CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

In the daily life of people in many different fields, they may encounter

difficulty of climbing gas cylindrical tanks through stairs especially in schools,

hotels, malls and other industries where gas cylindrical tanks are really needed for

some sort applications. It is known to everyone that gas cylinders are the most

efficient way to transport and store gases under pressure. These gases are used for

many different purposes including chemical processes, soldering, welding, flame

cutting, water treatment, medical and laboratory uses etc.

In many establishments crowded with a lot of people and under renovation,

lifts are not always available. Some establishments just have lifts made for goods.

These lifts don’t support heavy loads like gas cylindrical tanks and are not made to

climb stairs. It is indeed highly tiresome to carry gas cylindrical tanks through

stairs manually for higher floors and for so many times. Carrying gas cylindrical

tanks manually is a life threatening situation. This may lead to some injuries or

even cause death.[1]

1
 From those ideas, the researchers had decided to further innovate the

existing trolleys made for gas cylindrical tanks. They wanted to create a safer and

comfortable way to carry the gas cylinder tanks through the stairs. A trolley that

will not require much force to apply and that is ideally made durable for heavy

loaded gas cylindrical tanks.

1.2Theoretical Background

For many years had passed, variety of the design of a stair climbing trolley

have already been made for different purposes in the industries. In this part of the

study, the researchers are going to make use of those related studies in order to

provide a much better design of their own. The following studies concepts are

going to be discussed and elaborated below.

SalunkheRohit, et. al.: Advance material handling trolley using tri-wheel

mechanism. International Journal Of Recent Research in Civil And Mechanical

Engineering (IJRRCME) Vol. 2, Issue 2, Pp: (160-165), Month: October 2015 –

March 2016:-This article aims is developing a mechanism for easy transportation

of heavy loads over uneven terrain. The need for such a system arises from day-to-

day requirements in our society. Devices such as hand trolleys are used to relieve

2
the stress of lifting while on flat ground; however, these devices usually fail when

it comes to carrying the load over short height. Several designs were conceived

that would allow a non-industrial hand trolley to travel over stairs, curbs, or uneven

terrain while reducing the strain on the user. In our project the trolley is consisting

the tri-wheel or tri- star mechanism eases the movement of trolley in irregular

surfaces like holes, bumps, etc.[2]

Md. A. Hossain, et. al,: In Jan-2010: have concluded that in the initial design,each

wheel contained frame, a sun wheel and three planetary wheels. The planetary

wheel was connected with the sun wheel through an idler. The purpose of using the

idler was to rotate the planetary wheels in the same direction of sun wheel. Each

planetary wheel was aligned in a straight line with idler and sun wheel. The

straight wheel frame takes more thrust to tilt the wheel frame to engage next

planetary wheel. The length of each arm is high and thus creates vibration and the

vehicle would be unstable. In the present design, the wheel frame was made curve

so that the front surface of the arm could not collide with the edge of the stair.[3]

PrajanPradipGondole, et. al.: In April-2015: have concluded that the stair-

climbing hand truck is designed to reduce liability rather than increase it.

3
Conventional hand trucks work well on flat ground, but their usefulness decreases

when it becomes necessary to move an object over an irregular surface. Package

deliverymen, for example, often find it necessary to drag loaded hand trucks up

short flights of stairs just to reach the front door of a building. The entire purpose

of using a conventional hand truck is to avoid having to lift and carry heavy objects

around.[4]

Mr. Ravi R. Mishra et. al.: Modified In the first design, the power transmission to

the single or double wheel trolley is useless to climb the stairs due to height factor

of stairs creates huge obstacle on the way of vehicle. Also the design of the straight

wheel frame became more complicated and was needed modified with its curve

spherical shape to give proper drive, which create more frictional force. For these

reason, three wheel set on each side of vehicle attached with frame was introduced

to provide smooth power transmission in order to climb stairs without obstacles.

Frame arrangement is suitable to transmit exact velocity ratio also. It provided

higher efficiency and compact layout with reliable service.[5]

P. Jey Praveen Raj et. al.: In the modern world though there are many

developments in the field of engineering. Still there are difficulties to carry heavy

4
loads over stairs. Development of lift simplifies the effort of carrying heavy loads

over stairs, it is not possible to use lift in all places like schools, college’s

constructional areas. This project aims at developing a mechanism for easy

transportation of heavy loads over stairs. The need for such arises from day to day

requirements in our society. Devices such as hand trolleys are used to relieve the

stresses of lifting while on flat ground. However these devices usually fail when it

comes to carrying the load over short fleet of stairs .Our project attempts to design

a stair climbing trolley which can carry heavy objects up the stairs with less effort

compared to carrying them manually .The main objective of the project is to find

an efficient and user friendly method of carrying various objects through stairs

using minimum effort from the user and to also provide a smooth movement while

climbing the stair. Under this project we have manufactured a stair climber with tri

lobed wheel frames at both sides of the climber and three wheels on each sides are

used in the tri lobed frame.[6]

Ratchet consists of a round gear or a linear rack with teeth, and a pivoting, spring-

loaded finger called a pawl that engages the teeth. The teeth are uniform but

asymmetrical, with each tooth having a moderate slope on one edge and a much

steeper slope on the other edge.

5
When the teeth are moving in the unrestricted (i.e. forward) direction, the pawl

easily slides up and over the gently sloped edges of the teeth, with a spring forcing

it into the depression between the teeth as it passes the tip of each tooth. When the

teeth move in the opposite (backward) direction, however, the pawl will catch

against the steeply sloped edge of the first tooth it encounters, thereby locking it

against the tooth and preventing any further motion in that direction.[7]

Safe Handling Practices

Most accidents or injuries involving cylinders happen when moving or

handling the gas cylinders. Large gas cylinders (e.g. G or F sized cylinders) can be

bulky, heavy, and awkward to handle, they require special care and equipment in

handling and securing so they don’t fall or tip over and cause injury. Anyone

involved in the handling of gas cylinders should undertake some basic induction

training or have read the Safe Work Procedures relating to the transport, storage

and use of Gas Cylinders. Wear protective footwear, safety glasses. Gloves are also

recommended. Securely install the valve protection devices when the cylinder is

not in use, such as caps or guards. EXEMPTION: G size cylinders will not have a

protective cap or guard fitted. When moving cylinders, DO NOT roll or drag them.

6
Ensure that an appropriate mechanical handling device is used (Figure 1.1). Secure

cylinders upright to a proper hand truck or cylinder cart with a restraining strap

designed for the purpose. Cylinder size E and greater shall be handled using

mechanical assistance. Contact your gas supplier if more sophisticated handling of

cylinders is required. DO NOT lift by the protective cap. If a cylinder does not

have a handle then use mechanical assistance to move it. DO NOT restrain

cylinders around their necks or valve – restrain them around the main cylinder

body at a height that will prevent them from falling over, i.e. 1/2 to 2/3 the height

of the cylinder. Avoid dropping or knocking cylinders about. Prevent damage to

cylinders from impact from other objects (e.g. crashing into other cylinders). Some

cylinders (e.g. acetylene) may react violently after being excessively shaken,

heated, or knocked. Cylinders should NEVER be used as rollers to move other

objects. [8]

Figure 1.1 Mechanical Handling Devices [8]

7
Stair Climbing Trolley

This design will be made to reduce liability rather than increase it.

Conventional hand trucks and platform trucks reduces its usefulness when it comes

to moving gas cylindrical tanks up and down the stairs. This is why the researchers

come up with this idea to make a stair climbing trolley particularly made for gas

cylindrical tanks. Its main purpose is mainly to reduce the risk of operator’s injury

and as well as to move gas cylindrical tanks up and down stairs. [10]

Figure 1.2 Stair Climbing Trolley[10]

8
Tri-star or Planetary Wheels Mechanism

In this design, three wheels are arranged in an upright triangle with two on

the ground and one above them. A bearing is also placed on its center to allow the

tri-wheels to rotate. If either of the wheels in contact with the ground gets stuck,

the whole system rotates over the obstruction. [11]

Figure 1.3 Tri-star or Planetary Wheels Mechanism [11]

Ratchet Mechanism

A ratchet is a mechanical device that allows continuous linear or rotary motion in

only one direction while preventing motion in the opposite direction. Ratchets are

widely used in machinery and tools. In this project, a ratchet will be attached on

both sides of ball bearings. This will be used for safety purposes. This will

minimize sudden and unexpected of the trolley. This will also help to prevent the

trolley from sliding down while moving up stairs.[7]

9
 Figure 1.4 Ratchet Mechanisms [7]

1.3 Statement of the problem

This project design aims to innovate design of the stair climbing trolley

which is ideally made for gas cylindrical tanks in order to be able to put remedy to

the following problems: (a) possible injuries or even death that is caused by lifting

heavy loaded gas cylindrical tanks (b) over exertion of force applied while lifting

gas cylinders (c) unsafe movements of a stair climbing trolley (d) the acceptance of

the company for the project design made by the researchers.

Specifically, the researchers would like to accomplish the following objectives:

1. Identify safety standards and practices in stair climbing a gas cylindrical tanks.

2. Design a safe and easy to use stair climbing trolley for gas cylindrical tanks.

3. Evaluate the performance of the system by conducting a user acceptance testing.

10
4. Conduct a follow up survey on the performance.

1.4 Significance of the study

This study will benefit the researchers, future researchers and common

industries that use gas cylindrical tanks for different purposes.

 Researchers: This project design will help the researchers utilize and

enhance their knowledge and skills in the fabrication of this design.

 Future Researchers: This will provide future researchers information and

knowledge they can utilize for the innovation of similar study. This will also

serve as a reference and basis for future researchers.

 Common industries that use gas cylindrical tanks: This project design will

provide them easy and safe handling tool for gas cylindrical tanks that can

climb stairs.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

This project covers only on the designing of a suitable and durable material

to be used, 2 wheels drive and 6 wheels drive system and as well as the safety

brake system for the Stair Climbing Trolley for Gas Cylindrical Tanks. This design

is intended only for carrying a single heavy loaded gas cyli0ndrical tank which has

maximum weight of 187 lb or 84.82kg.

11
1.6 Research Methodology

START

RESEARCHING AND READING OF ARTICLES

AND THEORIES FOR THE PROJECT DESIGN

PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF THE

PROJECT

IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

DESIGN

DOES THE DESIGN

SATISFY THE
GOALS?
LEGENDS

START/END
FINALIZATION AND CONCLUSION
PROCESS

DECISION STAIR CLIMBING

TROLLEY FOR GAS
CYLINDRICAL
INPUT /OUTPUT TANKS

END

Figure 1.5: Research procedure flow chart

One of the most important parts in making a designed project is having and

acquiring sufficient knowledge about the design you’re going to make. So, the first

12
step that will be done by the researchers is that they have to gather first enough

information by reading articles and literatures about the topics in line with their

own design project. In addition to the data gathering, the researchers also will be

doing some research by conducting surveys in GEF Incorporated which is the

beneficiary of this designed project in order to really find out the kind of design

that is needed.

After all the data gathering and researching, the researchers will come up

with a plan and decision on how the project should be done. Then after that,

designed project implementation and testing comes in order to find if it’s going to

work or not and satisfy the goals of the project. If unfortunately, the design has

failed to meet the goals. The researchers will have to go back to implementing and

testing the design in order to find out what is wrong.

Then if the project succeeds and the goals have been achieved, then

conclusion will be provided as well as the final outputs and final design of the

project which will be named “Stair Climbing Trolley for Gas Cylindrical Tank”.

13
1.6.1 Research Design

This is a quantitative study since the researchers are using questionnaire in

gathering the data and statistical methods in verifying and providing data.

1.6.2Research Environment

The research study was conducted at GEF Incorporated.

1.6.3Research Respondents

The researchers used stratified sampling and select respondents from GEF

Incorporated which is the beneficiaries of this project.

1.6.4 Research Instruments

The researchers used survey questionnaire in acquiring data and statistical method

in verifying the data. The researchers made use of different software like MS

Excel, MS Word, MS PowerPoint and AutoCAD etc.

14
1.6.5 Definition of Terms

GEF Incorporated – a Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Service Company here

in Cebu managed by Engr. Gilberto Ortega and Engr. Fiel B. Perez.

Stair Climbing Trolley – These are stair climbing trolley that are ideally used for

gas cylindrical tanks.

Galvanized Iron – Galvanized Iron is a steel coated with zinc n to prevent rusting.

Galvanized Iron boasts high strength, good machinability, and ductility, but

significantly lower weight as compared to other materials with similar strength.

15
 CHAPTER II

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION OF DATA

2.1 Presentation Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

These charts are based from the data obtained in the survey questionnaires.

25

20
respondents

20

15

10

NO
0
Figure 2.1: Number of respondents that are using and are not using tool carrier for gas cylindrical
tanks

Out of 20 respondents, 100% (20) are using tool carrier for gas cylindrical tanks.
These data implies that all the respondents are using tool carrier for gas cylindrical
tanks.

16
RESPONDENTS

16
12
8
8
4
0

HAND TRUCKS
PLATFORM TRUCKS
Figure 2.2: Types of tool carrier used by the respondents

16
Out of those 20 respondents who answered yes, 12 of them are using hand trucks, 4
of them are using platform trucks and 4 of them are both using platform trucks and
hand trucks.

RESPONDENTS
25
20
20

15

10

YES NO
Figure 2.3: Number of tool carrier that supports carrying gas cylindrical tanks through stairs

This figure shows that out of those 20 respondents who answered they are using
tool carrier for gas cylindrical, none of them support carrying gas cylindrical tanks
through stairs.
RESPONDENTS

25
20
20

15

10

NO
Figure 2.4: Number respondents that said stair climbing trolley would be beneficial

Out of 20 respondents, 100% (20) of them answered yes stair climbing trolley for
gas cylindrical tanks would be beneficial for them. These data imply that all of the
respondents agreed that this design will be beneficial for them

17
Part II

Figure 2.5: Summary Data for Delivery of Gas Cylindrical Tanks lifted through stairs.

32%

68%

Number of Tanks Lifted Not Lifted

Out of 28 tanks delivered to the jobsite, there are 19 tanks lifted through stairs

which give us 67.86 of percentage over-all.

18
2.2 Conceptual Framework

Fi

gure 2.6: Conceptual framework

1. GATHERING OF DATA & DESIGNING

The researchers gathered first the data needed for the design. Then designing

starts with AutoCad and Autodesk Inventor. The design first is drawn and

simulated. Then afterwards the design calculations is done in order to avoid failure

of the design.Then a material is selected.The material selected is galvanized iron.

19
This material is chosen in order to have a better durability trolley.This steel is

coated with zinc to prevent rusting and this material has yield strength of 550 MPa.

2. FABRICATION

After the design, simulation and selection of material, The design then is

implemented. With the help of Rut Machine Shop, The proponents were able to

produce the components of the stair climbing trolley for gas cylindrical tanks. Then

the components are assembled.

The following are the process on how the prototype is created:

 Frame

The material that was used for the frame is Galvanized Iron. This material is

selected in order to increase the durability of the trolley. Then the handle of the

plane is made inclined so that the person carrying would have a good grip on the

trolley. Its base is welded and made perpendicular on its body so it could balance

on its own when trolley is not used.

 Wheels set up

It consists of six wheels drive, four wheels drive and two wheels drive. The

six wheels are assembled together with bearing and ratchet connected by means of

bolts and welding process. The bearing will allow it to rotate and climb through

stairs and the ratchet purpose is to let the six wheels drive only in one direction for

safety purposes so the person holding the trolley would not worry about sliding
20
down stairs. Since the ratchet is only moving in one direction, there is a need to

reverse the wheel if it needs to move backward. Then four wheels drive was also

made so the trolley could lay down and allow to be towed by any vehicle.

 Wheels and shaft assembly

The wheels are attached to a hollow shaft which is also made of high

strength low alloy steels. The wheels are locked on the both ends by a washer. The

shaft there is already fixed or welded on the base of the body of trolley. The two

wheels on the body are fixed. The other wheels which are either six wheels or two

wheels on the base connected to the hollow shaft are removable.

 Trolley support

Then after that trolley support was made. The support is made steel shafts welded

to bind together. The use of the trolley support is it will provide extra force while

climbing up through stairs since the force necessary to pull is for two persons. The

other person is pulling upward holding the handle of the trolley and the other one is

holding the trolley support connected on the axle of the trolley in order to provide

extra force.

 Final assembly of the trolley

21
 All parts are now assembled here including the frame, shafting’s and wheels
and ready to be used.

 Emplacement of gas cylindrical tanks

This is the time where you can now place your gas cylindrical tanks and do
the work using the trolley which can do both work for platform and climbing stairs.

3. EVALUATION & TESTING

After successfully producing the prototype model of the stair climbing

trolley, The finished product was then turn over to the GEF Incorporated. There a

series of acceptability testing was conducted. Then after testing, a satisfactory

survey was given to the technicians of GEF Incorporated in order to be able to tell

the response of technicians to the finished product. Lastly, a follow up survey was

conducted for the evaluation of the performance of the trolley to know if the

prototype was still working and didn’t fail.

22
2.3 Safety Standards & Practices [12]

General Safety Standards

 Do not use on slippery slope or wet or slimy surface.

 When loading and unloading, make sure that the weight is evenly distributed

or the load may overbalance.

 Do no exceed the safe working load.

 It is always advisable to lock the load to the trolley before attempting to tilt.

 Do not use it when you’re tired already and rushing.

 Always use it with two persons one pulling and one supporting.

 Check the condition of the trolley before used.

 Ensure that the brake is working.

Things to remember when Loads are Pushed or Pulled

Tool like trolley should have handle heights that are between the shoulder and

waste. Manual Handling Regulations demand that handling equipment like trolley

must be regularly well maintained. And, Trolley must be use only for its intended

purpose. Consult your safety engineer or safety officer before using it.

23
 1. Force
Force applied must be applied by a minimum of two persons. Trolley must not be

use for single person.

2. Slopes
Operators should always get use the trolley support especially if load forces is

greater on slopes or ramps.

3. Uneven surfaces
On uneven surfaces, Load weight is increased. Force applied must be greater when

moving cylinder tanks on uneven surfaces.

4. Stance and pace

The user should keep their feet away from the load at a right distance in order to

make it easier to pull and push. And, always operate the trolley at normal walking

speed.

Equipment Care
 Do not use the trolley beyond its design limits or safe working limits.

 Keep the trolley clean and maintained.

Unloading, Loading and Storing

24
  Gently remove the load on to the platform when unloading.

 When loading, always gently place the load on the trolley. Do not drop it

rushly. It will damage the trolley and its operating mechanism

 When trolley is not use, place the equipment to a safe and dry place.

General Guidelines for Safety Usage

 The trolley should only be used by the technicians or the person that was

deemed competent to use it.

 Read the user manual before using it.

 Do not use the trolley if you are ill, feeling tired or under the influence of

drugs and alcohol.

 Make sure that placed load is stable and balanced.

 Make sure you know its design limitations before using it.

 Never leave the trolley and load unattended.

 Always wear suitable clothing, gloves and foot wear.

 Keep away the trolley and load from children, animals and by standers.

 Check the trolley or equipment condition before use.

25
2.4 Design Dimensions

All dimensions are in inches units.

Figure 2.7: Design Dimensions

26
2.5 Stair Climbing Trolley AutoCAD Design

Full Design:

Figure 2.8: Stair Climbing Trolley for Gas Cylindrical Tanks

2.6 Actual Design

27
Full Actual Design:

Figure 2.9: Actual Stair Climbing Trolley for Gas Cylindrical Tanks

Table No. 2.1: Actual Design Specifications

28
 Name & Picture Specifications Description
Frame Dimensions:16’’ x 51” This is the body of the
Material:Galvanized Iron trolley where wheels,
shafts, safety strap are
attached.

Trolley Support Dimensions: 9’’ x 35” This is used as support

Material:Galvanized Iron in transporting cylinder
tanks through stairs.

Roller Bearing Dimension: 10mm ID This will allow six

Material: Mild Steel wheels to rotate
smoothly while climbing
through stairs

Freewheel Sprocket Dimension:32mm ID This allow six wheels

29
 Material: Mild Steel drive to move in one
direction only for safety
purpose.

Wheels Dimension: 4 in Dia These are heavy duty

Material:Steel and wheels which can carry
Rubber gas cylindrical tanks

Washer Dimension: 10mm ID This is used to make

Material: Mild Steel both six wheels and two
wheels fixed on the
shaft.

Dimension: 10mm ID These are used to fasten

Nuts Material: Mild Steel the combination of
sprocket, shaft and
wheels in between the
two tri-wheel frames.

Table No. 2.2: Actual Costing of Materials

30
 MATERIALS PRICE

FRAME Php 1111.9

TROLLEY SUPPORT Php 500
ROLLER BEARING 8 pcs x Php 39
FREE WHEEL SPROCKET 6 pcs x Php 180
WHEELS 8 pcs x Php 150
WASHER 4 x Php 3
NUTS 10 x Php 10
SPRAY PAINT 2 x 179 Php
LABOR Php 3500
TOTAL Php 8173.9

2.7 Survey After Fabrication of Actual Design

Part III

31
No. of Reposdents : 20
Table No. 2.3 : Satisfactory Survey
Stair Climbing Very Dissatisfie Neutral Satisfied Very
Trolley for Gas Dissatisfie d Satisfied
Cylindrical d
Tanks
1. Project ( 5%) (45%) ( 50%)
Mobility
2. Project (5%) ( 45%) ( 50%)
Stability
3. Project (5%) ( 45%) ( 50%)
Safety
4. Project (5%) ( 40%) ( 55%)
Functionali
ty

With regards to category number 1 which is project mobility, (50%) from

the technicians answered very satisfied, (45%) answered satisfied and (5%)

answered neutral. The results indicated that the thesis prototype made is easy to

use without needing much effort. In category number 2 which is project stability,

(50%) of the technicians answered very satisfied, (45%) answered satisfied and

(5%) answered neutral. The responses implied that the thesis prototype is stable

and when tested there is no sign of failure. And number 3 project safety, (50%) of

the technicians answered very satisfied, (45%) answered satisfied and (5%)

answered neutral. The results implied that the thesis prototype is indeed safe to use.

Lastly project functionality, with (55%) of the technicians answered very satisfied,

32
(40%) answered satisfied and 1 (5%) answered neutral. The results implied that the

thesis prototype is working and functional.

Part IV
Performance evaluation of Stair Climbing Trolley for Gas Cylindrical Tanks
No. of Reposdents : 20
Table No. 2.4 : Performance Evaluation Survey
Questions to consider Yes No Problems occurred
1.Do you use the 100%
trolley?
2. Is it helpful to you? 95% 5% No, because it is way too heavy for me.
Yes, but it takes time to transport
cylinder tanks/
3. Is it a risk to you? 100%
4. Is it easily damaged 100%
or defective?
5. Is it unstable or 100%
unpredictable?
6. Is it easy to steer and 80% 10% No, because the tri-wheels allow you to
easy to use? move in one direction only.
No, because it is heavy.
No, because the wheels does not allow
to move steer side ways.
7. Is it suitable for the 100%
load?

For question number 1, 100% of the respondents answered yes. Therefore,

all of them used the trolley. For number 2, 95% said yes and 5% only said no. This

result implies that stair climbing trolley for cylinder tanks is indeed helpful and

useful to the technicians or the respondents. Next is question number 3, 100% of

them answered no. This result indicates that the prototype or the tool is not a risk to

33
the technicians or respondents. And question number 4, 100% of respondents

answered no. Therefore, the trolley did not show any failure or defect. In number

5, 100% also answered no. This result implies that the prototype or trolley is stable.

And number 6, 80% of respondents answered yes and only 20% said no. This

result indicates that the trolley is easy to use and easy to steer. Lastly number 7,

100% of the respondents answered yes. Therefore, the trolley can easily handle the

load or the cylindrical tanks which has a weight of 187 lb or 84.82 kg.

2.8 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Formulas based from the book of “Strength of Materials by Dr. R.K. Bansal”.[9]

34
2.8.1 FORCE NECESSARY TO PULL THE TROLLEY

Figure 2.10: Force necessary to pull the trolley

W = 84.82 kg = 832.08 N
x = 45.5 in
y = 5.58 in

y
F= .W
x
5.58
F= .(832.08)
45.5
F=102.044 N
F ultimate = F x FS , FS = 1.5 for galvanized steel [13]
F ultimate = 102.044 N (1.5) = 153.066 N

2.8.2 FORCE ANALYSIS ON WHEEL FRAME

35
 Figure 2.11: Force acting on the system

Where,

W1 = weight of object to be carried

W2 = weight of the trolley

Re = reaction force on one side

F = force applied (on one lever)

Ro = distance of centroid from centre of wheel

36
K = distance between centre of wheel and line of action of weight

1
W 1+ W 2
( 2 )
−Fsinθ ( k )=Fcosθ ( R2−k 2 ) 2

ℜ ( cosφ )=Fcosθ

W 1+W 2
ℜ ( sinφ )+ Fsinθ=
2

2
W 1+ W 2
√
ℜ= ( Fcosθ )2+ ( 2
−Fsinθ )
W 1+ W 2−2 Fsinθ
tanφ=
2 Fcosθ

W1 = Weight of the tank = 84.82 kg (9.81) = 832.08 N

W2 = Weight of the trolley = 17.7 kg (9.81) = 173.637 N

37
 Figure 2.12: Dimensions of the tri-wheel frame

Distance between the centers of the Tri-Wheels frame is based from the
formula:

AutoCAD Basis

D = Centers distance of the Tri-Wheels Frame = 2 (2r)

r = radius of the wheels = 2 in

D = 2(2×2in) = 8 inches

Mathematical Formula Basis

To determine the distance between the centers of tri wheels or the dimension of the
frame using the values for the length and elevation of the steps, you must use
Pythagorean theorem.

D = Distance between the centers of the tri-wheels

a = length of step
b = height of step
r = radius of the wheels

D2=a2+ b2

D 2=10 2+6.5 2

D= √ 102 +6.52

D = 11.93 = 12 inches

D = 2(2r)

12 = 2 (2r)

38
 r = 3 inches , dia. = 6 inches

In our design, the radius should have been 3 inches for the wheels. but because of

the availability reason, we were only using 2 inches radius for our wheels.

Figure 2.13: Measured rise-run of the stair (UCLM Old Building)

33° is based on the rise and run of the stairs to pull the trolley.

Using the formula:

1
W 1+ W 2
( 2 )
−Fsinθ ( k )=Fcosθ ( R2−k 2 ) 2

1
832.08+173.637
( 2 )
−Fsin (33) ( 4 )=Fcos(33) ( 4.619 2−4 2 ) 2

F = 488.72 N; Force necessary to push or pull the stated cylinder tank.

39
“Recent research shows that you can safely push up to 20% of your body weight

and pull up to 30% of your body weight.”

Source: silverstonegroup.com (Lifting, Pushing and Pulling: Safe Limits for

Silverstone Group)

Let say:

A 70 kg man = Wman

Fpull = 0.3 Wman

= 0.3 (70)

Fpull = 21 kg = 206.01 N/ man

So it takes 2 men to attain a necessary force which will gradual increase higher

than the required force to pull the trolley depends on pulling strategy.

2.5.3 LOAD CALCULATION

Distance from the center most of 1 tri-wheel set then to the other center most of tri-

wheel = L =17.7876 in = 375.6 mm

Load applied/ carried / tank = 84.82 kg = 832.08 N

Weight of the trolley (neglect 2 tri-wheel sets) = 13.7 kg = 134.4 N

Total weight of the loads = 966.48 N

40
Diameter of the shaft = 0.68 in = 17.27 mm

γ = Distance between neutral axis and centroidal axis

I = Moment of Inertia

Yield strength of the given material = 550MPa (Based on Galvanized Iron)

Bending moment for the beam,

PL
M=
4

( 966.48 N ) (375.6 mm)

M=
4

M =90753.7 Nmm

D 17.27 mm
γ= γ= γ =8.635 mm
2 2

4
π D4 π (17.27 mm)
I= I= I =4366.56 m m 4
64 64

Bending equation, σ

M σ
=
I γ

90753.7 Nmm σ
=
4366.56 mm 4
8.635 mm

σ =179.46 MPa

41
 Factor of Safety = 1.5 for galvanized steel [13]

σ ultimate=179.46 MPa(FS)

σ ultimate=179.46 MPa(1.5)

σ ultimate=269.19 MPa

Bending stress for the given material can be assumed to be 0.66×yeild strength as

per AISC and is widely used for assumption. Thus, the allowable bending stress for

the given material is 363 MPa

The calculated ultimate bending stress for the material is within the allowable

bending

stress for the material,

Thus, the design is safe.

2.5.4 MAXIMUM LOAD CALCULATION

(Based on maximum allowable stress 363 MPa for galvanized iron)

Bending moment equation, M (max)

M σ
=
I γ

M (max) 363 MPa

4
=
4366.56 m m 8.635 mm

M (max)=183562.3949 Nmm = 183.5624 Nm

42
Calculate the maximum load, P

PL
M=
4

( P ) (375.6 mm)
183562.3949=
4

P(max)=1954.87 N

Therefore, the maximum load that can be carried by the trolley to avoid failure is

199.3 kg or 200kg

2.6 Findings

After analysis and fabrication of Stair Climbing Trolley for Gas Cylindrical Tanks,

The researchers were able to acquire the following findings.

 Durability of trolley depends on the yield strength of the material used for

the trolley.

 Change in the dimensions of step is directly proportional to the change in the

dimensions of the frame and radius or diameter of the wheels.

 The suggested price of the researchers finished product is much more

competitive than those similar products available product.

 The rotation of the tri-wheels of the stair climbing trolley is not very smooth.

43
  The wheels can not easily move sides ways.

CHAPTER III

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Summary

It requires much effort, time to lift gas cylinder tanks and to transport them

to different locations. This type of problems raises in schools, hotels, malls and

other industrial sector where gas cylinder tanks are needed for some sort of

applications. In some establishments crowded with a lot of people, lifts are not

always availale. Some establishments just have lifts made for goods. These lifts

don't support heavy loads like gas cylinder tanks and are not made to climb stairs.

It is indeed highly tiresome and a life threatening situation to carry gas cylindrical

tanks through stairs manually. This may lead to injuries and or even cause death.
44
From those ideas, the idea of creating a "Stair Climbing Trolleys for Gas Cylinder

Tanks" was formed to provide comfortable and safe way to carry gas cylinder

tanks through stairs.

The proponents then gather the data by conducting survey with the use of

survey questionnaires. The data were obtained from GEF Incorporated which is a

company that provides air-conditioning services around Cebu and uses gas

cylindrical to their day to day operations. The data afterwards were analyzed and

then used in the fabrication of a thesis prototype.

The prototype was fabricated and tested successfully. After that, It was turn

over to GEF Incorporated for acceptability test. It was tested there a couple of

times and then the proponents conducted another survey which will tell the

satisfaction rate of the technicians that conducted the test of the thesis prototype.

After the test, the proponents then were given a certification of acceptability of

their thesis prototype.

3.3 Conclusions

The researchers were able to identify the safety standards and practices of a

stair climbing trolley. The design and analysis of the stair climbing trolley for gas

cylinder tanks had been brought into practical model successfully. After testing,

There were no technicians injured. The prototype was tested and used safely. The

45
wheel attachment has a proper gap. The ratchet mechanism is working properly

and there is no slippage, tear and wear. The mechanism of transmission can resist

heavy loads by applying only less force and effort. The tri-wheel as well is

working very well with less friction and can be moved to different locations with

easy transportation. And the GEF Incorporated was fully satisfied with the thesis

prototype after several testing made.

3.4 Recommendations

The results of the study showed a promising result. However, a certain

features were not implemented. Thus, the researchers recommended the following

for future research:

 To use ASTM A514 High Strength Alloy or any material with yield strength

above 550 MPa in order to further increase the durability of the trolley.

 To add ball bearing in between the frame of the tri-wheel connected to the

shaft in order to provide a smooth rotation to the tri-wheel.

 To use swivel caster wheels for the two wheels connected on the body of the

trolley so the trolley could easily move side ways while lay down.

46
  To increase the clearance and distance between the centers of the tri-wheel

for steps with higher elevation and to use the formula D = 2(2r) using the

radius of tri-wheels or use D2=a2+ b2 using the dimension of the steps of the

stairs.

REFERENCES

[1] https://docplayer.net/20725210-Code-of-practice-for-the-manual-handling-
of-gas-cylinder-and-exchange-of-regulators.html?
fbclid=IwAR2AsqHL6R9wprdMuYGWoDXgZ3SEH1IJt3wdedYHRo9ls
WgcxNzjSPJn6bE (Jul 2, Tue, 8: 00 am)
[2] K. Narendra Kumar1, SalunkheRohit, M. Gopala Anjaneyulu3, B.
GopiKrishna4 1 Assistant Professor, 2Associate Professor, 3, 4Student, 1,
2, 3, 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swarnandhra College of
Engineering and Technology, Narsapur, Andhra Pradesh, India- 534275
(Jul 2, Tue, 9:00 am)
[3] Md. A. Hossain, Nafis. A.Chowdhury, Rubaiat.I.Linda, “Stair Climbing
Vehicle”, Published In International Journal Of Research Publications In
Engineering And Technology (2010). (Jul 11, Thu, 7:40 am)

[4] PrajanPradipGondole, KamleshDilipraoThakre, “Stair Climbing Hand

Trolley”, Published In journal Of Emerging Technologies and Innovative
Research (JETIR), (2015). (Jul 11, Thu, 8:15 am)

47
[5] Mr. Pratik.H. Rathod, Mr. Ravi.R. Mishra, Mr. Nitin.A. Waghamare, “Stair
Climbing Truck”,published In International Journal of Emerging Trends in
Engineering and Development,(2013) (Jul 16, Tue, 7:50 am)
[6] P. Jey Praveen Raj, P.M.MohamedFuge, R.Paul Caleb, G.Natarajan,
“Design and Fabrication of Stair Climbing Trolley”, International Journal
of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME) Vol.
2, Issue 2, pp: (160- 165), Month: October 2015 – March 2016 (Jul 1, Thu,
8:06 am)
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_(device) (Aug 6, Tue, 7:35 am )
[8] https://documents.uow.edu.au/content/groups/public/@web/@ohs/documen
ts/doc/uow136686.pdf (Oct 3, Thu, 9:25 pm )
[9] Dr. R.K. Bansal, A textbook of Strength of Materials, Laxmi Publications
(P) Ltd. (Aug 6, Tue, 9:00 am)

[10] www.paperpublications.org%2Fdownload.php%3Ffile%3DADVANCE
%2520MATERIAL%2520HANDLING-662.pdf%26act
%3Dbook&psig=AOvVaw0-
J4Woe_HeM3QL8pvlSleO&ust=1583157975144000&source=images&cd=
vfe&ved=0CAMQjB1qFwoTCMjRjZ-5-ecCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
(Aug 1, Thu, 10:04 pm )
[11] https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Design-of-Wheeled-Mobile-Robot-
with-Tri-Star-Wheel-Syam/08dadc36b96498615f18864662fd2184e193a7bb
(Aug 1, Thu, 10:15 pm )
[12] https://www.bigdug.co.uk/downloads/data_sheets/1483617076Trolley_Safet
y_Guide_Web.pdf (Aug 1, Thu, 10:20 pm )
[13] http://www.steelpowerpole.com/china-
1_5_safety_factor_galvanized_steel_pole_galvanised_steel_poles_50_years
_life_time-8497276.html (Aug 1, Thu, 10:36 pm )

48
 Appendix A
Survey Questionnaire

Thesis Title:Stair Climbing Trolley for Gas Cylindrical Tanks

COMPANY SURVEY

Name of Respondent: ______________________ Interviewer Name:

___________________
Contact number: __________________________ Date of Interview:
___________________
PURPOSE OF STUDY:
The 5th BSME Engineering students of University of Cebu Lapu Lapu and
Mandaue is currently having their thesis entitled Stair Climbing Trolley for Gas
Cylindrical Tanks. As part of thir thesis, the proponents will conduct survey in
relation to the tool carrier in gas cylindical tank transportation.
PROCEDURE:

49
The survey will take about 5 minutes of your time.
RISKS AND DISCOMFORTS:
We do not expect this interview to cause you any harm. But if you feel
uncomfortable with some of the questions, you may choose not to answer them but
can decide to continue with the interview.
BENEFITS:
The results of the study will inform the researchers and possible project
implementers on the importance of using a trolleys in gas cylindrical tank
transportation.
CONFIDENTIALITY:
Your responses will be private and confidential. They will not be shared with
anyone other than the members of the team research team. The information you
give will be kept for ten years at the University of Cebu Lapu Lapu and Mandaue
after which they will be destroyed.
If you agree to participate in this study, please write your name and affix your
signature below.

__________________________________________________ __________
Respondent’s name and signature Date

__________________________________________________ __________
Name and signature of witness to consent procedure Date

Part I
Instruction: Fill up the following questions honestly. Put a check mark on the box
provided with each statement for your answer.
1. Do you use any carrier tool for your gas cylindrical tanks?
 Yes
 No

50
 2. If Yes, answer below.
 What kind of tool?
 Hand Trucks
 Platform Trucks
 Does it support carrying gas cylindrical tanks through stairs?
 Yes
 No
3. Would it be beneficial to have a stair climbing trolley for gas cylindrical
tanks?
 Yes
 No
Part II
Summary Data for Delivery of Gas Cylindrical Tanks are lifted through stairs.

No. of Respondents: ___________

Out of ______ tanks delivered to the jobsite, there are ______ tanks lifted through
stairs which give us ______ of percentage over-all.

Part III
Prototype Satisfactory Survey
How would you rate the following?

Stair Climbing Very Dissatisfied Neutral Satisfied Very Satisfied

Trolley for Gas Dissatisfied
Cylindrical
Tanks

51
 Project Mobility
Project Stability
Project Safety
Project
Functionality

Part IV
Performance evaluation of Stair Climbing Trolley for Gas Cylindrical Tanks
Questions to consider Ye No Problems occured
s
1.Do you use the trolley?
2. Is it helpful to you?
3. Is it a risk to you?
4. Is it easily damaged or
defective?
5. Is it unstable or
unpredictable?
6. Is it easy to steer and
easy to use?
7. Is it suitable for the
load?

52
 Appendix B
Map of the Environment

53
 GEF Incorporated
1059 UmapadPlaridel Street, Mandaue City

Appendix C

NOTICE OF ACCEPTANCE

54
 I, Engr. Junrey Bacus , accept the position as ADVISER for the project
entitled. “Stair Climbing Trolley used for Gas Cylinder Tanks”

I acknowledge the role and responsibility of an adviser us stated in the Thesis

Guidelines for BACHELOR OF SCIENCE in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

To make this agreement legal and binding, I, together with the proponents, hereby
affix of our signatures below.

Engr. Junrey Bacus

Adviser

CHRISTIAN REY DUBA

REY BAULITA
ADRIAN ABAD
Proponents

Endorsed by: Approved by:

ENGR. HAROLD BORJA ENGR. ROLAND FERNANDEZ

Subject Instructor/Coordinator Dean, College of Engineering

Appendix D
Letter of Acceptance

55
 Appendix E
Summary Data

56
Appendix F

57
Appendix G

58
Stair Climbing Trolley : User Manual & Maintenance Procedures

Loading Gas Cylinder on Stair Climbing Trolley

1.) Wear steel toe capped shoes and industrial quality gloves.
2.) Check the Tri-wheels if it is ready for forward motion, if not, exchange
the set of tri-wheels.
3.) Make sure that the washer and the nut are attached. Use adjustable
wrench for the nut. Don’t tight the grip of the nut.
4.) Unhook the lock of the metal strap and open it widely.
5.) Place the gas cylinder inside the space, make sure that it touches the 3
pipes that supports the tank.
6.) Close the metal strap and tightly hook it. Make sure that the gas cylinder
is firmly fixed to its position to prevent the unexpected shakes during
transportation.
7.) Place one foot on the axle and tilt the trolley back so it balances
comfortably on the wheels and it is now ready for transportation.

Pushing and pulling the Stair Climbing Trolley with gas cylinder on stairs
(requires 2 person)
Operation: Climbing

1.) Check the Tri-wheels if it is already in reverse direction. if not, reverse

the set of tri-wheels.
2.) Make sure that the washer and the nut are attached and se adjustable
wrench for the nut. Don’t tight the grip of the nut so that it would not
affect the smooth rotation of the tri-wheels.
3.) Place one foot on the axle and tilt the trolley back so it would make a
balance on the wheels and ready for reverse direction of pulling.
4.) After first step of the stairs, place the trolley support on the axle. Those
who use the trolley support must exert pushing force to climb the trolley
with tank through stairs.
5.) Pull the trolley with tank on stairs while the other pushes until you
reached the destination.

Pushing and pulling the Stair Climbing Trolley with gas cylinder on stairs
(requires 2 person)

59
Operation: Gliding down

1.) Check the Tri-wheels if it is already in forward direction. If not, reverse

the set of tri-wheels.
2.) Make sure that the washer and the nut are attached and use adjustable
wrench for the nut. Don’t tight the grip of the nut so that the tri-wheels
can freely rotate on stairs without friction.
3.) Place one foot on the axle and tilt the trolley back so it balances
comfortably on the wheels and ready for forward direction of pushing.
4.) After it reached the first step of the stairs, place the trolleysupport on the
axle. Those who use the handle support must exert pushing force to glide
down gradually the trolley with tank through stairs and those who uses
the rear handle must exert pulling force to support the other
5.) Push gradually the trolley with tank on stairs while the other person also
pushes to support the weight of the trolley with tank until you reached the
destination.
6.) When it reached the end of the stairs, remove the handle support and
continue pushing towards destination.

Unloading Gas Cylinder on Stair Climbing Trolley

1.) Make sure that the trolley with the cylinder tank is on even/flat surface.
2.) Unhook the lock of the metal strap and open it widely.
3.) Remove the gas cylinder off the trolley.
4.) Close the metal strap and tightly hook it.
5.) Place the tank on its designated places as well as the trolley.

Appendix H

60
 Our Suggested Selling Price VS Similar Product Market Price

Gas Cylinder Stair Trolley

Source: https://www.theworkplacedepot.co.uk/gas-cylinder-stair-trolley
The available stair climbing trolley for gas cylinder in the market cost
306.29 Sterling Pounds that equals to 19911.31 Philippine Peso

The recommended price for our product is 10626.07 Philippine Peso that
will give us a Return of Investment at 30% every purchase.

This proves that our product is way more cheaper and competitive in
terms of price than the similar product available in the market.

Curriculum Vitae

61
Name: CHRISTIAN REY G. DUBA
Address: P. REMEDIO ST. BANILAD MANDAUE CITY
Age: 21 YEARS OLD
Birthday: JUNE 18, 1998
Gender: MALE
Contact Number: 09451400021
Email Address: christianreyduba@gmail.com

Name: ADRIAN ABAD

Address: CANJULAO, LAPU-LAPU, CITY
Age: 21 YEARS OLD
Birthday: May 15, 1998
Gender: MALE
Contact Number: 09505762963 / 09770668860
Email Address: abadadrian22@yahoo.com

Name: REY BAULITA

Address: OPAO, MANDAUE CITY, CEBU
Age: 21 YEARS OLD
Birthday: SEPTEMBER 1, 1998
Gender: MALE
Contact Number: 09223144531
Email Address: baulitarey11@gmail.com

62