English for Academic and Professional Purposes– SHS

Quarter 1 – Module 1: Differentiate language used in academic texts from various

discipline

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
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effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer : IMEE S. GABION

Editors : GINA B. PANTINO

SONIA V. PRENSADER
JOSALIE T. TONIO
LORAINE T. CHIONG

Reviewers: GINA B. PANTINO and

Masbate Province Division headed by HELEN
TITONG

Illustrator / Layout Artist: JOHN MICHAEL P. SARTE

 SHS

English or Academic and

Professional Purposes
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Differentiate language used in academic
texts from various discipline

This instructional material was developed based from the Most Essential
Learning Competencies (MELC) in English for Academic and Professional
Purposes in response to the new normal scheme in learning delivery of the
Department of Education. This module was collaboratively reviewed by educators
and program specialists in the Regional Office V. We encourage teachers and
other educational stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
recommendations to the Department of Education at ____________________.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education Republic of the Philippines

1
I. INTRODUCTION TO THE LESSON

Hi! I am teacher Lara. I am going to guide you

in your learning journey to this first part of your
modules in English for Academic and Professional
Purposes (EAPP).
This module includes reading articles which
vary in subject matter, length, and style of writing to
give you a wide range of reading exposure. The
reading materials thus provide exciting learning
opportunities. The activities included will develop and
enhance your learning competencies as a student
which will encourage you to apply new learnings to
practical situations independently.
Read on and enjoy doing the activities
prepared for you.

II. OBJECTIVE
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

✔ Differentiate language used in academic texts from various discipline.

III. VOCABULARY LIST

Let us enrich your vocabulary with these terms that you will encounter
throughout the lesson.

▪ Academic Language – Academic language includes language used in textbooks, in

classrooms, on tests, and in each discipline. It is different in vocabulary and structure from
the everyday spoken English of social interactions. Each type of communication (both
academic and social) has its purpose, and neither is superior to the other.

▪ Linguistic register - are certain registers of language (types of language use) peculiar to
specific professions such as medical science, engineering, and business.

▪ Medical language - is used to describe components and processes of the human body,
medical procedures, diseases, disorders, and pharmacology. Simply put, it is the
vocabulary that medical professionals use to describe the body, what it does, and the
treatments they prescribe.

2
 ▪ Legal language -means a language used by the persons connected to the legal
profession. The language used by the lawyer, jurist, and the legislative drafts man in their
professional capacities. Law being a technical subject speaks through its own register.

▪ Journalistic language - This type of language helps understand how journalists create
their stories or reports, shape points of view, deliver expected news and how media
language is different from other languages we encounter.

▪ Literary language - register of a language that is used in literary writing.

▪ Jargon - special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group
and are difficult for others to understand.

▪ Legal indictment - An indictment is a formal accusation of a felony, issued by a grand

jury based upon a proposed charge, witnesses' testimony and other evidence presented
by the public prosecutor (District Attorney). It is the grand jury's determination that there
is enough evidence that the defendant committed the crime to justify having a trial voted
by a grand jury. In order to issue an indictment, the grand jury doesn't make a
determination of guilt, but only the probability that a crime was committed, that the accused
person did it and that he/she should be tried. District Attorneys do not present a full case
to the grand jury, but often only introduce key facts sufficient to show the probability that
the accused committed a crime.

▪ Sob Story - a sentimental story

▪ Autopsy – (post-mortem examination, obduction, necropsy, or autopsia cadaverum) is a
surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to
determine the cause, mode, and manner of death or to evaluate any disease or injury that
may be present for research or educational purposes.

▪ MIMS - The Monthly Index of Medical Specialties or MIMS is a pharmaceutical prescribing

reference guide published in the United Kingdom since 1959 by Haymarket Media Group.

IV. PRETEST
A. Check your knowledge.
Instructions: Read carefully, analyze, and determine the register of
language used in the following text. Choose from the options
inside the box. Write the answers in your activity notebook.

Language of Medicine Language of Law Language of

literature
Language of Business Language of Journalism

3
1. Text A

Republic of the Philippines

REGIONAL TRIAL COURT
________ Judicial Region
Branch ______, _______City

EX-PARTE MOTION FOR EXTENSION TO SUBMIT

COMPROMISE AGREEMENT
Defendants, by the undersigned counsel and unto the Honorable Court.,
respectfully state that:
(1) On the 5 January 2015, the Honorable Court, in open court, directed the
parties
to submit their Compromise Agreement within ten (10) days therefrom, or on
15 January 2015. Said day being a Sunday, the parties have until the next
working day, 16 January 2015, to submit said Compromise Agreement.
(2) Defendant Hanna Dy is presently abroad and needs to execute a Special
Power Attorney authorizing her brother and Co-defendant Roland Dy to sign
the Compromise Agreement.
(3) Thus, the defendant respectfully prays that the parties be given additional
fifteen (15) days from today, or until 30 January 2015, within, which to submit
their Compromise Agreement.
(4) This motion is not intended to delay the instant proceedings but filed solely by
reason of the foregoing. Moreover, the filing of the same will not result in any
injustice or prejudice to any of the parties.

4
2. Text B

Bicol’s COVID-19 cases double in just 12 days

The number of COVID-19 cases in Bicol region has doubled in only 12 days,
as it crossed the 200 mark on Thursday (July 9).The Department of Health (DOH) in
the region reported 10 new cases of COVID-19, raising the number of cases in the
region to 208. The last time Bicol had less than 100 cases was on June 27.
Seven of the new cases on Thursday were reported in Naga City in Camarines
Sur province. The history of exposure and travel of all of the Naga City patients were
“for verification” as Thursday afternoon, according to DOH.
Also, on the list of new cases were two returning residents of Mandaon town
in Masbate province. The two—a 29-year-old woman and a 4-year-old boy—arrived
from Zambales province on June 27 and were found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2,
the virus that causes COVID-19.Both were not showing symptoms yet but were the
first cases in Mandaon town.
In Virac town in Catanduanes province, a two-year-old boy who arrived from
Rizal province on June 29 showed symptoms of the disease five days later.
Albay province still has the most virus infections in Bicol with 82.
Camarines Sur recorded 76 cases. The island province of Masbate has
recorded 18 cases. Sorsogon has 11 cases. Catanduanes, another island province,
has eight cases. Camarines Norte has six cases.

3. Text C

Our Mother Tongue

(A poem originally in Tagalog written by Rizal when he was only
Read more: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1304655/bicols-covid-19-cases-double-in-
eight years old)
just-12-days#ixzz6TVYbQaoq
IF truly
Follow us: @inquirerdotnet onaTwitter
people| dearly love
inquirerdotnet on Facebook
The tongue to them by Heaven sent,
They'll surely yearn for liberty
Like a bird above in the firmament.
BECAUSE by its language one can judge
A town, a barrio, and kingdom;
And like any other created thing
Every human being loves his freedom.
ONE who doesn't love his native tongue,
Is worse than putrid fish and beast;
AND like a truly precious thing
It therefore deserves to be cherished.
THE Tagalog language's akin to Latin,
To English, Spanish, angelical tongue;
For God who knows how to look after us
This language He bestowed us upon.
AS others, our language is the same
With alphabet and letters of its own,
It was lost because a storm did destroy
On the lake the bangka 1 in years bygone.

top
4. Text D

Once upon a time, there lived a shepherd boy who was bored watching
his flock of sheep on the hill. To amuse himself, he shouted, “Wolf! Wolf! The
sheep are being chased by the wolf!” The villagers came running to help the boy
and save the sheep. They found nothing and the boy just laughed looking at their
angry faces.
“Don’t cry ‘wolf’ when there’s no wolf boy!”, they said angrily and left. The boy just
laughed at them.
After a while, he got bored and cried ‘wolf!’ again, fooling the villagers a
second time. The angry villagers warned the boy a second time and left. The boy
continued watching the flock. After a while, he saw a real wolf and cried loudly,
“Wolf! Please help! The wolf is chasing the sheep. Help!”
But this time, no one turned up to help. By evening, when the boy didn’t
return home, the villagers wondered what happened to him and went up to the
hill. The boy sat on the hill weeping. “Why didn’t you come when I called out that
there was a wolf?” he asked angrily. “The flock is scattered now”, he said.
An old villager approached him and said, “People won’t believe liars even when
they tell the truth. We’ll look for your sheep tomorrow morning. Let’s go home
now”.

5. Text E

President Duterte approves limited face-to-face classes in low-risk areas

starting 2021
As several local government units and private schools are requesting to hold
limited face-to-face classes in low-risk areas, President Rodrigo Roa Duterte on
Tuesday approved its conduct starting next year.
This development came after the Department of Education (DepEd) received
queries from local chief executives, legislators, private and international schools,
and other education stakeholders on the possibility of conducting limited face-to-
face classes in areas where it is deemed safe to do so by the Inter-Agency Task
Force (IATF) and the Department of Health (DOH).
Secretary Leonor Magtolis Briones noted that limited face-to-face classes will
ONLY be allowed upon the request of the LGU and school concerned and can
only happen January 2021 under conditions set by the DOH, DepEd and IATF.
Moreover, it can only be considered in low-risk areas or in areas at least under
Modified General Community Quarantine (MGCQ) or in the transition phase
between GCQ and the New Normal.
The Education chief emphasized that decisions to allow limited, localized face-
to-face classes will be made with due coordination between DepEd, the LGUs
concerned, and the local health authorities .

6
V. LEARNING CONCEPT What is an academic text?
Let us have a brief review of it so you
will understand the lesson better.

Academic Text
Academic text is typically used for textbooks, tests, in classrooms, and any other discipline
related to the field of academics. It is very different from the structure of vocabulary and structure
from everyday conversations through social interactions. Academic text is a formal way to present
words and terms typical for the field.

Content and Style of Academic Texts

⮚ Include concepts and theories related to the specific discipline

⮚ Have clearly structured introduction, body, and conclusion.
⮚ Include information from credible sources that are properly cited.
⮚ Include concepts and theories that are related to the specific discipline they explore.
⮚ Usually exhibit all properties of a well-written text --- organization, unity, coherence, and
strict adherence to the rules of language and mechanics.

The specific ideas in various academic texts are dependent on the field of academic text
one is reading in. For example, Humanities texts discuss more about the various human
expressions, such as art and languages, while the sciences contain the scientific method that
discusses the objective result of an experiment or the specific research methodology. The specific
ideas in various academic text can be understood after skimming and closely reading the text.

Now that you already have an

idea about an academic text,
let’s discuss the register of
language so it will be easy for
you to differentiate language
used in academic texts from
various disciplines.

7
 BAYER ASPIRIN Bayer Non-Rx
C: Acetylsalicylic acid
I: Prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders, MI, transient ischemic attacks & stroke.
D: 1 tab daily.
CI: Gastric & duodenal ulcers. Hemorrhagic diathesis. Children <16 yr.
SP: Renal disorders, G6PD deficiency. Pregnant women close to delivery, patients with
flu, chickenpox or hemorrhagic fever, GI ulceration or asthma. Onset of persistent
vomiting may be a sign of Reye’s syndrome (immediate treatment).
AR: Gastric hemorrhage, hypersensitivity, thrombocytopenia.
DI: Anticoagulants, corticosteroids, antirheumatics, sulfonylureas, methotrexate,
spironolactone, furosemide, antigout agents. Alcohol.
P/P: Tab 100 mg x 300’s (P393.50).
US FDA Preg Cat: C; D if full dose used in 3rd trimester.

What is the easiest reading assignment you have done so far? How
about the most difficult one?
What do you think made the reading assignment difficult or easy?

Read information about the medicine called aspirin.

Did you find the information useful? Did you encounter difficulties
in understanding the information? Who do you think is the intended
reader of this write-up about aspirin?

When you access information, you should pay attention on how

ideas are arranged in the text. There are instances when
complex information can be better understood if the ideas are
presented in an organized manner which is one of the
characteristics of an academic text.
Look how every piece of information about this medicine is
conveyed in the above entry taken from MIMS, 107th Edition 2006
Philippine Index of Medical Specialties.
The clustering of ideas under specific headings can facilitate
understanding of texts.
I know you find it difficult to understand some information because
of the language used.
There are certain registers of language (types of
Language use) peculiar to specific professions such as medical
science, engineering, and business. These types of language use
may be unintelligible to people not belonging to the same
profession. Such language use is also referred to as jargon.

8
 In the case of aspirin, its common use as a drug to relieve
pain and reduce fever has gained popular knowledge. The
explanation given in the MIMS entry, however, contains
jargon and codes that are not familiar to the lay reader. It is,
therefore, important to grasp the coding system. What do the
initials stand for?
MIMS explains that C stands for “Contents.” Therefore,
aspirin is acetyl salicylic acid. D is for “Dosage,” which is 1
tablet daily. "I" stands for “Indications” or what the medicine
is recommended for, that is, it prevents certain health
threatening conditions. The list that follows again consists of
jargon in the medical sciences. CI stands for “contra
indications.” When these conditions are present in the
patient, the medicine should not be administered. SP stands
for “Special Precautions,” when extra care should be taken
when the medicine is prescribed. AR stands for “Adverse
Reactions” or bad or unfavorable effects or reactions to the
medicine. DI stands for “Drug Interactions.” This means
aspirin interacts with any of the items included in the list. P/P,
or Presentation and Packing, shows how the medicine is
sold or its available packaging

Now that you already have an idea on how to access

information in a text and how academic language plays an
important role in the learning process, let us have an
additional discussion about the register of language before
you proceed to doing a series of activities.

What is Linguistic Register?

✔ The concept of the linguistic register has been described by Trudgill (1983:101) as
follows:
● Linguistic varieties that are linked to occupations, professions, or topics have been
termed registers. The register of law, for example, is different from the register of
medicine, which in turn is different from the language of engineering---and so on.
Registers are usually characterized solely by vocabulary differences.
● Registers are simply a rather special case of a kind of language being produced by
the social situation.

✔ According to Harold Schiffman (1997) it is a set of specialized vocabulary and preferred

(or dispreferred) syntactic and rhetorical devices/structures, used by specific socio-
professional groups for special purposes. A register is a property or characteristic of a
language, and not of an individual or a class of speakers.

Stylistic Variation: Degrees of Formality in Language Usage

1. Registers are marked by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of
phrases, colloquialisms, and the use of jargon.

9
 2. A register can be considered a unique way a speaker uses language in different
circumstances.
3. Registers encompass all the ways in which humans communicate to one
Another in specific parameters.

Some of the Language Registers are as follows:

● Language of medicine/medical science (medical terminologies)
● Law (legal language
● Journalism (journalistic language)
● Literature (literary language)

These language registers as these varieties of English

in the different fields of learning are called, are distinctly
shown in the following tasks that you are going to do.

VI. PRACTICE TASKS

Instructions: The following text in these series of activities illustrates the use of the
English language in different disciplines. Read carefully and evaluate its
content by answering the questions that follow. Write the answers in your
activity notebook.

PRACTICE TASK 1
Reading Text

(“FROM THE AUTOPSY SURGEONS REPORT - Google Search,” n.d.)

From the Autopsy Surgeon’s Report

Death occurred from the effects of asphyxia, cerebral anemia, and shock. The victim’s
hair was used for the constriction ligature. Local marks of the ligature were readily discernible:
there were some abrasion and a slight ecchymosis in the skin. But I found no obvious lesion in
the blood vessels of the neck.

10
 Cyanosis of the head was very slight and there were no pronounced hemorrhages in the
galea of the scalp. I should judge that very great compression was effected almost immediately,
with compression of the arteries as well as of the vein, and that the superior laryngeal nerve was
traumatized in the effect of throwing the victim into profound shock…
The lungs revealed cyanosis, congestion, over aeration, and sub pleural petechial
hemorrhages.
Questions
1. Did you encounter difficulties in understanding the text? Why?
2. List down words that you found difficult to understand and look for its definition in the
dictionary.
3. How was the report structured?
4. What did you learn from each sentence in the report? Begin with a simple grid like the
one below:
Sentence Number Topic

1 Cause of death
2 Manner
3 Evidence
4 Evidence
5 Evidence
6 Manner
7 Evidence

5. State briefly the content of the autopsy surgeon’s report.

The ideas that relate with one another can now be

grouped together for better appreciation of the text
In order to determine the structure of a text, the readers
should look for markers such as “first..., “ “ next...,” “ as a
result...,” “finally...,” “in conclusion...,” “to sum up...”These
markers help situate the succeeding statement or sentence
in the entire text. The last three expressions in the list given
above (i.e., “finally...,” “in conclusion...,” and “to sum up...,”)
clearly end a discourse.

11
PRACTICE TASK 2
Reading Text
(“legal indictment - Google Search,” n.d.)

Legal Indictment
State of ----
--- Country
TWENTY-FIRST JUDICIAL
DISTRICT COURT
THE GRAND JURORS of the State of --- duly impanelled and sworn, in and for --- County in the
name and by the authority of the said State upon their oath, find and present:
That one John Doe late of --- County, on the 223rd day of January in the year of our Lord One
Thousand Nine Hundred and Twenty-Four, with force and arms, in -- - County, aforesaid and
within jurisdiction of the Twenty First Judicial District Court of ---, for the --- County, did unlawfully,
feloniously, with malice aforethought kill and slay one Porphyria Blank by strangulation.
Contrary to the form and the Statutes of the State of ---, in such cases made and provided and
against the peace and dignity of the same.
…………………………………………………..
District Attorney for the 21st
Judicial District of ---

Questions
1. Did you encounter difficulties in understanding the text? Why?
2. List down words that you found difficult to understand and look for its
definition in the dictionary.
3. Discuss the text focusing on the type of language that is used in the selection.
Is this language commonly used in ordinary communication?
4. In plain language that can be understood by an ordinary reader, share the
findings of the Great Jurors.
5. What does the last paragraph of the District Attorney’s statement means?

12
PRACTICE TASK 3
Reading Text

(“black and white newspapers - Google Search,” n.d.)

Local Girl Found Slain by Rejected Lover

(Newspaper Account)

Ms. Porphyria Blank, 21, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Blank, of Barton Park, was found
strangled this morning in the cottage owned by John Doe, 25, who was apprehended on the scene
of the crime by officers Bailey and Hodge. Doe was found holding the body in his arms, and
appeared to be in stupor, his only reply to repeated questioning being, “I killed her because I loved
her.”

According to the members of the Blank family, Doe had paid attention to Miss Blank for
the last several months, though it was strenuously denied that his regards for Miss Blank was
returned. Miss Blank’s engagement with Mr. Roger Weston was announced last month. Mr.
Weston could not be reached for a statement. Mrs. Blank was prostrated by the news of her
daughter’s death.

The slain girl vanished last evening at approximately eleven o’clock from a dinner party
given at her parent’s home in honor of the approaching wedding. The family became alarmed
when it was discovered that she was not in her room and instituted a search for her about
midnight. The police, who were promptly notified, in the course of their search knocked at Mr.
Doe’s cottage, a building some quarter of a mile from the Blank estate, at five in the morning.
Receiving no answer, they forced the door and discovered Doe sitting with the dead girl in his lap.
She had apparently been strangled, Dr. A. P. Reynolds, Autopsy Surgeon for the county, state
that, from the condition of the body, death must have occurred at about midnight.

Questions

1. Get a copy of any broadsheet/newspaper and read an article from it. Compare
this text with the article “The local girl found slain by rejected lover.”
2. What kind of information did you get from the text? Did you notice any
similarity/difference between the two?
3. Pay attention to the words and sentences used in the news article.
Are the words and sentences difficult to understand? Why?

13
4. Who is narrating the event?
5. How was the event narrated?

✔ Think back to what you learned in your tenth-grade English class. Review prior
knowledge on writing a news article; pay attention to the parts and characteristics
of a news report.

VII. Post-test
A. Instructions: Read carefully, analyze, and determine the register of
language used in the following text. Choose from the options
inside the box. Write the answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Language of Medicine Language of Law Language of literature

Language of Business Language of Journalism

1.
(From the Philippine Constitution)

LANGUAGE

Section 6. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be

further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.
Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government
shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official
communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.

Section 7. For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the
Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional
languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary
media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and
optional basis.

Section 8. This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be
translated into major regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish.
2. Duterte’s SONA: A mix of attack, warning, plea, wish list, promises
MANILA, Philippines—As the country continued to grapple with the COVID-19 pandemic,
President Rodrigo Duterte delivered on Monday afternoon (July 27) his penultimate State
of the Nation Address (SONA).

14
 Unlike his late arrival for last year’s SONA, Duterte’s helicopter landed on time at the
Batasang Pambansa complex in Quezon City with some members of Congress and the
Cabinet waiting inside the plenary hall.

READ: On time: Duterte arrives at Batasan for penultimate Sona

Duterte stood at the rostrum—at his back were Senate President Vicente Sotto III and
House Speaker Alan Peter Cayetano—as he delivered his speech that lasted for more
than an hour and 30 minutes.

In the second to the last of his SONA, Duterte touched on the pandemic the country is
facing, endorsed the passage of several priority bills, laid out government achievements,
while from time-to-time slamming his critics—most notably Senate Minority Leader
Franklin Drilon.

Duterte likewise addressed various controversial issues such as the revival of the death
penalty and the West Philippine Sea.

3.
SARS virus
SARS virus is an infectious agent belonging to the virus family Coronaviridae,
which causes severe respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. SARS (severe acute
respiratory syndrome) coronavirus (CoV) is a novel member of this family that causes
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is associated with high mortality rates.

4.
In a criminal trial, the prosecuting attorney presents evidence and witness
testimony to try to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the
crime. The defendant’s attorney may present evidence and witnesses to show that the
defendant did not commit the crime or to create a reasonable doubt as to the defendant’s
guilt. The defendant is considered innocent of the crime charged until proven guilty.

When the prosecution has finished questioning a witness, the defense is allowed
to cross-examine the witness on any relevant matter. After cross-examination, the attorney
who first called the witness may ask the witness more questions to clarify something
touched on in the cross-examination. This is redirect examination. The judge may allow
an opportunity for the opposing attorney to re-cross examine. When the prosecution has
called all the witnesses for its side of the case and presented all its evidence, it rests its
case.
5. Simplified curriculum, guidelines for distance learning now available online -
DepEd

The Department of Education (DepEd) on Monday said it has made the adjusted version
of K to 12 curriculum and guidelines for distance learning available online.

In a statement, the DepEd said the K to 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies

(MELCs) and its guidelines can now be downloaded for free on DepEd Commons.

15
 “We have made the MELCs available for free download at DepEd Commons to help our
teachers focus on what is most essential given the challenge in learning delivery this
school year,” DepEd Undersecretary Alain Pascua said.

“We are trying to make everything as accessible as we can, through DepEd Commons
and our other available channels. It is upon us to make sure our teachers and learners
have everything they need in order to continue learning.”

These were prepared by the Bureau of Curriculum Development (BCD) under Director
Jocelyn Andaya and approved by Undersecretary for Curriculum and Instruction Diosdado
San Antonio.

VIII. ASSIGNMENT

A. Watch the House hearing on Anti-Terrorism Bill / Anti-Terrorism Law:

Hearing of the Senate Committee on National Defense. Answer the questions
that follow and write them in your notebook.

Video Links
https://youtu.be/k-TYYenwOok
https://youtu.be/r0Y2E0tJKvw

a. How are the arguments presented?

b. What kind of language is used in the hearings?
c. How do people address one another in the hearings?

16
 ANSWER KEYS
PRETEST
1. Language of Law
2. Language of Journalism
3. Language of Literature
4. Language of Literature
5. Language of Journalism

PRACTICE TASKS
PRACTICE TASK 1 (From the Autopsy Surgeon’s Report)
1. Students’ answers may vary
Possible answer
Yes, because I encounter words that I am not familiar with.
Yes, keeping track of all the new vocabulary words is very difficult.

2. Students’ answers may vary

Possible answers
Asphyxia - a lack of oxygen or excess of carbon dioxide in the body that results in
unconsciousness and often death and usually caused by interruption
of breathing or inadequate oxygen supply.
Ligature - something that is used to bind
Ecchymosis - a hemorrhagic spot, larger than a petechia, in the skin or mucous
membrane, forming a flat, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch.
Cyanosis - a bluish or purplish discoloration (as of skin) due to deficient
oxygenation of the blood
Hemorrhages - bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain and
especially in the cerebrum that is often life-threatening and is
marked by sudden headache, nausea, impaired
consciousness, and neurological dysfunction
Galea - an anatomical part suggesting a helmet; a helmet-shaped structure
Congestion – to concentrate in a small or narrow space; to cause an excessive
accumulation especially of blood or mucus in (such as an organ or
part)

3. Possible answer
The report is structured by stating first the cause of death, followed by a vivid
description of how it happened and the evidences
The report is structured using description and analysis.
4. Possible answer
Sentence Number Topic

1 Death occurred from the effects of Cause of death

asphyxia, cerebral anemia, and shock

2 The victim’s hair was used for the Manner

constriction ligature

3 Local marks of the ligature were readily Evidence

discernible: There were some abrasion and
a slight ecchymosis in the skin.

17
 Evidence
4 No obvious lesion in the blood vessels of
the neck.
Evidence
5 Cyanosis of the head was very slight and no
pronounced hemorrhages in the galea of
the scalp.
6 Great compression was effected almost
immediately, with compression of the arteries Manner
as well as of the vein, and that the superior
laryngeal nerve was traumatized in the effect
of throwing the victim into profound shock…
7.The lungs revealed cyanosis, congestion, Evidence
over aeration, and sub pleural petechial
hemorrhages.

PRACTICE TASK 2 (Legal Indictment)

1. Students’ answers may vary.
Possible answer
Yes, because I encounter vocabulary which I do not know and difficult to understand.
2. Students’ answers may vary.
Possible answers
Grand jurors – (a member of a jury) A grand jury is a jury, usually in the United
States, which considers a criminal case to decide if someone should
be tried in a court of law.
Statute – a written law passed by a legislative body.
- A statute is a written law passed by a legislature on the state or federal level.
Statutes set forth general propositions of law that courts apply to specific
situations. A statute may forbid a certain act, direct a certain act, make a
declaration, or set forth governmental mechanisms to aid society.

Feloniously - At common law, the word feloniously signifies intent to commit a crime;
that it characterizes a mind bent on doing what is wrong; that it means
that the act proceeded from an evil heart or purpose. But under
statutes, if the facts proved to establish a crime punishable by death or
imprisonment in the state person then the crime was committed
feloniously.

3. Students’ answers may vary.

Possible answers
The language is not used in everyday conversation. It is formal, specific, and direct.
The language is commonly used in the legal field.
4. Possible answer
The Grand Jurors found out that John Doe killed Porphyria Blank by strangulation.
5. Possible answer
Against the form of the statute means contrary to statutory requirements. This is a formal
phrase, which traditionally concludes an accusation of wrongdoings or an indictment. It

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 indicates that the conduct alleged contravenes the cited statute and therefore constitutes
a criminal offense. In modern contexts, the full conclusion often reads: “against the form
of the statute in such case made and provided.”

PRACTICE TASK 3 (Local Girl Found Slain by Rejected Lover)

1. Students’ answers may vary.
Possible answer
In a broadsheet, the sentences are longer and more complicated, and the vocabulary
is more advanced while in the text “Local Girl Found Slain by Rejected Lover” the
sentences and paragraphs are shorter and use more basic vocabulary.
2. Students’ answers may vary.
Possible answers
Text from the newspaper provides information and general knowledge.
The text “Local Girl Found Slain by Rejected Lover” is news about the girl named
Porphyria who was found dead in a cottage owned by John Doe.
3. Students’ answers may vary.
Possible answer
No, the words used in the text are simple and can be easily understood.
4. Possible answer
A journalist is narrating the story.

5. Students’ answers may vary.

Possible answer
The story is narrated in chronological order, applying the inverted pyramid method
Which means the most important things come first and follow to the least. News is
straight forward.

POST-TEST
1. Language of law
2. Language of Journalism
3. Language of Medicine
4. Language of Law
5. Language of Journalism

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