system which includes the

computation for Antenna Height, Fresnel zone and Azimuth. Using the details

and information gathered in our computation, we select the appropriate height of

the tower considering the antenna height and allowance distance from the tip of

106
the tower for future expansion. Reliability is one of the factors considered before

selecting the equipment. In order to increase the reliability and availability of

Microwave transmission system is to increase the gain. Transmission loss

computation can only be done after selecting the microwave antenna and radio.

Next, canvass all the equipment that is suited from the parameters considered

and computed. Check the specifications of each equipment if it is compatible and

jives from the operation of the system. The proponents need to acquire the permit

and licenses required for the operation and establishment of the Point to Point

Microwave Communications System. Finally, compute for the total cost of the

tower, equipment, permits and licenses processing.

CONCLUSION

The proponents have concluded that designing point-to-point microwave

communications system is not just about choosing two points of locations then

make a link because this kind of system comes with a purpose, considerations,

engineering approach, responsibility, and quality service provided to the

subscribers and future subscribers. Wireless communication system is applied

mostly on rural areas because its main advantage is it’s good for long distance

transmission and cheaper than wired system. There are standards that the

proponents must follow in order to make an appropriate design and plan and most

importantly to avoid making violations. Mathematical approach with respect to the

107
theories and principles are very important in order to make sure that the

equipment are compatible so that it will lead to a desired reliability.

RECOMMENDATION

Microwave communications system are considered a service for the public

since it can cover a big number of population in a huge area. The proponents

suggests that making this system to happen should not only be about the purpose

of gaining profit out of it instead it should be more about the convenience of the

public. There is no actual Microwave link proposed in this research since it was

meant for the students to learn how to design, follow standards, and rely on the

principles and theories for the whole wireless communications system.

It is highly recommended for the future researchers to cooperate with its

each other and gather information from any reliable sources(books and internet),

previous researchers or better yet from those professionals with years of field

experience with point-to-point microwave communication system.

In order for the researchers to not lose track of the study, it’s important to

know the goal and list down the objectives or they can make a flow chart of

conceptual paradigm that contains input, process and output as a guide.

108
APPENDIX

109