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AUTHOR: W. D. KLOPP
GENERAL 1.054 Austenitizc. 1750 to 1850 F, air cool or oil
Tlic low-carbon versions of the niartcnsitic 1 2 per¬ quench depending on section size and shape. Fe
cent chromium stainless steels have long been Users generally prefer oil quenching. 12 Cr
used in various forms as relatively low-cost, air- 1.055 Temper. 400 to 1400 F, 1 to 4 hours. Temper¬
hardening stainless steels. These steels are harden- ing at temperatures between 550 and 1050 F
Low C
ablc by quenching and tempering. They arc should be avoided because of reduced resistance
magnetic in all conditions, being l'erritic as an¬ to stress corrosion and increased notch sensi¬ T ypes 403,
nealed and niartensitic as hardened. They have tivity (10,25). Recommended heat treatment for 410,416
sufficient corrosion resistance for many applica¬ obtaining high dimensional stability in Type 410:
tions but are inferior to both austcnitic and ferritic 1800 F, 1/2 hour, oil quench; 450 F, 1 hour, air
grades in this respect. The highest strength condi¬ cool or 600 F, 1 hour, air cool (41).
tions. obtained by tempering at 550 to 1050 F, 1.056 Tempering temperature affects both mechanical
are quite susceptible to stress corrosion and possess properties and microstructure (as well as corrosion
poor toughness at room and low temperatures. behavior) of Type 4 10 and other 12 percent
Delta fcrrite phase can form in 12 percent chromium steels. After quenching from the
chromium steels containing excess chromium and austenitizing temperature of about 1800 F,
low carbon. This phase adversely affects mechani¬ Type 410 is fully martensitic and is characterized
cal properties and formability. These alloys by high values of hardness and tensile strength
are more difficult to weld than austenitic grades (see Figures 1.062 and 3.0212). The tensile
because they tend to crack in the weld bead dur¬ strength and hardness decrease with increasing
ing cooling after welding. The low-silicon tempering temperature up to about 570 F. This
Type 403 is used primarily in the form of forc¬ behavior is related to decomposition of the
ings for compressor blading and other turbine martensite phase, which loses its tetragonality
parts, while the higher silicon Type 410 finds as carbon precipitates from solid solution. Simul¬
wide applications in wrought form and as sand taneously, M3C carbide appears in the martensite
and investment castings. Specialty grades such laths. This carbide is stable to about 660 F. At
as free-machining Types 4 16 and 416Se are used tempering temperatures between 570 and 930 F,
in both cast and wrought form where their slightly hardness values are constant while tensile strength
reduced corrosion resistance and formability increases slightly with increasing tempering tem¬
are acceptable. perature. The tensile strength peak at about
930 F is caused by secondary hardening due to
See also Code 1410 on columbium-modified precipitation of M7C3 carbide. Above 930 F, the
Type 410. yield and ultimate tensile strengths and hardness
decrease rapidly because of dissolution of M7C3
1.01 Commercial Designations carbide. The M73C5 carbide is predominant at
Wrought: A1SI Type 403, 410, 416, and 416Se. temperatures above 930 F (54).
Cast: CA-15 and CA-40. 1.057 AMS-specified heat-treatment conditions for
Types 403, 410, and 416, Table 1.057.
1.02 Alternate Designations 1.058 A neutral or slightly reducing atmosphere must
Type 403: UNS S40300 be maintained when austenitizing or annealing to
Type 410: UNS J91150, UNS J91152, UNS minimize decarburization and scaling.
K9l 151, UNS K91161, UNS S41000, UNS
S41040, UNS S41025 1.06 Hardness
Type 416: UNS J91 161, UNS S41600 1.061 These steels harden by transformation to martens¬
Type 4 16Se: UNS S4 1623. ite on air cooling after austenitizing. AMS 5349B,
5350F, and 5613M require that material be cap¬
1.03 Specifications able of developing a hardness of at least 35 HRC
1.031 AMS specifications Types 403, 410, and 416, after being austenitized at 1750 F. AMS 5610K
Table 1.031. requires similar hardening capability after being
austenitized at 1825 F. AMS 5351D and 5504H
1.04 Composition require that material be capable of developing a
1.041 Compositions specifications for Types 403 and hardness of between 35 and 45 HRC after being
416, Table 1.041. austenitized at 1750 F. AMS 559 IF requires that
1.042 Composition specifications for Type 410, a specimen cut from tubing, when austenitized,
Table 1.042. shall have a minimum Ftu of ISO ksL Similarly,
AMS 5776B and 5777B require that deposited
1.05 Heat Treatment weld metal about 0.25 inch thick, when austenitized.
1.051 Normalize sand castings. 1825 to 1875 F, 1 hour have a hardness of 35 to 45 HRC.
per inch of thickness, 30-minutc minimum, air 1.062 Effect of tempering temperature on hardness of
cool 12). Type 4 10. Figure 1.062.
1.052 All grades. Fully anneal for maximum form-
ability. 1450 to 1650 F, usually 1550 to 1650 F, 1.07 Forms and Conditions Available
furnace cool at 50 F per hour maximum to 1.071 Type 403 is available in the form of bar and
1 100 F. Hardness should be about 155 BHN. forgings in all commercial sizes.
1.053 Subcritical anneal for machining. 1200 to 1400 F. 1.072 Type 410 is available in a full range of forms and
Hardness should be about 185 BHN. sizes regularly produced in stainless steels.
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1.073 Type 410 sand and precision investment castings 1.095 Type 410 is subject to stress-corrosion cracking in
Fe are available in various conditions as desired. hydrazine and related rocket fuels. This cracking is
12 Cr 1.074 Type 410 sheet, strip, bar, and wire are available related to impurities in the hydrazine, particularly
in the annealed condition. Bar and wire are also carbon dioxide. Susceptibility to stress corrosion
Low C available in the cold-drawn condition and wire and can be reduced or eliminated through the use of
forgines in various heat-treated conditions. high-purity or BaO-treated (purified) fuel. (See
Types 403, ).075 Types 416 and 416Se are available in the form of Section 2.0326.)
410,416 bar and forgings in all commercial sizes.
1.076 Type 416 precision investment castings are avail- 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
able in various conditions as desired. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
1.077 Type 416 is also commercially available in com¬
positional modifications for maximum harden- 2.01 Thermal Properties
ability and for maximum machinability but 2.011 Melting range. 2700 to 2790 F.
nonhardenable (55). 2.012 Phase changes.
1.078 The 12.5Cr grade (AMS 5821B) is used as a filler 2.01201 Transformation temperature from austenite to
material for welding corrosion-resistant alloys of ferrite are above 1450 F, but depend on chemistry.
similar compositions which have requirements for Heating to about 1750 F is necessary to insure
control of ferrite. completely martensitic structure on quenching.
2.01202 Transformation temperatures for Type 410
1.08 Melting and Casting Practice are (54,56):
Electric-furnace air melt. Induction and Ac! 1510 F
consumable-electrode melts and remelts are also AC3 1670 F
available, as well as vacuum-degassed materials. Ac4 2240 F
Ms 680 F
1.09 Special Considerations Mf 260 F
1.091 Tempering in the temperature range of about 2.01203 Equilibrium phase diagram for Types 403, 410,
550 to 1050 F should be avoided. This temper and 416 with respect to carbon content, Figure
causes impact embrittlement and increased notch 2.01203.
sensitivity as well as a tendency toward reduced 2.01204 Effect of carbon and chromium content on delta
resistance to general corrosion and to stress cor¬ ferrite content of Type 410, Figure 2.01204.
rosion. Sec Figure 2.0316, Section 2.0321, Fig- 2.0121 Time- temperature- transformation diagrams.
ure 3.0231, Figure 3.0271, Section 3.0331, and 2.01211 Time-temperature-transformation diagram for
Figure 3.0333. Type 403, Figure 2.01211.
1.092 The high manganese and sulfur contents which 2.013 Thermal conductivity of Types 410 and 416,
are added to Type 416 in order to improve Figure 2.013.
machinability cause decreased corrosion re- 2.014 Thermal expansion of Types 403, 410, and 416,
sistance. Manganese contents of 1 percent or Figure 2.014.
more with a manganese-to-sulfur ratio of 7:1 or 2.015 Specific heat of Type 410, Figure 2.015.
greater promote formation of soft alpha-MnS 2.016 Thermal diffusivity.
inclusions and improved machinability. However,
this same alpha-MnS promotes decreased corrosion 2.02 Other Physical Properties
resistance in the alloy. Type 416 should be used 2.021 Density. 0.280 lb/in.3 (7.75 gr/cm3).
only in applications where its decreased corrosion 2.022 Electrical resistivity of Types 410 and 416, Figure
resistance is acceptable. (See Sections 2.03 13 and 2.022.
4.023.) 2.023 Magnetic properties.
1.093 The proper chemical balance is necessary in Types 2.0231 The 400 series of corrosion-resistant steels are
403 and 410 to insure against the formation of magnetic.
delta ferrite which can affect the mechanical prop- 2.0232 Magnetization curves for Type 4 10, Figure 2.0232.
erties, especially hardness and toughness. The 2.0233 Residual induction and coercive force of Type 410
hardness decreases with an increase in the ferrite after magnetizing at 1200 oersteds, and maximum
content, while the toughness as measured by im¬ permeability, Table 2.0233.
pact strength increases for longitudinal tests but 2.024 Emittance.
decreases for transverse tests. These effects on im- 2.025 Damping capacity.
pact strength are due to the mechanical fibering
associated with the presence of ferrite and their 2.03 Chemical Environments
magnitude will depend on both the amount of 2.03 1 Genera] corrosion.
ferrite present and the degree of work in the struc- 2.03 11 These steels are resistant to atmospheric and
ture. The effect of carbon, an austenite former, fresh-water corrosion and to a variety of mild acids
and chromium, a ferrite former, on the amount of and alkalines, but they are inferior to the 300 series
ferrite is shown in Figure 2.01204, of stainless steels and in some cases may require
1.094 Welding of 12 percent chromium steels requires corrosion protection. Maximum corrosion re¬
special precautions to prevent weld cracking. sistance is obtained in the hardened condition
Welds require preheating and post-weld stress but is usually reduced after tempering between
relief. Cracking can be eliminated through the 550 and 1050 F. The requirements for clean sur¬
use of special electrode compositions. (See faces are similar to those for the 300 series.
Sections 4.031 and 4.032.)
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Type 4 1 6 is slightly less corrosion resistant than treatment conditions on stress-corrosion behavior
Typos 403 and 410. in a marine atmosphere. In this environment, low Fe
2.0312 Types 403 and 410 exhibit poor and erratic cor¬ austenitizing temperatures (1600 and 1750 F) re¬ 12 Cr
rosion resistance at 500 to 600 F in high-purity sult in resistance to cracking regardless of the
water containing oxygen. They are considerably tempering temperature. At an intermediate
Low C
interior to austenitic stainless steels in this austenitizing temperature (1900 F), cracking
respect. occurs after tempering at 950 F but not at 450, Types 403,
2.0313 High manganese content in the presence of sulfur 700, or 1200 F. With steel austenitized at 2050 F, 410,416
promotes rusting and corrosion of 12 percent tempering temperatures of 950 F and lower result
chromium steels such as Type 416. As shown in in cracking. Stress-corrosion cracking in Type 410
Figure 2.0314, manganese contents over 0.4 per¬ has been attributed to chromium depletion at the
cent considerably reduce the time for appearance grain boundaries during tempering. Tempering
of rust spots on steel containing 0.35 percent between 900 and 1100 F causes precipitation of
sulfur. Similarly, manganese contents of 0.8 per¬ chromium carbide at grain boundaries and within
cent or higher greatly increase the corrosion rate the matrix, causing chromium depletion in the
in a nitric acid solution at sulfur contents of surrounding matrix. Chromium depletion at the
0.25 and 0.35 percent, as shown in Figure 2.0315. grain boundaries creates preferential paths for
The corrosion behavior in several acids is shown stress-corrosion cracking. Tempering at 1200 F
in Figure 2.03 16 for two sulfur levels, two manga¬ and above permits diffusion of chromium into the
nese levels, and three heat treatments. At a sulfur depleted zones, consequently producing a more
level of 0.007 percent (not characteristic of com¬ uniform chromium distribution and improving the
mercially available materials), corrosion resistance resistance to stress-corrosion cracking. The effect
is good and does not vary with manganese content. of austenitizing temperature is believed to be re¬
However, at a normal sulfur level of 0.35 percent, lated to grain size, with coarser grain size promot¬
corrosion rates are considerably increased at the ing cracking. Stress-corrosion cracking can be
higher manganese level. The effect of limited varia¬ avoided by control of the environment, control
tions in heat treatment here is minor, with the of heat treatment, reduction of tensile stresses,
austenitized-and-tempered materials having im¬ and use of selected coatings. Zinc-rich coatings
proved corrosion resistance as compared to 1300 F- and metallized aluminum are especially effective in
annealed material. The poor corrosion resistance preventing cracking in marine and industrial
of 12 percent chromium steels containing both atmospheres (61).
manganese and sulfur is attributed to the presence 2.0322 Effect of heat treatment on stress-corrosion be¬
of manganese sulfide (MnS). In low-manganese havior of Type 410 in marine atmosphere. Fig¬
materials, a chromium-rich sulfide forms which has ure 2.0322.
good corrosion resistance. However, in high- 2.0323 The resistance of Type 410 to both general corro¬
manganese materials, the corrosion-prone manga¬ sion and to stress-corrosion cracking in an aqueous
nese sulfide forms. Sulfide composition also 3.5 percent sodium chloride solution is dependent
affects the behavior of these steels during nitric on prior heat treatment. Material austenitized at
acid passivation treatments. Highly oxidizing solu¬ 1775 F and tempered 3 hours at 1100 F exhibits
tions such as nitric acid with a 2 percent addition severe general corrosion with numerous deep pits
of sodium dichromate must be used to avoid cor¬ but is resistant to stress corrosion. Tensile strength
rosion attack during these treatments, particularly is degraded by general corrosion. After austenitiz¬
for steels with high manganese-to-sulfur ratios (59). ing at 1775 to 1900 F followed by tempering for
2.0314 Effect of manganese on time for first appearance 3 hours at lower temperatures (400 or 500 F),
of rust spots on Type 416 in humid air at room Type 410 shows only slight general corrosion.
temperature, Figure 2.0314. However, it is quite susceptible to stress corrosion
2.0315 Effect of manganese content on corrosion of in this condition when stressed at 75 to 100 per¬
Type 416 in aqueous solution of 10 percent cent of the yield strength (62).
nitric acid at room temperature, Figure 2.0315. 2.0324 The fatigue crack-growth rate of Type 403 is
2.03 16 Effects of sulfur and manganese contents and heat greater in boiling water than in air, as shown in
treatment on corrosion rate of Type 416 in several Figure 2.0323. Crack-growth rates in aqueous
acids, Table 2.0316. solutions of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate
2.0317 Type 410 has superior corrosion resistance in atmo¬ (not shown) are almost identical to those in water
spheric and saltwater environments as compared to for pH values from 2 to 10, while rates in aqueous
other non-stainless steels. It is inferior, however, solutions of sodium phosphate and sodium silicate
to Types 302, 316, and 321 stainless steels based (not shown) are almost identical to those in
on 16-year exposure data. Data for Type 410 are air (63).
shown in Table 2.0318 (60). 2.0325 Effects of frequency and environment on fatigue
2.0318 Corrosion of Type 410 in tropical environments crack-growth behavior of Type 403 at 212 F,
for times up to 16 years, Table 2.0318. Figure 2.0325.
2.032 Stress corrosion. 2.0326 Type 410, along with Inconel 718. Ti-6A1-4V, and
2.0321 Martensitic stainless steels such as Type 410 are 606 1T6 Al, Finds major application for service with
resistant to stress-corrosion cracking in the annealed hydrazine and related rocket fuels. These alloys
condition but can be susceptible to cracking in are classified in order of decreasing susceptibility
certain environments in the heat-treated condi¬ to stress-corrosion cracking in hydrazine as follows:
tion. Table 2.0322 shows the effects of heat- Type 410 stainless steel, Inconel 718, Ti-6A1-4V,
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FeM FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
ÿnd 606lT6Al. Type 410 and Inconel 718 arc 2.04 Nuclear Environments
Fe subject to serious deterioration in crack-propagation 2.041 Type 410 is used for high-strength parts in reactors.
12 Cr resistance in hydrazine while 606 1T6 A1 is essen- 2.042 Irradiation effects on these and other martemitic
tially unaffected. Data for Type 410 in hydrazine stainless steels are as follows:
Low C and three other related fuels are shown in Table The hardness increases, as the total flux and the
2.0327. Increases in load and in fuel-impurity con¬ temperature of irradiation is increased. This
T ypes 403, tent tend to decrease the incubation period before effect also appears to be greater for a higher
410,416 crack-growth initiation. Cracking is observed in initial hardness, but independent of the carbon
impure hydrazine and in Aerozine 50 but not in content.
monomethyl hydrazine or unsymmetrical di- Tensile strength and yield strength increase and
methylhydrazine (UMDH). Carbon dioxide im¬ the ductility decreases if the saturation point
purity is particularly harmful, as shown by short appears to be reached below the point of com¬
incubation periods in hydrazine containing addi¬ plete embrittlement.
tions of 0.2 and 1.0 percent C02- Carbon dioxide The impact strength in the ductile range is only
can be absorbed into hydrazine from the atmo¬ slightly reduced. The transition temperature
sphere during handling and forms carbazic acid, from ductiie-to-brittle behavior, however, may
which promotes susceptibility to cracking. Data be raised by 50 to 75 F.
for Type 4130 steel (not shown), which is more Density is not changed beyond the limits of
susceptible to cracking than Type 410, indicates experimental error.
that treatment of hydrazine with BaO eliminates 2.043 The fracture toughness of Type 403 is decreased
CC>2-induced cracking. Similar behavior is ob¬ by fast-neutron irradiation. Compact tension
served for Type 410 (64). fracture-toughness specimens (ASTM E399-74)
2.0327 Stress-corrosion behavior of Type 410 in hydra¬ were irradiated to a fluence of 6 x 10*9 n/cm2
zine rocket fuels, Figure 2.0327. (greater than 1 Mev) at 570 F in pressurized water.
2.033 Hydrogen-environm ent em brittlement . The room-temperature fracture toughness was re¬
2.0331 Type 410 tempered at 700 F has very poor stress- duced from 72.6 ksi \/Tn. (average of five speci¬
corrosion resistance in the presence of NaCl and mens) in the unirradiated condition to 55.2 ksi\/Im
H2S, as shown in Table 2.0332. This type of (average of four specimens) after irradiation (70).
cracking is attributed to hydrogen absorption and
consequent embrittlement. Cracking under these 3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
conditions is generally a function of hardness and
can be minimized by tempering to a hardness 3.01 Specified Mechanical Properties
below Rockwell C22. Thus, tempering at 900 F 3.011 AMS-specified mechanical properties for Type 410,
and below results in maximum hardness and Table 3.011.
consequent susceptibility to hydrogen 3.012 AMS-specified mechanical properties for Types 403
embrittlement. and 416, Table 3.012.
2.0332 Stress-corrosion behavior of Type 410 in several
environments, Table 2.0332. 3.02 Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature
2.0333 Type 410 (of unspecified heat treatment) is 3.021 Tension - stress-strain diagrams - tension
greatly embrittled by exposure to high-pressure properties.
hydrogen at room temperature, as shown by the 3.021 1 Typical mechanical properties of Types 403, 4 10,
tensile ductility data in Table 2.0334 (65). and 416, Table 3.0211.
2.0334 Effects of hydrogen environment on tensile prop- 3.0212 Effect of tempering temperature on tensile proper¬
erties of Type 410 at room temperature, Table ties of T ype 4 10 sheet and bar, Figure 3.0212.
2.0334. 3.0213 Effect of tempering temperature on mechanical
2.0335 Effect of tempering temperature on hydrogen properties of Type 410 sand castings, Figure
diffusivity and solubility in Type 403 at room 3.0213.
temperature, Figure 2.0335. 3.0214 Effect of tempering temperature on tensile and
2.034 Oxidation. yield strengths of Type 410 deformed in the
2.0341 Oxidation resistance of these alloys is good up metastable austenitic condition, Figure 3.0214.
to 1200 F for continuous service and 1400 F 3.02 15 Effect of tempering temperature on reduction of
for intermittent service. area and elongation of Type 410 deformed in the
2.0342 The dominant constituent of oxide Films formed metastable austenitic condition, Figure 3.0215.
on electropolished Type 410 at 750 to 930 F in 3.0216 Effect of tempering temperature and deformation
oxygen is FC2O3, based on studies of infrared on tensile properties of Type 410, Figure 3.0216.
reflectance spectra. At 1560 F, the dominant 3.0217 Effect of deformation on tensile properties and
constituent is Cr203, with SiC>2 or a metal sili¬ hardness of Type 410 deformed in the metastable
cate probably present as a minor constituent (67). austenitic condition, Figure 3.0217.
2.0343 Long-time oxidation weight-gain behavior of 3.0218 Effect of roiling reduction on tensile properties of
Type 410 in high-pressure steam at 1000 F, Fig¬ Type 410 annealed sheet. Figure 3.0218.
ure 2.0343. 3.0219 Effect of rolling reduction and annealing on as-
2.0344 Effects of pressure and temperature on burning of received tensile properties of Type 410 sheet,
freshly exposed Type 410 in high-velocity flowing Table 3.0219.
oxygen, Figure 2.0344. 3.022 -
Compression - stress-strain diagrams compres¬
sion properties.
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FeM FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
3.059 High-frequency bending fatigue behavior of 55 percent of that of mild steels. In the annealed
Fe Type 403 at room and elevated temperatures, condition these steels have a tendency to tear and
12 Cr Figure 3.059. to seize.
3.0510 Fatigue strength at 10ÿ cycles for Type 403 at 4.022 Types 416 and 416Se possess the highest machin¬
Low C room and elevated temperatures, Figure 3.0510. ability of all stainless steels. The best performance
3.051 1 Fatigue-craek-growth rate of Type 403 in air at is obtained if heat treated or cold worked to 180
T ypes 403, room temperature, Figure 3.0511. to 240 BHN. A satisfactory lubricant for most
410,416 operations is a low-concentration sulfur-base oil
3.06 Elastic Properties The machinability rating of this steel is about
3.061 Poisson's ratio, 0.27 to 0.29. 85 percent of that of mild steel.
3.062 Modulus of elasticity of Type 410 at room and 4.023 The machinability of Type 416 sulfurized stainless
elevated temperatures, Figure 3.062. steel is greatly affected by both sulfur and man¬
3.0621 Effect of heat treatment of Type 410 on modulus ganese contents. High sulfur content and a high
of elasticity at room temperature, Table 3.0621. manganese-to-sulfur ratio provide significantly im¬
3.063 Modulus of rigidity at room and elevated tem¬ proved machinability, as shown in Figure 4.024.
peratures, Figure 3.063. (Drill machinability is defined as the ratio of the
3.064 Tangent modulus. average time required to drill a standard bar to that
3.065 Secant modulus. required to drill the test bar.) Optimum machina¬
bility at any given sulfur level requires a manganese-
FABRICATION to-sulfur ratio of at least 7:1. The machinability
relates directly to the properties of the sulfide in¬
4.01 Forming clusions that are formed. At very low manganese-
4.011 General. Type 410 is generally formed in the to-sulfur ratios, chromium sulfide is the equilibrium
fully annealed condition. Its formability is in¬ phase. Higher ratios produce a spinel-type sulfide,
ferior to that of annealed 18-8 steels but then an alpha-MnS which is saturated with chromium
comparable to that of 1/4-hard 18-8 steels. and iron, and finally nearly pure alpha-MnS when
4.012 Forging. Starting temperature 2200 F maximum, the ratio exceeds about 7:1. The average hardness
finishing temperature 1700 F minimum. Hot of sulfide inclusions decreases as the manganese-to-
upsetting operations on Type 403 and Type 410 sulfur ratio increases, being lowest for pure alpha-
can be performed at temperatures down to 1300 F. MnS. The soft sulfides reduce the shear stress
Heavy sections must be preheated at 1200 to required for fracture in the secondary shear zone
1500 F and both heavy sections and complicated by providing regions of easy shear. This lowers the
shapes should be equalized after forging at about required cutting forces and accounts for the higher
1300 F and furnace cooled or cooled slowly in an machinability ratings and improved tool life ob¬
insulating material. Type 416 can be forged to a tained with high manganese-to-sulfur ratio
limited extent but should be annealed after forging. materials (83).
4.013 The presence of delta ferrite may cause difficulties 4.024 Effects of manganese and sulfur contents on
in hot-working processes, especially during the machinability of Type 410, Figure 4.024.
piercing of seamless tubes and in forgings if up¬
setting is involved. Reheating one or more times 4.03 Joining
is advisable when the upsetting operation is severe. 4.031 Martensitic stainless steels, in particular those with
The amount of delta ferrite that may be present carbon contents above 0.25 percent, are difficult
in Type 410, if the chemistry is not properly to weld. However, the lower carbon martensitic
balanced, is a function of the ingot size as well stainless steels can be successfully welded with
as of the composition. As the ingot size is reduced careful control of preheat temperature and post-
by hot working, the amount of delta ferrite present weld heat treatment. Types 403 and 410 are com¬
may decrease; also it may vary from the top to the monly joined by a wide variety of welding
bottom and from the surface to the center of the processes including resistance welding, arc weld¬
ingot (48). ing, and electroslag welding. When these steels
4.014 Type 410 can be consolidated from atomized pre- are used in machinery components, fabrication is
alloyed powder by pressing followed by sintering usually accomplished by one of the arc-welding
in dissociated ammonia at 2190 to 2280 F. Tensile processes, such as shielded metal arc, gas tungsten
strengths of as-sintered alloy range from 76 to arc, or submerged arc. Welding of annealed base
98 ksi at densities of 85 to 93 percent. Elongation, material followed by heat treatment of the entire
however, ranges only from 1 to 9 percent as a re¬ weldment will produce the most homogeneous
sult of nitriding during sintering. Embrittlement structure and optimum mechanical properties.
can be avoided by sintering in low-pressure nitro¬ However, because of the difficulties of quenching
gen, 50 microns for example (82,86). and tempering complex structures, it is common
practice to weld fully heat-treated component
4.02 Machining and Grinding parts. Despite the use of careful controls, as well
4.021 Best machinability in Types 403 and 410 is ob¬ as recommended procedures and proper preheat
tained if they are heat treated or annealed and cold and post-weld heat treatment, center bead cracking
worked to 200 to 260 BHN for light fast cuts, or can occur in welds during fabrication of 12 percent
to 180 to 220 BHN for heavy cuts, drilling, or saw¬ chromium stainless steels. Concave, single-pass
ing. Machinability rating in this condition is 50 to fillet welds with Type410 filler metal onTypes 403
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MARCH 1988 FERROUS ALLOYS FeM
and 410 steels seem particularly vulnerable. Crack- 14 ASTM A 351-69 Ferrite and Austenitic Steel Cast¬
ing can be eliminated through the use of a 12Cr- ings for High Temperature Service, Book of Fe
4Ni-Mo (Type E-410-Ni or E-410-Ni-Mo) or 12Cr- Standards American Society for Testing Materials, 12 Cr
4Ni-Mo-Ti (AM-363) electrode. Cracking in Part 2 (1970), pp 181-187.
AMS5349B (July 1, 1984).
Low C
Type 410 welds is believed to occur between 15
about 1600 and 2500 F. Shrinkage strains pro- 16 American Iron and Steel Institute, "Stainless and
duced by weld-bead cooling cause fracture of Heat Resisting Steels", Steel Products Manual Types 403,
ferrite grains or fracture at austenite-feriite grain (June 1957), p 38. 410,416
boundaries. These microcracks produce stress 17 AMS 5505B (July 16, 1979).
concentrations and propagate into larger cracks 18 AMS 5609A (July 16, 1979).
as the weld continues to cool and shrinkage stresses 19 AMS 5611A (July 15,1980).
continue to increase (84). 20 AMS 5612D (April 1, 1984).
4.03 For fusion welding of Type403 and Type410, 21 AMS 5614A (October 15, 1978).
electrodes of the same composition can be used 22 AMS 5655B (July 1, 1983).
when material is to be subsequently heat treated, 23 AMS 5821B (October 15, 1980).
and Type 309 or 3 10 electrodes can be used if 24 Allegheny Ludlum (1958).
the material is to be used in the as-welded condi- 25 Epsey, G. B., Jones, M. H., and Brown, W. F., Jr.,
tion. Preheating to 300 F minimum and post- Proa. ASTM, Vol 59 (1959), p 837.
heating at 1300 F, followed by cooling at a rate 26 Schoefer, E. A., "Corrosion Resistance Type
of 100 F per hour maximum to 1100 F, is neces¬ CA-15", Alloy Casting Institute Data Sheet (June
sary to prevent cracking. Type 416 is weldable to 1954).
a very limited extent. This alloy should be 27 Hosi, Y„ and Pinnow, K. E., "The Tensile Proper¬
annealed at 1450 F after welding to improve ties of Type 410 Stainless Steel Deformed Before
both ductility and corrosion resistance. and After Martensite Transformation", Trans.
ASM, Vol 53 (1961), p 591.
4.04 Surface Treating 28 North American Aviation, Inc., "Materials Property
4.04 Stainless steels such as Types 410 and 416 (and Manual and Summary Report", Materials Research
probably 403 also) can be plated with any of the Report No. AL-2604, Appendix 6 (October 30,
common metals after preplating using Wood's 1957).
nickel strike. This strike is a simultaneous 29 Westinghouse Electric Corporation, "Properties of
activation/plating treatment resulting in a thin AISI Type 410 Stainless Steel", Bettis Plant.
adherent deposit of nickel. Specimens plated 30 Materials Manual (May 1957) Universal Cyclops
after a Wood's strike fail in the electroplated Steel Corporation, "High Temperature Metals"
deposit rather than at the coating/substrate (October 1958).
interface (85). 31 Morykawas, S., "Cannon-Muskegon Corporation,
416 Alloy Data" (September 1967).
REFERENCES 32 Lennox, T. J., Jr., Peterson, M. H., and Groover,
R. E., "Marine Corrosion Studies", NRL Report
1 AMS 5350F (April 1, 1981). 1948 (November 1968).
2 AMS5351D (April 1, 1981). 33 Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation, Jones and
3 AMS 5504H (July 1, 1985). Laughlin Stainless Steel Data Sheet (July 25,
4 AMS 5591F (January 15, 1981). 1958).
5 AMS 56 10K (July 1, 1982). 34 Gerberich, W. W., Martens, H. E., and Boundy,
6 AMS 5613M (July 1, 1984). R. A., "Tensile Properties of Five Low-Alloy and
7 AMS 5776B (October 1, 1981). Stainless Steels Under High-Heating-Rate and
8 AMS 5777B (July 1, 1981). Constant-Temperature Conditions", Technical
9 ASTM A 193-69 Alloy - Steel Bolting Materials Report No. 32-222, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
for High Temperature Service, Book of Standards (June 1962).
American Society for Testing Materials, Part 1 35 Chait, R., and Weiss, V., "Isothermal True Stress-
(1970), pp 109-117. Strain Curves of Body Centered Metals", Syracuse
10 ASTM A 194-69 Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for University Research Institute Report No. MET. E.
Bolts for High Pressure and High Temperature 1081-0666 (June 1966); see also Chait, R., "Defor¬
Service (ibid.), pp 118-125. mation and Fracture of High Strength BCC Poly-
11 ASTM A 276-67 Stainless and Heat Resisting Bars crystalline Alloys", Ph.D. Thesis, Syracuse
and Shapes, Book of Standards American Society University (1967) (available from University of
for Testing Materials, Part 3 (1970), pp 235—241. Michigan, Order No. 68-5451).
12 ASTM A 296-68 Corrosion Resistant Iron- 36 Report on Strengths of Wrought Steels at Elevated
Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel and Nickel Base Temperatures, ASTM Data Series D53.
Castings, Book of Standards American Society for 37 Best, G. E., "403 Stainless Steel", General Electric
Testing Materials, Part 2 (1970), pp 157-163. Data Sheets (June 2, 1958).
13 ASTM A 3 14-63 Stainless and Heat-Resistant Steel 38 "Development of a Point Deformation Rolling
Billets and Bars for Reforging, Book of Standards Mill", Ninth Interim Engineering Progress Report,
American Society for Testing Materials, Part 3 MMP Project Nr 8-252 (July 1966-September
(1970), pp 310-313. 1966).
CODE 1401
Page 7
FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
39 DeSisto, T. S., unpublished data, Army Materials 60 Southwell, C. R., and Bultman, J. D., "Corrosion
and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, of Metals in Tropical Environments: Part 10 -
Massachusetts. Final Report of Sixteen-Year Exposures", NRL-
40 Haynes Stellite Company, "Haynes Investment- 7834 (January 2, 1975).
Cast Steels", Haynes Type 410 Stainless Steel 61 Phelps, E. H., "Stress Corrosion of Ferritic-
(April 1958). Martensitic Stainless Steels", Metals Engineering
J/41 Holden, F. C., "A Review of Dimensional In¬ Quarterly, Vol 13, No. 2 (May 1973), pp 44-49.
stability in Metals", DMIC Memorandum 189 62 Nelson, E. E., "Stress Corrosion Cracking of
(March 1964). Several High Strength Ferrous and Nickel Alloys",
42 Van Echo, J. A., Gullotti, D. V., Bibler, J. R., and NASA-TM-X-64626 (November 11, 1971).
Simmons, W. F., "Short-Time Creep Properties of 63 Abrego, L., and Begley, J. A., "Fatigue Crack
Structural Sheet Materials for Aircraft and Propagation of 403 Stainless Steel in Aqueous
Missiles", AFTR 6731, Part 4 (January 19S6). Solutions at 100 C", paper presented at Corrosion/
43 Genera! Electric (1957). 80, sponsored by the National Association of
44 Sessler, J., and Brown, W. F., Jr., Proc. ASTM, Corrosion Engineers, Chicago, Illinois (March 3-7,
Vol 56 (1956), p 738. 1980).
45 Vitovec, F. H., and Lazan, B. J., "Fatigue, Creep 64 Gilbreath, W. P., and Adamson, M. J., "The Stress
and Rupture Properties of Heat Resistant Mate¬ Corrosion Susceptibility of Several Alloys in Hydra¬
rials", WADC TR56-181 (August 1956). zine Fuels", NASA TN-D-7604 (February 1974).
46 ASTM STP 129 Symposium on Determination of 65 Chandler, W. T., and Walter, R. J., "Testing to
Elastic Constants. Determine the Effect of High Pressure Hydrogen
47 Timken, "Resume of High Temperature Investi¬ Environments on the Mechanical Properties of
gations During 1948-50" (1950). Metals", paper presented at the Seventy-Fifth
48 Clark, C. C-, "High Temperature Alloys", Pitman Annual Meeting of the American Society for Test¬
Publishing Corporation (1953), pp 206-213. ing and Materials, Los Angeles, California
49 Banerjee, B. R., and Hauser, J. J., "Effect of (June 25-30, 1972).
Processing Variables on Crack Propagation of High 66 Sakamoto, Y., and Hanada, U., "Effect of Heat
Strength Steels and Titanium", Crucible Steel Treated Structure on Diffusion of Hydrogen in
Company of America (August 29, 1963). Martensitic Type 403 Stainless Steel", Transactions
50 DMIC Data Sheet, 6909-001 (September 1969). of the Japan Institute of Metals, Vol 18, No. 6
51 Nachman, J. F., and Buehler, W. J., "Applications, (June 1977), pp 466-470.
Properties, and Fabrication of Thermenol Type 67 Mertens, F. P., "Reflectance Infrared Study of the
Alloys", U.S. Naval Ordnance Report 4237 Oxidation of Stainless Steels and Component
(May 5, 1956). Metals", Corrosion, Vol 34, No. 10 (October 1978),
52 Favor, R. J., and Popp. H. G., "Materials Property pp 359-364.
Data Compilation, Part III AISI 410", General 68 McCoy, H. E., and McNabb, B., "Corrosion of
Electric Company, Cincinnati, Ohio (January 31, Several Iron- and Nickel-Base Alloys in Supercriti¬
1964). cal Steam at 1000 F", ORNL-TM-4552 (August
53 Warren, K. A., and Reed, R. P., "Tensile and 1974).
Impact Properties of Selected Materials from 69 Bates, C. E., Wren, J. E., Monroe, R., and Pears,
20 to 300 K", National Bureau of Standards C. D., "Ignition and Combustion of Ferrous Metals
Monograph 63 (June 28, 1963). in High Pressure, High Velocity, Gaseous Oxygen",
54 Prabhu, G. V., Huntz, A. M., and Lacombe, P., Journal of Materials for Energy Systems, Vol 1,
"Role of Carbon in Embrittlement Phenomena of No. 1 (June 1979), pp 61-76.
Tempered Martensite 12Cr-0.15%C Steel", Metal 70 Hosbons, R. R., Pacey, A. J., and Wotton, B. L.,
Science, Vol 14, No. 7 (July 1980), pp 241-252. "Effect of Impurity Concentration on the Change
55 Draznik, R. A., "The Versatile 416 Stainless in Fracture Toughness of AISI Type 403 Stainless
Steels" ,Modern Machine Shop, Vol 56, No. 9 Steel with Fast Neutron Radiation", ASTM STP-
(February 1984), pp 70-74. 570(1975), pp 103-116.
56 Breinan, E. M., and Ansell, G. S., "The Influence 71 Hosbons, R. R., and Wotton, B. L., "Heat Treat¬
of Austenite Strength upon the Austenite- ment to Improve the Toughness of 12% Chromium
Martensite Transformation in Alloy Steels", Steels", AECL-6776 (October 1980).
Metallurgical Transactions, Vol 1, No. 6 (June 72 Kanazawa, K., Yamaguchi, K., and Yoshida, S.,
1970), pp 1513-1520. "High-Temperature Rotating Bending Fatigue
57 "AISI Type 403", Alloy Digest, Filing Code: Behavior of a Martensitic Stainless Steel SUS
SS-94 (October 1959). 403-B", Transactions of National Research
58 Clark, A. F., Childs, G. E., and Wallace, G. H., Institute for Metals, Vol 20, No. 2 (March 1978),
"Electrical Resistivity of Some Engineering Alloys pp 98-103.
at Low Temperatures", Cryogenics, Vol 10, No. 4 73 Scott, J. K., and Cox, E. P., "Fracture Character¬
(August 1970), pp 295-305. istics of Two High-Strength, Low-Alloy and Two
59 Henthorne, M., "Corrosion of Resulfurized Free- Stainless Steels", CERL-IR-M-200 (January 1977).
Machining Stainless Steels", Corrosion, Vol 26, 74 Kawada, T., "Data Sheets on the Elevated-
No. 12 (December 1970), pp 511-528. Temperature Properties of 12Cr Stainless Steel
Bars for Turbine Blades (SUS 403-B), National
Research Institute for Metals Data Sheet (1974).
n
i
PRINTED: MARCH 1988 FERROUS ALLOYS FeM
75 Kanazawa, K.. Yamaguchi, K., Sato, M., Modified 12Cr Stainless Steel", Engineering Frac¬
Kobayashi, K... and Suzuki, N., "Elevated- ture Mechanics, Vol 7, No. 1 (March 1975), Fe
Temperaturc Fatigue Properties of Engineering pp 23-40. 12 Cr
Materials, Part IV - Section 10: Elevated- 81 Wolfenden, A., "Internal Friction Study of AISI
Temperature Fatigue Properties of a 12Cr 410 Stainless Steel", Scripta Metallurgica, Vol 17,
Low C
Stainless Steel Bar for General Application No. 3 (March 1983), pp 321-325.
(SUS 403-B)", Transactions of NationalRe- 82 Otto, G., "Vacuum Sintering of Stainless Steel", T ypes 403,
search Institutefor Metals, Vol 20, No. 5 Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 410,416
(September 1978), pp 321-329. Vol 11, No. 6 (November/December 1974),
76 Kanazawa, K., Yamaguchi, K., and Kobayashi, K., pp 1110-1113.
"The Temperature Dependence of Low Cycle 83 Kovach, C. W., and Moskowitz, A., "Effects of
Fatigue Behavior of Martensitic Stainless Manganese Additions and Sulfur Additions on the
Steels", Materials Science and Engineering, Machinability of Martensitic Stainless Steels",
Vol 40, No. 1 (September 1979), pp 89-96. Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME,
77 Willertz, L. E., and Moon, D. M., "Correlation Vol 245, No. 8 (October 1969), pp 2157-2164.
of Damping and Fatigue Properties of an AIS1 84 Castner, H. R., "Cause and Prevention of 12%
403 Stainless Steel", Journal of Testing and Chromium Steel Fillet Weld Cracks", Welding
Evaluation, Vol 3, No. 3 (May 1975), pp 191-198. Journal, Vol 56, No. 7 (July 1977), pp 193-s—
78 Wright, R. N., "The High Cycle Fatigue Strength 200-s.
of Commercial Stainless Steel Strip", Materials 85 Dini, J. W., and Johnson, H. R., "Plating on
Science and Engineering, Vol 22, No. 3 (March Stainless-Steel Alloys", Plating and Surface
1976), pp 223-230. Finishing, Vol 69, No. 11 (November 1982),
79 Nishijima, S., Matsuda, C., Abe, T., Takeuchi, E., PP 63-65.
and Komatsu, A., "Statistical Fatigue Properties 86 Dovydenkov, V. A., Radomysel'skii, I. E., and
of Heat Treated J1S Steels, S45C, SCM3, SNCM8, Napara-Volgina, S. G-, "Methods of Production
SK5, and SUS403, for Machine Structural Use", and Properties of Sintered Stainless Steels for
Transactions of National Research Institute for Machine Components - A Review", Soviet Powder
Metals, Vol 19, No. 6 (November 1977), Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, Vol 17, No. 5
pp 327-343. (May 1978), pp 371-379.
80 Logsdon, W. A., "An Evaluation of the Crack
Growth and Fracture Properties of AISI 403
CODE 1401
Page 9
FeM FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
TABLE 1.041. COMPOSITION SPECIFICATIONS FOR TYPES 403 AND 416 (5,15,19)
Alloy 410
Form Cast Wrought
Source AMS 5350F AMS 535 IF AMS 5504H AMS 5505BW AMS 5614A
CA-40(a) AMS5591F(b) AMS 5609A(e,D
AMS 56l3M(c) AMS 5612D(e>8)
AMS 5776B(<i) AMS 5821B(h)
AMS5777B(d)
Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent
Element Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
Chromium 11-50 13.50 11.50 14.00 11.50 1350 1150 12.50 1150 12.50
Carbon 0.05 0.15 - 0.15 - 0.15 0.12 0.15 0.07 0.12
Manganese - 1.00 - 1.00 - 1.00 — 0.60 0.30 0.60
Silicon 1.00 - 1.50 - 1.00 - 0.50 - 0.35
Nickel - 0.50 - 1.00 - 0.75 — 0-75 - 0.60
Copper - 0.50 - 0.50 - 0.50 - 050 - 0.50
Molybdenum - 0.50 - 0.50 - 0.50 - 0.20 0.40 0.60
Aluminum - 0.05 - 0.05 - 0.05 - 0.05 - 0.05
Tin - 0.05 - 0.05 - 0.05 — 0.05 - 0.05
Phosphorus - 0.04 - 0.04 - 0.04 - 0.025 -- 0.04
Sulfur - 0.03 - 0.03 - 0.03 - 0.025 0.03
Nitrogen - - - - - 0.08 - 0.08 - 0.08
(a) Carbon 0.20-0.40.
(b) Molybdenum max 0.60.
(c) Carbon min 0.10.
(d) Phosphorus max 0.023; sulfur max 0.015; phosphorus + sulfur max 0.030.
(e) Ferrite controlled.
(0 Plus 0.05 to 0.20 columbium.
(g) Molybdenum max 050.
(h) Carbonmin0.ll.
CODE 1401
Page 10
PRINTED: MARCH 1988 FERROUS ALLOYS FeM
2800
\
T ypes 403 , 410, 41 6
rÿ—1—
—
\
2600
A —— Carbid
Austeilite
2400 7ÿ7 v.
C
F — Ferritt
e
2200 r7/
/
/
u.
2 2000 1
/ /
A /
/
i
f
II800
Type 410, Heat Treated 2 hr, 1920 F, OQ +
Cooled to -320 F + Tempered 1 hr at A +C
Indicated Temperature I600
S 600 F A +F
- C
-
-
Q
I
1 I400
E 400 / F+C
>•
a.
200 I200
I000
200 400 600 800 I000 I200 I400 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I.O I.2
Tempering Temperature, F Carbon, percent
FIGURE 1.062. EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE FIGURE 2.01203. EQUILIBRIUM PHASE DIAGRAM FOR
ON HARDNESS OF TYPE 410 (54) TYPES 403, 410, AND 416 WITH
RESPECT TO CARBON CONTENT (54)
CODE 1401
Page 11
FeM FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
0.25
Type 410, 9.25-inch S<)uare Bai ,2150 F ,WQ Type 403
Fe
12 Cr
Low C
0.20
1600
Approx iei
I
'+
1 F\ _ ate ate Ate
1400
Types 403, g o.i5
410,416 I
_ f r ÿ
A
1200
A bT+ F +
9 F+C
|0.I0 ••• 4;
ÿ
A
1000 percent -
0.05 •> h o Ferriti
ÿ 5 percent Max Fer rite E 800
ÿ 5 percent Ferrite
-
- A / tustenite
Ms
600
-*
-
—
m5q
Mgo
C -C arbide
F -
F errite
1 1.5 12 I2.5 13 I3.5 14
Chromium, percent
400
1 min 1 hr 1 d: y 1 wk
FIGURE 2.01204. EFFECT OF CARBON AND CHROMIUM
CONTENT ON DELTA FERRITE CON¬
TENT OF TYPE 410 (48)
200
| | | 1
10' 10' 10° to 10' 10°
Time, sec
--- ---
Types 410 and 416 Types 403,410,416
aiL
It
u
u£
— 16
y
y *
y
y
y
| 2 15
E ca
o / Mean Coef Linear Thermal
X y Therms 1
>- s Condiictivity Expansion From RT to
Indicated Temperature
14
200 400 600 800 I000 400 800 I200 I600 2000
Temperature, F Temperature, F
FIGURE 2.013. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FIGURE 2.014. THERMAL EXPANSION OF TYPES 403,
TYPES 410 AND 416 (28,29) 410, AND 416 (24,30)
CODE 1401
Page 12
PRINTED: MARCH 1988 FERROUS ALLOYS FeM
>
/v
5 30
Type 410, 1750 F,
'//ÿ
S
Specific He,t AC t- 1375 F, 2 hr (29)
20
0 200 400 600
Temperature, F
800 1000
A y- ype410, 1lardened,
t RC 39 (58 i
10
FIGURE 2.015. SPECIFIC HEAT OF TYPE 410 (29) -460 400 800 1200 I600
Temperature, F
Type 410
iSZTZ2!-—,
*— Magnetic
Annealed
1350 F, 4 hr,
— FC to 110 F
-90 R8
Heat Treated
1850 F, AC +.
500 F, 2 hr
-40 RC
CODE 1401
Page 13
FeM FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
Type 416, Bar, Heat Treated (A) 7 hr, 1300 F, Type 416, Bar, Heat Treated (A) 7 hr, 1300 F,
Fe AC or (B) 1 hr, 1830 F, OQ + 7 hr, 970 F, AC AC or (B) 1 hr, 1830 F, OQ + 7 hr, 970 F. AC
12' Cr Sulfur Content 0.35 percent. Total Exposure Data are Averages for Two Specimens for
Time 200 hr. Humidity 100 percent Three 48-hour Test Periods
Low C
200 Heat IO
--— -
Treatment
T ypes 403,
410,416 I00
80
A A •A
A
D *4 f- 0
60 |
40 i
IO 1
f s
percent Treatment 1
; 20 ft* i 0 0.25 A
>ÿ
m 0.25 B
a:
o
o
E
10
8 s
• •
a
E
i
'
A 0.35
ÿ 0.35
A
B
V,
H 6 1—A-
« -* -11- L IO'
o
O
10'
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
•
Manganese Content, percent
J
FIGURE 2.0314. EFFECT OF MANGANESE ON TIME
FOR FIRST APPEARANCE OF RUST
SPOTS ON TYPE 416 IN HUMID AIR
AT ROOM TEMPERATURE (59)
I0U K
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Manganese Content, percent
TABLE 2.0318. CORROSION OF TYPE 410 IN TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR TIMES UP TO 16 YEARS (60)
Alloy Type410
Austenitizing Tempering Yield Time to
Temperature, Temperature, Strength, Failure,
F F ksi days(a)
1600 450 140 NF
700 138 NF
950 130 NF
1200 80 NF
1750 450 150 NF
700 144 NF
950 140 NF
1200 90 NF
1900 450 141 NF
700 139 NF
950 138 404
1200 90 NF
2050 450 136 1500
700 134 1000
800 135 280
950 132 140
1200 88 NF
-
(a) NF No failure in 10-year exposure. Bent beam
specimens stressed at 75 percent of the yield strength
and exposed at Kure Beach, North Carolina.
CODE 1401
Page 15
FeM FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
4 6 8 10 20 40
Stress-Intensity-Factor Range, AK, ksis/iiT.
FIGURE 2.0323. EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND EN-
VIRONMENT ON FATIGUE CRACK-
GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF TYPE 403
AT 212 F (63)
8
410, ).035-inch Sheet. Anneal ed 1 h r,
_ Type 1700 F, Steam Pressu re 3500 p si
N
E
E
e
*To28
'3 1.1
13
5 2
FIGURE 2.0335. EFFECT OF TEMPERING TEMPERATURE FIGURE 2.0343. LONG-TIME OXIDATION WEIGHT-GAIN
ON HYDROGEN DIFFUSIVITY AND BEHAVIOR OF TYPE 410 IN HIGH-
SOLUBILITY IN TYPE 403 AT ROOM PRESSURE STEAM AT 1000 F (68)
TEMPERATURE (66)
CODE 1401
Page 17
FeM FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
200
Nt Ignitic n gnition Burn
Mo Burr
Alloy Type410
AMS FtU, Fty« c, RA,
Specifi¬ Thickness, ksi ksi percent percent Hardness Bend Radius, t
cation
5350F
Condition'3!
C; 1750 F. 1 hr
in.
-
Min
-
Max
--
(Min)
-
(Min)
- _
(Min) Min
35 HRC
Max
_ V-Block(b)
_
Free(c)
_
_ _
C; 1750 F. I hre 1350 F. 1 hr -
-
95 75
- _
8
_
20 94 HB 100 HB
_ _
5351 D C;1S50 F. 1 hr+ 1100 F(d) - -
- _ _ 217 HB
__
248 HB
_ _
5504H
C: 1750 F, 15-45 min
W: annealed
<0.375
<0.030
-
-
-
95 - 12
__ __
35 HRC 45 HRC
__ -
>0.030
<0.375
-
-
95
_-
-
-
15
_-
_
_
_ __ 2
-1
>0.375-0.500 - - _ L. 4
_ 2
W; 1750 F, 15-30 min <0.500 - - - _- 35 HRC
_ 45 HRC -_
5505 B W; annealed <0.030 - 95 -_ 15
_ _ _- -_ _
>0.030
<0J75
-
-
95
- -
20 _ __ _
_ _— 2 1
>0.375-0.500 - - - - 4 2
W:l700F, 1 hr ÿ 2X 600 F. 2 hr <0.035
>0.035 < 0.070
180
180
-
-
147
147
4
S
-- 39 HRC
39 HRC
44 HRC
44 HRC
-
-
-
-
>0.070 <0.110 180 - 147 7 - 39 HRC 44 HRC - -
>0.110 <0.150 180 - 147 9
_- 39 HRC 44 HRC
_- -
>0.150 180 - 147
_ 11
_ _
39 HRC
_
44 HRC
_ -
5591F W; annealed -
-
- 100
- _ __
20(<*)
_
_
_
_
_ _
_
_
_
5609A
W: 1750 F. 30 min
W; annealed
W: 1700 F, 1 hr + 600 F, 2 hr
-
<0.500
150
-
185
_
115(c) -
152 10
_ 30
_ _
40 HRC
241 HB<0
45 HRC
_
_ -
5612D W; annealed - - 115(*) - 241 HB(0
_ -
5613M
W: 1700 F, 1 hr-t 600 F.2hr
W; annealed
<0.500
-
180
-
-
115(e)
147
-
10
_ 30
_
39 HRC 44 HRC
241 HB(0
_ -
_
_ _
5614A
W; 1750 F, 30-35 min
W; annealed
<0.375
- _- -
115(e)
-_ _ _ _
35 HRC
223 HB<S)
_ .
W: 1750 F, 30 min + 1100 F<d>, <0.375 <h) 100 - 80 21 60 217 HB 248 HB -
5776B
1 hr
WD: 1750 F, 30 min -0.25
_ _ _.
_
_ _ 35 HRC 45 HRC
__
5777B WD; 1750 F, 30 min -0.25 - - -- 35 HRC 45 HRC
_
5821 B WD; 1700 F, 1 hr + 2X 600 F, 2 hr —0.25 - - - - 39 HRC 44 HRC - -
Note: The original AMS documents should be consulted for complete specification details.
- -
(a) C cast; W wrought! WD
(b) IBS-degree bend.
- weld deposit. (e) Applicable to wire only.
(f) Applicable to bars, forgings, and tubing.
(c) 180-degree bend. (g) Applicable to bars only.
<d) Minimum tempering temperature. (h) Specification also requires lzod impact energy of not less than SO ft-lb.
CODE 1401
Page 18
PRINTED: MARCH 1988 FERROUS ALLOYS FeM
TABLE 3.012. AMS-SPECIFIED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR TYPES 403 AND 416 (5,15,19)
CODE 1401
Page 19
FeM FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
T ypes 403,
410, 416
200
160 «
"ÿ
120 -C
Oi
c
07
80 g
2
a>
40 >
re
1"
ÿ3 5
UJ
cc
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Tempering Temperature, F
c
UJ
IE Charpy V
Tempering Temperature, F
Deformation
•
ÿ 18
ÿ 44
0
percent
A 56
t-- 1
Type 410, Bar, 1750 F, Quenched to
r
800 F, Held for 3 hr and Swaged
_
Tempering Time,
i ii_ i_
1 hr
Deformation
0
ÿ 18
percent
ÿ 44
A 56
e (4D)
Tempering Time. 1 hr
CODE 1401
Page 21
FeM FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
290
Type 410, Bar, 1750 F, Quenched and Swaged
Fe
12 Cr
Low C
T ypes 403,
410,416
Deformation
0 percent
29 percent at 800 F +
16 percent at Tempering
Temperature
e (4D)
®
c o>
c
160 P ** — RA
60 ÿu
c
as
c
m ®
ÿ3 ®
eft £
140 40
"8
9 CO
«2
<a
E £ .E c
c .2
~> o
•—
D 120 20 S S
e(r D) " S c
3
!O
;<r
50
RC
-•— -•
45
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Deformation, percent
Types 403,
410,416
e (2 in. >
10 20 30 40 50
Rolling Reduction, percent
i i I
Type 410, Bar, 1800 F, OQ + Temper
IE Charpy V
11 \
ÿc
E
5
120
80
40
200
•
OT
L
400
J-
\
Notch Strength
t
600 800
Tempering Temperature, F
J 1000
fir
1200
0.002
w
2 200
h-
160
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
True Strain, in./in.
CODE 1401
Page 24
PRINTED: MARCH 1988 FERROUS ALLOYS FeM
Types 403,
410,416
5-5
G m
a c
Z ®
V> t
® W
a S
E .2
'£ >
D
# Type 403
-----
1800 F, 1/2 hr.OQ
+ 1000 F, 2 hr (30)
—- 26 to 32 HRC Itvds
20 to 26 HRC )
TyP® 403 (37)
03 11
(36)
//////, Type 410, Annealed
160
:> 120
m uj
CODE 1401
Page 25
FeM FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
200 180
Type 410, 0.063-inch Sheet Ty pe 416, 0. 525-inch B ar, Anneal ed
Fe
12 Cr
Low C I60
ÿo 6
T ypes 403, c
CD ui
410,416 f wo
OS
C ®
© c
—
•3
CO
©
£
120
© (/>
E ®
Pui1
i>
5 100
1800 F, 1/2 hr, OQ i I
+ 700 F, 1 hr, AC
60
•o
"O
c
c
CD
©
-
C
"
RA
to C 40
<a c »
.2 S
sg ~ 20
"E
£ uj
C CC i (2 in.)
3 e (2 in.)
0
800 (200 2000 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100
Temperature, F Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.0315. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON FIGURE 3.0316. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF TYPE 410 (34) TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ANNEALED
TYPE 416 (39)
Type 403, Precision Investment Castings Type 410, Heat Treated 2 hr, 1920 F, OQ +
Cooled to -320 F + Tempered 1 hr at Each
0 As Cast + Temper 1 hr Indicated Temperature
O 1800 F, 1/2 hr, OQ + Charpy V-Notch Specimens
Temper 1 hr
Tempering
200 Temperature(s)
As Cast
A 1200-930 F
(00 16 • 1200 F
ÿ 930- 1200 F
T 930 F
£ 12
Z-w
/
1400 F
UJ
I4
c
J
Tempering
fsÿ r
200 400
Temperature
FIGURE 3.0317. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON FIGURE 3.0332. EFFECTS OF TEST AND TEMPERING
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PRECISION TEMPERATURES ON CHARPY IMPACT
INVESTMENT CASTINGS OF TYPE 403 ENERGY OF TYPE 410 (54)
IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS (40)
CODE 1401
Page 26
PRINTED: MARCH 1988 FERROUS ALLOYS FeM
Type416, 5.6-inch Round, Heat Treated Type 403, 1800 F, Brine Quench +
0.5 hr, 1750 F, OQ + Tempered 1 hr, 1125 F Temper Fe
OQ at Indicated Temperature 160 12 Cr
Charpy V-Notch Specimens
I I I
Tempered at 1100 F - A K®" Low C
T em pered at 600 F I20
80 Iv
) Types 403,
410,416
40 /
A> IE Charpy V
0
I00 200 300 400 500 600 700
Test Temperature, F
30
20
IE Charpy
10
0
-400 -300 -200 -IOO 80
Test Temperature, F
Type 403, Heat Treated 1 hr, 1750 F + 4 hr, Type 403, Bar, Heat Treated 1/2-1-1/2 hr,
Fe 1120—1150 F, Compact Tension Specimens, 1740-1800 F, OQ+ 1-2 hr, 1170-1380 F,
12 Cr ASTM E399-74 Points Are Averages of 3—10 Tests
Low C # Impurity Content 1620 ppm
— {Impurities
A Impurity Content 3080 ppm
= Ni, Cu, P, S, As, Sb, V)
-
T ypes 403,
410,416
ÿ 80
840 F
930 F
40
-1020 F-
1110 F
-40 0 40
Temperature, F
I02 I03 I04
Rupture Life, hr
40
20
1000 F
i/i
-X
1100 F
1200 F
1300 F
1400 F
1500 F
Time, hr
CODE 1401
Page 28
PRINTED: MARCH 1988 FERROUS ALLOYS FeM
Rupture K ~5
Smooth
0.8 percent Thermal
Expansion Included
Notched
1500 F
1.08 percent
Time, hr
1800 F
1.31 percent
-
1 hr 1.08 x 105 Cycles
for Fmf > 0
1 hr = 6x 105 Cycles —
40 60 80
Mean Stress, ksi
Low C
T ypes 403,
410,416
Fatigue Strength
20 hr
CO
g 1 hr= 1.08 x 105 Cycles f
for FMF >0
1 hr = 6 x 105 Cycles
fnr FMp =0
1000 hr
Type 403, 1-inch Bar, 1750 F, 15 min
OQ + 1000 F, 1-1/2 hr. Ftu = 141 ksi
0
0 20 40 60 80
Mean Stress, ksl
Rupture
900 F 700 F
» 40
1 percent
Total Strain
900 F 700 F
I
— 1 hr = 2.16 x 105 Cycles
0.5 percent
Total Strain
20 40 60 80 I00
Mean Stress, ksi
Type 403. Bar. Heat Treated 1740 F, Q + Type 403, Bar, Heat Treated 1740 F, Q + Fe
1350 F, R -
-1, Triangular Strain Wave Form 1350 F, R = -1, Triangular Strain Wave Form
12 Cr
Cyclic Strain Rate, Cyclic Strain Rate,
percent/min
Low C
percent/min
• 40 (~ 10-30 cpm)
A 4 ("1—3 cpm) • 40 l~ 10-30 cpm)
A 0.4 (~0.1-0.3 cpm) T ypes 403,
10 10 410,416
6 6
4 4
c
ra
a
"|0.6I
c
|06
m 0.4
a
? 0.4
CO
o 0
0.2 h 0.2
O.I O.I
10" ICT ICT I03 ICT 10s 10* IOa
Cycles to Failure Cycles to Failure
Type 403, Bar, Heat Treated 1740 F, Q + Type 403, Bar, Heat Treated 1740 F, Q +
1350 F, R = -1, Triangular Strain Wave Form 1350 F, R = -1, Triangular Strain Wave Form
10 10
6 6
4 4
4 <r
c Mv
'50.6 0.6
5 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Cycles to Failure Cycles to Failure
CODE 1401
Page 31
FeM FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
Type 403, Bar, Heat Treated 1740 F, Q + Type 403, Plate, Heat Treated 1 hr, 1800 F,
Fe 1350 F, R = -1, Triangular Strain Wave Form 0Q + 4hr, 1200 F, R = -1
12 Cr Total Strain Range 1.0 percent Torsional Frequency 1080 cpm
Axial Frequency 3600 cpm
Low C Cyclic Strain Rate,
percent/min
410,416
2500
2000
Torsional
S
20 -
I04
-
IO9
-
I06
-
!07 I08
1000 Cycles to Failure
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.056. HIGH-FREQUENCY AXIAL AND TOR-
SIONAL FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF
TYPE 403 IN AIR AT ROOM
FIGURE 3.055. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND CYCLIC TEMPERATURE (77)
STRAIN RATE ON LOW-CYCLE AXIAL
FATIGUE LIFE OF TYPE 403 (75)
FIGURE 3.057. HIGH-FREQUENCY BENDING FATIGUE FIGURE 3.058. HIGH-FREQUENCY BENDING FATIGUE
BEHAVIOR OF TYPE 410 IN AIR AT BEHAVIOR OF SMOOTH AND NOTCHED
ROOM TEMPERATURE (78) TYPE 403 BAR IN AIR AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE (79)
CODE 1401
Page 32
PRINTED: MARCH 1988 FERROUS ALLOYS FeM
Type 403, Bar, Heat Treated 1740 F, Q + Type 403, Bar, Heat Treated 1740 F, Q +
1350 F, Rotating Bending Fatigue 1350 F, Rotating Bending Fatigue Fe
Frequency = 7500 cpm Frequency = 7500 cpm 12 Cr
65
80 Low C
60
• • 4
rt
.. 60
Types 403,
410,416
Jt
e 55
yn' P; 390 F
- E
|
<
50
** f
w
A. ÿ ,
ÿ 750 F
570 F
a
E
<
40
I45 b 4 A
FT 840 F
$
O
40
X* k . Si 20
k K 930 F
35
(0 10° 10 10" IO3 200 400 600 800 I000
Cycles to Failure Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.059. HIGH-FREQUENCY BENDING FATIGUE FIGURE 3.0510. FATIGUE STRENGTH AT 108 CYCLES
BEHAVIOR OF TYPE 403 AT ROOM FOR TYPE 403 AT ROOM AND ELE¬
AND ELEVATED TEMPERATURES (72) VATED TEMPERATURES (72)
• Dy namic (47)
0 Sts tic (46)
10-4
X,
ÿS
Z*
ÿo
28
to
o
X
S 24
\
-\4
10 \ \
\
20 \
/ A
10'.-8 16
IO 20 40 60 80 I00 150 400 800 1200 1600
Stress-Intensity-Factor Range, AK, ksi s/inT Temperature, F
CODE 1401
Page 33
FeM FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: MARCH 1988
14 r—
Type 410
—— 0.6
Drill Machinability Ratings Indicated
12
IB
O
£ 'o
G Dy namic o
u
/
''Mn/S 7:1
FIGURE 3.063. MODULUS OF RIGIDITY OF TYPE 410 FIGURE 4.024. EFFECTS OF MANGANESE AND SULFUR
AT ROOM AND ELEVATED CONTENTS OF MACH INABILITY OF
TEMPERATURES (47) TYPE 416 (83)
CODE 1401
Page 34