Extra Support For Vocabulary and Concepts: Grade 5

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Extra Support for
Vocabulary and Concepts
Grade 5
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To the Teacher
Some students may need extra support in learning new science vocabulary
and concepts. The Extra Support for Vocabulary and Concepts pages are
designed to fill that need. The pages accompany every content lesson in
the ScienceFusion Student Edition and provide:
• Phonetic respellings, definitions, and tips for remembering the lesson’s

vocabulary terms.
• Concept statements, written in simplified language, to reinforce the
lesson’s main ideas.
These pages also reinforce tested content objectives and the Florida
Science Benchmarks.
Ideas for Using These Pages
• Have students work in small groups, reading each vocabulary word

aloud and repeating it three times. Then have students alternate
reading the definitions and tips for remembering the terms. Have
students conclude by restating the meaning of each term in their own
words.
• Ask partners to take turns reading aloud the Science Ideas statements
as if they were lines in a play. Challenge students to practice until
they know the statements by heart.
• Suggest students read the pages at home with family members.

Encourage them to enlist the help of family members in reviewing and
remembering the information.
• Encourage students to use these pages as tools for reviewing unit

content prior to unit reviews and tests or state science assessment.

• Have students select three or four Science Ideas statements, write them
on drawing paper, and illustrate them.
• Students can cut and paste each vocabulary term and its definition into
their science notebooks or onto index cards to make their own set of
vocabulary cards. The cards can be used in vocabulary games and
activities, such as Twenty Questions and Jeopardy®.
• Working in pairs, have students brainstorm and write a new tip for
remembering each vocabulary word.
• Suggest students create a crossword puzzle with the vocabulary terms.

Students can use or paraphrase the definitions provided on the page as
clues.
• Have students turn each Science Ideas statement into a question.

Suggest they write the question on one side or an index card and the
answer on the other side. Students can use the index cards to play a
question-and-answer game with a classmate.
• Suggest students rewrite each Science Ideas statement in their own

words and give an example or detail that further illustrates the
meaning of the statement.
• Have students select two or three vocabulary words and write as much
as they can about each word, including examples, facts, and
connections to other vocabulary words.

Unit 1 Scientists at Work
Lesson 1 What Is Science? .................................................................................... 1
Lesson 3 What Are Some Types of Investigations? .............................................. 3
Lesson 5 What Tools Do Scientists Use? .............................................................. 5
Unit 2 The Solar System and the Universe

Lesson 1 What Objects Are Part of the Solar System?.......................................... 7
Lesson 3 What Are Stars and Galaxies?.............................................................. 10
Unit 3 Weather, Climate, and the Water Cycle

Lesson 1 What Is the Water Cycle?..................................................................... 12
Lesson 3 How Do We Measure Weather?........................................................... 14
Lesson 4 How Do Weather Patterns Help Us Predict Weather? ......................... 16
Lesson 6 What Factors Affect Climate? .............................................................. 18
Unit 4 The Nature of Matter

Lesson 1 What Are Solids, Liquids, and Gases? ................................................. 20
Lesson 2 How Does Matter Change? .................................................................. 22
Lesson 4 What Are Mixtures and Solutions? ...................................................... 24
Lesson 6 What Is the Atomic Theory? ................................................................ 26
Unit 5 Forms of Energy

Lesson 1 What Is Energy? ................................................................................... 28
Lesson 3 What Is Electricity? .............................................................................. 30
Lesson 5 How Do We Use Electricity? ............................................................... 32
Unit 6 Working with Electricity

Lesson 2 What Are Electric Currents, Conductors, and Insulators?.................... 34
Unit 7 Forces and Motion

Lesson 1 What Are Forces? ................................................................................. 36
Unit 8 The Structure of Living Things

Lesson 1 What Are Organs and Body Systems? ................................................. 38
Lesson 3 What Body Parts Enable Movement, Support, Respiration, and
Circulation?.......................................................................................................... 40
Lesson 4 What Body Parts Enable Digestion, Waste Removal, and
Reproduction?...................................................................................................... 42

Unit 9 Changes in Environments
Lesson 1 How Do Environmental Changes Affect Organisms?.......................... 44
Unit 10 Plant and Animal Adaptations

Lesson 1 What Is Adaptation? ............................................................................. 46
Lesson 3 What Are Some Adaptations to Life on Land? .................................... 48
Lesson 4 What Are Some Adaptations to Life in Water?.................................... 50

Extra Support for
Name _____________________________________________ Vocabulary and Concepts
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What Is Science?
Science Words
Say each word quietly to yourself. Then read the meaning.
Read the tip to help you remember.
investigation [in•ves•tuh•GAY•shuhn] a procedure carried out to carefully observe, study, or test
something in order to learn more about it
Investigation and question end in –tion. An investigation can answer a question.

science [SY•uhns] the study of the natural world. Science involves making observations and
performing investigations.
Science, study, and search begin with the same sound. When people do science, they study
nature and search for answers.
evidence [EV•uh•duhns] information collected during a scientific investigation

Evidence ends with the sound at the beginning of certain. Evidence can help you be certain
your idea about something is correct.
The hat, gloves,

coat, and snow
are evidence of
cold weather.
opinion [uh•PIN•yuhn] a belief or judgment

Opinion and open begin the same way. Have your opinion, but keep your mind open to
evidence.
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Extra Support for
What Is Science?
Science Concepts
Read the Ideas more than once. Do your best to remember them.
1. An investigation is a procedure used to find answers to questions about nature.
2. An investigation may involve observing, comparing, and testing.
3. Scientists look for evidence, or information, as they investigate a question.
4. Scientists draw conclusions from the results of their investigations.
5. A conclusion must be supported by evidence; an opinion need not be supported by evidence.
6. An inference is an idea based on an observation.
7. A person’s opinion should not affect how that person carries out an investigation.
8. Scientists communicate the results of their investigations.
9. Clear communication helps other scientists repeat an investigation and compare results.
10. Scientific knowledge grows when scientists can expand on one another’s ideas.
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What Are Some Types of Investigations?

Science Words
scientific methods [sy•uhnTIF•ik METH•uhdz] ways that scientists perform investigations.
Scientific methods use logic and reasoning.
You have a method for doing your homework. You might do it right after school or in the
evening. You might do it sitting in a particular chair or in a particular place. Your method is
your way of doing something. Scientific methods are scientists’ way of doing their work.
experiment [ek•SPEHR•uh•muhnt] an investigation used to test a hypothesis in which all the
conditions are controlled
Experiment, explore, and exact begin the same way. An experiment is an exact and careful way
to explore a question.
variable [VAIR•ee•uh•buhl] any factor or condition in an experiment that can be changed

Variable begins the same way as vary, which means “change.” Variable ends with –able. A
variable is something that is able to be changed.
In this investigation, the

variable is light. One
plant is exposed to
light. The other plant is
not exposed to light.
All other conditions are
the same.
control [kuhn•TROHL] the setup to which all the other setups are compared
Control has one meaning in everyday conversation and a different meaning in science. In
everyday conversation, if you have control over something, you are in charge of it.
In science, a control is a standard other things are compared to.
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What Are Some Types of Investigations?

Science Concepts
1. A scientific investigation always begins with a question.
2. Scientists use scientific methods based on logic and reasoning.
3. Scientists may use repeated observations or make models for an investigation.
4. In an experiment, scientists test an idea by controlling the conditions around it.
5. An experiment begins with observations and a hypothesis that can be tested.
6. An experiment should have at least two setups, with one being the control.
7. Scientists must identify all the variables, but change only one variable at a time.
8. Scientists follow a careful procedure, or set of steps, to carry out their experiment.
9. Scientists record and analyze the data they collect; they draw conclusions from their data.
10. Scientists use charts, graphs, and diagrams to display data they have collected.
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What Tools Do Scientists Use?

Science Words
microscopic [my•kruh•SKAHP•ik] too small to see with just your eyes alone
Microscopic and microscope are in the same word family. A microscope makes tiny things
look bigger, so a microscope helps you see something that is
microscopic.
balance [BAL•uhns] a tool used to measure mass, the amount of
matter in an object
A balance may make you think of a seesaw. When a seesaw
is balanced, both sides are at the same height. When both
sides of a balance are the same height, the mass of the objects
on both sides of the balance is the same.
spring scale [SPRING SKAYL] a tool used to measure the force, or pull, of
gravity on an object
Using a spring scale may make you think of hanging a coat from a
wire hanger. If the coat is heavy, it may pull on the hanger and cause it
to stretch. When an object hangs from a spring scale, the force of
gravity pulls on the spring, which stretches.
accurate [AK•yuhr•uht] correct, without error

Accurate and actual begin the same way. An accurate measure of
something is the actual amount of it.
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What Tools Do Scientists Use?

Science Concepts
1. Field scientists may use nets, hand lenses, and cameras in their investigations.
2. An electron microscope can make something look a million times bigger than it really is.
3. A dropper releases liquid drop by drop; a pipette is like a dropper but more exact.
4. Measuring is making observations that involve numbers and units, such as kilograms.
5. Scientists and most people in the world use the metric or International System (SI).
6. The metric system is based on multiples of 10.
7. Length is measured in meters; mass is measured in grams; force is measured in newtons.
8. A meter stick measures length; a balance measures mass; a spring scale measures newtons.
9. A graduated cylinder measures the volume of a liquid in liters.
10. To find the volume of a solid multiply its length by its width by its height.
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What Objects Are Part of the Solar System?

Science Words
solar system [SOH•ler SIS•tuhm] a group of objects in space made up of a star and the planets and
other space objects that revolve around it
A system is a group of things that act together as a whole.
Solar has to do with the sun, our star.
You can put these ideas together: A solar system is a star and a group of objects that act
together as a whole.
planet [PLAN•it] a large, round body that revolves around a star
You can make a “mind model” of a planet: Imagine you are holding a string with a ball on the
end of it. Use your arm to trace a large circle over your head. As you move your arm faster, the
ball flies out and the string is pulled tight.
In this model, the ball is a planet and your hand holding the string is a star.
dwarf planets [DWAWRF PLAN•its] nearly round bodies whose orbits cross the orbits of other
bodies
Dwarf means small. Very little is known about dwarf planets because they are small, very far
away, and hard to study.
Pluto is a dwarf planet. Notice

that Pluto’s orbit crosses the
orbits of the major planets.
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comet [KAHM•it] a chunk of frozen gases, rock, ice, and dust
If you can imagine a snowball made of ice, dirt and rock, you can imagine a comet.
asteroids [AS•tuh•ROYDZ] rock and iron objects that orbit the sun
Asteroids ends with the letter at the beginning of salt. Asteroids are like the salt and pepper of
the solar system—they are sprinkled generously over a wide area.
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Science Concepts
1. In our solar system, Earth, the other plants, and other objects revolve around the sun, our star.
2. Our solar system has eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune.
3. The inner planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars—are nearest the sun, dense, and rocky.
4. The outer planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune—are made of gases and much colder than
the inner planets.
5. Earth has only one moon that revolves around it; the outer planets have many moons.
6. Dwarf planets, asteroids, meteoroids, and comets also orbit the sun.
7. Dwarf planets are small bodies whose orbit crosses the orbit of other bodies, such as planets.
8. Asteroids, objects made of rock and iron, may be as small as a city block or a large as an ocean.
9. A comet is a chunk of frozen gas, dust, ice, and rock.
10. Meteoroids are pieces of asteroids that break off; meteorites are meteoroids that reach Earth.
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What Are Stars and Galaxies?

Science Words
astronomy [uh•STRAHN•uh•mee] the study of objects in space and their characteristics
Astronomy and astronaut begin the same way. An astronaut is someone who travels in space.
An astronaut may do astronomy while in space.
stars [STARZ] huge balls of hot, glowing gas that produce their own heat and light
Some actors are stars because they shine or stand out from other actors. Stars in space shine in
the night sky because they give off light.
universe [YOO•nuh•vers] everything that exists

Universe, unite and unit begin the same way. When things or people unite, they come together
to as a single unit. The universe is a way to talk about all things as a single unit.
galaxy [GAL•uks•see] a group of billions of stars, the objects that orbit the stars, gas, and dust
Galaxy, group, gas, and gravity begin with the same sound. A galaxy is a huge group of stars
and gas held together by gravity.
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What Are Stars and Galaxies?

Science Concepts
1. Astronomy is the study of space and everything in it.
2. Stars form when energy stored in particles squeezed together is given off as light and heat.
3. Stars are grouped by color, temperature, brightness, and size.
4. Blue stars are the hottest stars; the sun is a medium-sized, yellow star.
5. A galaxy is made up of billions of stars, objects, gas, and dust held together by gravity.
6. Our solar system is in the Milky Way Galaxy.
7. The universe is made up of everything that exists.
8. Astronomer Edwin Hubble was the first scientist to study galaxies, in the 1920s.
9. Most galaxies in the universe are elliptical, egg-shaped; the Milky Way has a spiral shape.
10. When gravity pulls galaxies toward each other, they may crash, or collide.
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What Is the Water Cycle?

Science Words
evaporation [ee•vap•uh•RAY•shuhn] the change of liquid to gas
Evaporation and every begin with the same sounds. Evaporation takes place from every river,
lake, ocean, birdbath, and puddle on Earth.
condensation [kahn•duhn•SAY•shuhn] the change of gas to liquid

Condensation, create, and clouds begin with the same sound. Condensation creates clouds
when water vapor touches bits of dust and changes to tiny drops of water.
precipitation [pree•sip•uh•TAY•shuhn] water that falls from clouds to Earth’s surface

Precipitation and prevent begin the same way. When water droplets become too heavy to stay
in the air, there is no way to prevent precipitation
atmosphere [AT•muhs•feer] the mixture of gases that surround Earth
Atmosphere and air begin with the same sound. The atmosphere is made up of air.
water cycle [WAW•ter SY•kuhl] the process through which water moves between Earth’s surface
and the atmosphere
Cycle and circle begin the same way. The water cycle is a like a circle that begins when water
evaporates into the air, then condenses in clouds, and then falls back to Earth, only to evaporate
again.
run-off [RUHN awf] water that cannot soak into the ground and instead flows across Earth’s surface
When you think of run-off, think of rain. Run-off usually comes after a rainstorm so heavy that
the ground can’t soak up all the rainwater.
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What Is the Water Cycle?

Science Concepts
1. Water is constantly moving between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere in the water cycle.
2. Water on Earth’s surface evaporates or changes to water vapor, a gas in the atmosphere.
3. When water vapor rises, it cools and condenses around tiny bits of dust and salt.
4. Together, billions of droplets form a cloud; fog is a cloud that forms close to the ground.
5. Water droplets in a cloud join together until they are too heavy to stay in the air.
6. Rain, snow, and hail are kinds of precipitation, water that falls from clouds to Earth’s surface.
7. Groundwater is rain that seeps into the ground and remains stored there.
8. Run-off, water that cannot soak into the ground, flows downhill into low-lying areas.
9. Precipitation may become part of a glacier, a large, slow-moving sheet of ice.
10. Aquifers, like the Floridan Aquifer, are huge bodies of rock that store water for people to use.
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How Do We Measure Weather?

Science Words
weather [WETH•er] what the atmosphere is like at a given time and place
When you think of weather, think of the other w- words—wet and windy.
If it is raining, snowing, or cloudy, then the weather is wet.
If the air is moving fast, then the weather is windy.
anemometer [an•uh•MAHM•uh•ter] a tool for measuring wind
speed
Anemometer and kilometer end the same way. Kilometers-per-
hour is a measure of the speed something is traveling. An
Anemometer measures the speed of wind in kilometers per
hour.
barometer [buh•RAHM•uh•ter] a tool for measuring air pressure

Barometer contains the word meter. A meter is a tool that
measures the amount of something. A parking meter measures the
time a car is parked. A barometer measures the amount of air
pressure in the atmosphere.
humidity [hyoo•MID•uh•tee] the amount of water vapor in the air

Humidity and sticky end with the same sound. When people complain that it’s sticky out, they
mean that the humidity is high, which makes the their skin feel sticky.
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How Do We Measure Weather?

Science Concepts
1. Meteorologists study weather, or what the atmosphere is like at a given time and place.
2. A wind vane measures the direction of wind; an anemometer measures the speed of wind.
3. A barometer measures air pressure; a hygrometer measures humidity.
4. Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air.
5. The amount of water vapor actually in the air compared to the amount the air could hold is the
relative humidity.
6. Warmer air can hold more water vapor than cooler air.
7. Clouds are classified according to their shape and to how high above Earth they are.
8. Stratus clouds are low, gray clouds that signal rain; cumulus clouds look like cotton puffs.
9. Sleet is small bits of ice; snow forms when water vapor turns directly into a solid.
10. Hail forms as raindrops are blown high into a cloud where they freeze before they fall to Earth.
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How Do Weather Patterns Help Us Predict

Weather?
Science Words
air pressure [AIR PRESH•uhr] the weight of the atmosphere on Earth’s surface
Pressure contains the word press. When you press something, you use force to put weight on
it. Air pressure is the weight of air pressing on Earth.
wind [WIND] moving air

Wind and water are connected by their first letters and more:
Wind blows from cooler places (higher air pressure) to warmer places (lower air pressure). The
air over water is usually cooler than the air over land. So, during a day at the beach, wind
usually blows from the water toward the land.
air mass [AIR MAS] a large body of air with the same temperature and moisture properties
throughout
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Mass also means a body of matter—any kind of
matter. The matter in an air mass is air.
front [FRUHNT] the boundary between two air masses

Think about your home. Your front door is a boundary. The inside of your home is on one side
of the boundary. Everything else is on the other side. A weather front is also a boundary. Warm
air may be on one side of the boundary. Cooler air may be on the other side.
weather map [WETH•er MAP] a map that uses symbols to show weather data
You know that a map uses symbols to communicate information. A weather map uses symbols
to communicate information about the weather.
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How Do Weather Patterns Help Us Predict

Weather?
Science Concepts
1. Air pressure is the pressure, or weight, of air pressing on Earth’s surface.
2. In cold air, air particles are close together, and the air pressure is high.
3. In warm air, air particles are not as close together, and the air pressure is lower.
4. Wind blows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
5. Wind carries air masses from one place to another, often from west to east.
6. A front is the boundary, or place, where two air masses meet.
7. Meteorologists collect weather data from satellites, radar, and tools such as barometers.
8. A weather report is based on patterns that meteorologists find in the data they collect.
9. A hurricane forms in a low-pressure area over warm ocean water.
10. The center, or eye, of a hurricane is calm, but winds around the eye are extremely strong.
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What Factors Affect Climate?

Science Words
climate [KLY•mit] the long-term weather patterns of a place
Climate ends with the sound at the beginning of time. Climate is the average weather of an area
over a long time.
climate zone [KLY•mit ZOHN] an area that has similar average temperatures and precipitation
throughout
You may have seen a street sign that says, “Quiet. Hospital Zone.” A zone is an area that is
separated from others. A climate zone is separated from others by the type of climate in the
area.
equator [ee•KWAY•ter] the imaginary line that divides Earth into its northern and southern
hemispheres, or halves
Equator and equal are in the same word family. When things are equal, they are the same size
or quantity. The equator divides Earth into two equal hemispheres.
latitude [LAT•uh•tood] the measure of how far north or south a place is from the equator
Latitude ends with the sound at the beginning of down. To find latitude, measure down or up
from the equator.
Lines of latitude
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What Factors Affect Climate?

Science Concepts
1. Weather changes from day to day; climate is the weather pattern over a long period of time.
2. Three of Earth’s climate zones (areas with similar climates) are the tropical, temperate, and
polar zones.
3. Polar climate zones, which are farthest from the equator, are cold all year round.
4. Tropical climate zones, which are nearest the equator, are hot all year round.
5. Most of the United States is in a temperate climate zone with mild temperatures.
6. These four things affect climate: distance from the equator, elevation, landforms, and water.
7. A mountaintop near the equator has a cool climate because of its elevation.
8. The ocean side of a mountain may have a wet climate, while the other side has a dry climate.
9. The Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current that flows past Florida and across the Atlantic.
10. The climate of an area affects the plants and animals that can survive there.
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What Are Solids, Liquids, and Gases?

Science Words
matter [MAT•er] anything that has mass and volume
Matter and mass begin with the same sound. If something has mass, it is matter.
temperature [TEM•per•uh•cher] a measure of the energy of motion of the particles in matter

Temperature and degrees each have three e’s. You use a thermometer to measure temperature
in degrees.
liquid [LIK•wid] a substance that has definite volume but does not have a definite shape
Liquid and lack begin with the same sound. A liquid lacks a definite shape. It takes the shape of
its container.
solid [SAHL•id] a substance with a definite shape and volume

Solid and set begin with the same sound. Something definite is set or fixed. A solid has a set
size and shape.
gas [GAS] a substance that does not have a definite shape or volume
Gas and fits end with the same sound. A gas fits into the size and shape of the space it has. An
amount of gas will spread out to fill a big container and contract to fit into a small container.
Particles in a solid Particles in a liquid Particles in a gas
volume [VAHL•yoom] the amount of space something takes up

When someone asks you to turn up the volume on a TV, the person wants more, or louder,
sound. In science, something with more volume takes up more space.
Volume ends with the sound at the beginning of milliliter. You measure the volume of a liquid
in milliliters.
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What Are Solids, Liquids, and Gases?

Science Concepts
1. Matter cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change form from solid to liquid to gas.
2. You can observe physical properties of matter without changing the matter into something new.
3. Temperature—a measure of how fast particles in matter are moving—is a physical property.
4. Density—how much matter is in a specific volume—is a physical property.
5. To find the density of an object, divide the mass of the object by its volume.
6. Matter is made of tiny particles; the particles have energy and are always moving.
7. Particles in a solid vibrate close together, so the solid keeps its shape.
8. Particles in a gas have a lot of energy and are far apart, so a gas spreads out.
9. When water gives off energy, it cools and may change from a liquid to a solid, ice.
10. When water takes in energy, it heats up and may change from a liquid to a gas, water vapor.
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How Does Matter Change?

Science Words
physical change [FIZ•ih•kuhl CHAYNJ] a change in matter that does not result in a change in the
type of matter
Matter has physical properties, such as color, size, shape, and mass. A physical change is a
change in a physical property. Soaking, shredding, and crumpling paper are physical changes
because they change the physical properties of the paper.
chemical change [KEM•ih•kuhl CHAYNJ] a change in matter that results in a change in the identity
of the matter
Chemical and create begin with the same sound. A chemical change creates a different type of
matter. Baked apples have different properties from raw apples because a chemical change
takes place during baking.
reaction [ree•AK•shuhn] the process in which new substances are formed during a chemical change
Reaction contains the word react. When someone says something funny, you might react by
smiling. The reaction you have produces a smile. The smile is a change. In science, a reaction
produces a change.
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How Does Matter Change?

Science Concepts
1. Physical changes do not change the type of matter, but chemical changes do.
2. You can observe the physical properties of matter without changing the type of matter.
3. You cannot observe the chemical properties of matter without changing the matter.
4. A chemical change, such as rotting, results in a change in the type of matter.
5. Except for water, matter expands when it heats up and contracts when it cools down.
6. When it cools, water expands and becomes less dense, which is why ice floats in water.
7. How quickly a change in matter takes place is the rate of change.
8. More heat energy increases the rate of change, causing change to take place more quickly.
9. Food stays fresh in the refrigerator because low temperature slows the rate of change.
10. A low fever helps fight disease because the higher temperature kills harmful bacteria.
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What Are Mixtures and Solutions?

Science Words
mixture [MIKS•cher] a combination of two or more
substances that keep their identities
Mixture contains the word mix. To mix things is to
combine them. To make a mixture, you mix things A fruit salad is
a mixture.
together.
solution [suh•LOO•shuhn] a mixture that has the same
composition throughout
Solution, specific, and same begin with the same The ocean is a
solution of salt
sound. A solution is a specific kind of mixture—it is and water.
the same throughout.
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What Are Mixtures and Solutions?

Science Concepts
1. Everything that is part of a mixture keeps its own identity.
2. A carbonated drink is a mixture of water, a liquid, and carbon dioxide, a gas.
3. The matter in a mixture may not be spread evenly throughout the mixture.
4. A solution is a mixture in which the matter is spread evenly throughout.
5. A solution forms when one kind of matter dissolves in another kind of matter.
6. Some, but not all, solids dissolve in liquids.
7. Salt and sugar dissolve in water; rocks and sand do not dissolve in water.
8. Most solutions are made of two or more liquids, such as the liquids that make gasoline.
9. Gases can also form solutions, such as the different gases in air.
10. Physical properties can be used to separate the matter in mixtures.
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What Is the Atomic Theory?

Science Words
atom [AT•uhm] the smallest part of a pure substance that has the properties of that substance
Atom ends with the sound at the beginning of minute. An atom is minute—very, very tiny.
atomic theory [uh•TAHM•ik THEER•ee] a scientific explanation of the structure of atoms and how
they interact with other atoms
Theory and thought begin with the same sound. Atomic theory is scientists’ thoughts on what
atoms are made of and how atoms behave.
element [EL•uh•muhnt] the type of matter made of just one kind of atom
In the word element, all the vowels are the same. In a real element, all the atoms are the same.
compound [KAHM•pownd] a substance formed by at least two types of atoms that are chemically
combined
A compound word is made of two or more words that are put together. In science, a compound
is made of two of more kinds of atoms.
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What Is the Atomic Theory?

Science Concepts
1. An atom of something, such as silver, is the smallest particle of it that has all its properties.
2. Scientists’ ideas about what atoms are made of and how they behave is their atomic theory.
3. Atoms, the building blocks of all matter, are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
4. An element is made up of just one kind of atom.
5. All atoms of an element have the same number of protons; no other element has that number.
6. There are more than 100 elements.
7. A compound is two or more types of atoms that have gone through a chemical change.
8. The properties of compounds are different from the properties of the elements that form them.
9. Water is a compound of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
10. Salt is a compound of sodium atoms and chorine atoms.
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What Is Energy?
Science Words
energy [EN•er•jee] the ability to cause changes in matter
If you had a lump of clay, what would you make with it? Whatever you make, will show that
you have energy, because you will cause a change in the clay.
kinetic energy [kih•NET•ik EN•er•jee] the energy an object
has because of its motion The boy, the
ball, and the
Kinetic and kick begin with the same sounds. When dogs have
you kick something you use kinetic energy because kinetic energy.
your leg is in motion.
potential energy [poh•TEN•shuhl EN•er•jee] the energy an
object has because of its position or condition The stretched
rubber band of
Potential and possible begin with the same sounds. the slingshot has
Something that is potential is possible. Potential energy potential energy.
is possible energy, energy ready to be used at some future
time.
mechanical energy [muh•KAN•ih•kuhl EN•er•jee] the total energy of motion and position of an
object
Mechanical and math begin with the same sound. Here is the math of mechanical energy: If
you add potential energy and kinetic energy, you get mechanical energy.
potential energy + kinetic energy = mechanical energy
electrical energy [uh•LEK•trik•uhl EN•er•jee] energy caused by the movement of electric charges
Electrical and electricity sound almost alike. Electrical energy is electricity.

chemical energy [KEM•ih•kuhl EN•er•jee] energy that is stored in matter and that can be released
by a chemical reaction
Burning a wood log is a chemical change because the wood changes to smoke and ash, a new
type of matter. If you stand near a fire, you know that burning also gives off heat. The heat is
chemical energy because it is given off during a chemical reaction.
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What Is Energy?
Science Concepts
1. Energy is never used up; it just changes from one form to another.
2. Potential energy is the energy an object has because of its position or condition.
3. The energy in a stretched rubber band is stored as potential energy.
4. When the rubber band is released, potential energy changes to kinetic energy.
5. Sound energy is a type of kinetic energy because particles of air are vibrating, or moving.
6. Thermal energy (heat) is the kinetic energy of the particles that make up matter.
7. You see objects when light energy reflects off them and enters your eyes.
8. Electrical energy changes to other forms of energy that we use, such as sound and heat energy.
9. Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy plus potential energy.
10. Chemical energy is released by a chemical reaction, such as your body breaking down food.
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What Is Electricity?
Science Words
static electricity [STAT•ik ee•lek•TRIS•uh•tee] a build up of electrical charges
Static and still begin with the same sounds. If something is static it is still, not moving. Static
electricity is electrical charges that build up in an object. Static electricity does not flow.
electric current [uh•LEK•trik KER•uhnt] the flow of electric charges

A current in a river or the ocean is water that flows in a particular direction. An electric current
is electric charges that flow along a path, such as a wire.
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What Is Electricity?
Science Concepts
1. Electric charge is a property of a particle that affects how it behaves around other particles.
2. Protons have a positive charge; electrons have a negative charge; neutrons have no charge.
3. Atoms with the same number of protons and electrons have no charge.
4. An atom that gains an electron has a charge of -1; an atom that loses an electron becomes +1.
5. Electrons move between things that touch each other, such as between a carpet and your shoes.
6. Objects with opposite charges attract one another, like clothes coming out of a dryer.
7. Objects with like charges push away from one another, like strands of hair after you brush it.
8. Static electricity is the buildup of electric charges in an object.
9. An electrostatic discharge occurs when electrons jump between objects with opposite charges.
10. Electric current, which flows along a wire, can do useful things such as lighting rooms and
cooking food.
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How Do We Use Electricity?

Science Words
electric motor [uh•LEK•trik MOHT•er] a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy
The electric motor is in here.
When you think of a motor, think of mechanical
energy and motion. An electric motor turns The electric motor
electricity
turns electrical
into mechanical energy, which includes the energy of
energy into the
motion. mechanical energy of
When an electric motor is operating, the mechanical
the rotating blades.
energy is mostly the energy of motion.
electromagnet [ee•lek•troh•MAG•net] a If the wire is
device in which current produces magnetism disconnected from
the battery, the
Electromagnet and electricity start the same way. nail will no longer
An electromagnet acts like a magnet only when attract the
paperclips.
electricity passes through it. When the electricity
stops, it does not act like a magnet.
generator [JEN•er•ayt•er] a device that converts kinetic energy to electrical energy

Generator and generation are in the same word family. Both have to do with producing things.
Parents produce children, who make a new generation. A generator produces electricity.
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How Do We Use Electricity?

Science Concepts
1. Electrical appliances change electrical energy into sound, thermal, and mechanical energy.
2. An electric heater changes electrical energy into thermal energy.
3. A lamp changes electrical energy into light energy.
2. An electric motor changes electrical energy into mechanical energy.
3. Wrapping a coil of electrical wire around an iron nail makes the nail a magnet.
4. When electric current flows, the nail will pick up small objects made of iron.
5. A device in which electric current produces magnetism is an electromagnet.
6. Electromagnets are used in electric motors, telephones, doorbells, and computers.
7. Generators change kinetic energy into electrical energy, which powers homes and businesses.
8. Huge electromagnets separate iron and steel objects from other objects in a junk yard.
9. Coal, a nonrenewable resource, is burned to heat the water that runs most generators.
10. Coal will run out over time, so it important to use electricity carefully.
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What Are Electric Currents, Conductors, and

Insulators?
Science Words
insulator [IN•suh•layt•er] a material that does not allow electricity to flow

Your home may have insulation material in the walls. The insulation material keeps heat from
flowing out of the house. An electrical insulator keeps electricity from flowing.
conductor [kuhn•DUHK•ter] a material that allows electricity to flow

An orchestra conductor is the person who helps orchestra music flow. An electrical conductor
is material that allows electricity to flow.
circuit [SER•kit] a path that starts and finishes at the same place
Circuit and circle begin with the same letters. Both words name something that begins and
ends at the same place.
series circuit [SIR•eez SER•kit] an electrical circuit with only one path for electricity
The World Series in baseball is a group of games arranged in a set order. Think of the order as
a single path from one game to the next. Like the World Series, a series circuit has one path for
electricity
to flow.
parallel circuit [PAIR•uh•lel SER•kit] an electrical circuit with more than one path for electricity
Parallel tells about two or more paths that never cross. A parallel circuit has two or more paths
for electricity.
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What Are Electric Currents, Conductors, and

Insulators?
Science Concepts
1. A circuit is a path that starts and finishes at the same place.
2. An electrical circuit is the path electricity follows.
3. Materials allow electricity to flow through them are conductors.
4. Most metals are conductors.
5. Materials that do not allow electricity to flow through them are insulators.
6. Rubber and plastic are insulators.
7. In a series circuit, electricity follows only one path.
8. In a parallel circuit, electricity follows more than one path.
9. A light bulb may be part of an electrical circuit.
10. A bulb does not light if the circuit is broken.
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What Are Forces?

Science Words
force [FAWRS] a push or a pull
You can use a force to make something happen. For example, a force can force a door to open
or stop a ball from moving.
Extra force is
friction [FRIK•shuhn] a force that opposes motion needed to
overcome the
Force and friction begin with the same sound, but friction of the
they work in opposite ways. A force can cause bumpy surface
something to move. Friction can cause something to and move the
slow or stop moving. box.
gravity [GRAV•ih•tee] a force of attraction between two objects

Gravity ends with the letter at the beginning of you. You and everything else have gravity. The
effect of Earth’s gravity is to pull you down, toward Earth.
balanced forces [BAL•uhnst FAWRS•uhz] forces on an object that are equal in size and opposition
in direction
Imagine that you and a friend are playing
tug-of-war. You are pulling a rope in one
direction. Your friend is pulling the rope in
the opposite direction. If both of you are
pulling equally hard, the forces are
balanced. Balanced forces means no
In this game of tug-of-war, the forces are balanced.
movement . . . and no winner!
unbalanced forces [uhn•BAL•uhnst FAWRS•uhz] forces that cause a change in motion

Imagine that you and your friend are still playing tug-of-war. But now your friend is tired and
doesn’t pull quite so hard. When that happens, the forces become unbalanced. Unbalanced
forces cause movement. Your friend moves toward you, and you are the winner!
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What Are Forces?

Science Concepts
1. Forces can cause an object to start moving, slow down, stop moving, or change direction.
2. A spring scale is the tool used to measure forces in newtons.
3. Gravity pulls objects toward each other; objects with greater mass have a greater pull.
4. Friction acts against motion in objects that are touching each other.
5. Balanced forces are forces on an object that are equal in size and opposite in direction.
6. Forces are unbalanced when one force is greater than another.
7. Unbalanced forces cause a change in motion.
8. When one cue ball hits another, the force transfers and causes the second cue ball to move.
9. The more force applied to an object, the faster its acceleration is.
10. The less mass an object has, the less force is needed to change its motion.
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What Are Organs and Body Systems?

Science Words
organism [AWR•guh•niz•uhm] a living thing made up of parts that work together to meet its needs
Organism and organize sound very much alike. The parts of an organism are organized to help
it stay alive.
organ [AWR•guhn] a body part that is made up of smaller parts that work together to do a certain
job
Organ has more than one meaning. An organ is a large musical instrument with many smaller
parts that work together to make sound. An organ is also a body part with many smaller parts
that work together.
organ system [AWR•guhn SIS•tuhm] a group of organs that work together to do one type of job
A system is a group of things that act together as a whole.
An organ is a body part that does a certain job.
You can put these ideas together: An organ system is a group of organs that act together as a
whole.
brain [BRAYN] the organ that processes information

Brain ends with the sound at the beginning of nerve. The brain is made up of millions of nerve
cells.
Brain and broadcast begin with the same sounds. Your brain broadcasts instructions to all the
parts of your body.
skin [SKIN] a protective layer that covers the body
When you think of skin, think of skinny. Skinny people are extremely thin. They have very
little fat and muscle under their skin.
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What Are Organs and Body Systems?

Science Concepts
1. The eye is an organ because it has small parts that work together to let you see.
2. The roots, stems, and leaves of a plant are plant organs.
3. Your brain is the information center of your body; it sends and receives information constantly.
4. Your spinal cord, a rope of nerves along your backbone, is the main pathway for information.
5. Your five senses send information to your brain about the world around you.
6. All organisms have body parts that let them sense the world.
7. Skin, nails, and hair form a protective covering for your body.
8. Skin keeps germs out and helps keeps your body cool; hair helps keep your head warm.
9. Fur, feathers, scales, and shells are protective coverings for animals.
10. Bark is a protective covering for trees; sharp spines and a waxy coating protect some plants.
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What Body Parts Enable Movement, Support,

Respiration, and Circulation?
Science Words
bones [BOHNZ] organs that protect and support the body
and store minerals
Squeeze your first finger. You feel hard bone below
the skin.
Muscle
muscles [MUHS•uhls] organs that contract to produce
movement in the body
Bone
Muscles and move begin with the same sound. You
need your muscles to move.
exoskeleton [ek•soh•SKEL•uh•tuhn] a hard outer covering

When you think of exoskeleton, think of excellent. If A ladybug
something is excellent it is outstanding, outside what you has an
would normally expect. An exoskeleton protects an exoskeleton.
animal’s body from the outside.
lungs [LUHNGZ] the main organs of the respiratory
system Brain
Lungs begins with the sound in middle of balloon.
When you think of lungs think of the two balloons Heart
in your chest that take in air.
heart [HART] a muscular organ that pumps blood
throughout the body
Heart, start, and part rhyme. Your heart starts Lungs
blood to all your parts.
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What Body Parts Enable Movement, Support,

Respiration, and Circulation?
Science Concepts
1. Bones protect and support the body and store minerals.
2. The place where two or more bones meet is called a joint.
3. Muscles, organs that contract and produce movement, often work in pairs.
4. An exoskeleton is a hard outer layer, like the covering of a cicada.
5. Your respiratory system takes oxygen from the air and gives off carbon dioxide.
6. Air flows through a tube, called the trachea, to your lungs, the main respiratory organ.
7. The trachea branches into two tubes; one tube goes into each lung and then branches again.
8. An asthma attack may take place if pollen or pollution causes the tubes, or bronchi, to swell.
9. Your heart, your blood vessels, and your blood make up your circulatory system.
10. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart; veins carry blood back.
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What Body Parts Enable Digestion, Waste

Removal, and Reproduction?
Science Words
stomach [STUHM•uk] a muscular bag that mashes food into a liquid and mixes the food with
digestive juices
Have you ever been embarrassed because your
stomach started to “talk”? Stomachs growl and
grumble when the muscles contract, causing food
and gases to churn. With only a small amount of
food in your stomach, the noises are louder.
Liver
liver [LIV•er] the organ that breaks large blobs of fat
into tiny droplets so that the fats can be broken down Stomach
more easily.
Pancreas
Try to remember this tongue twister: The liver
makes large lumps of lard, called fat, littler.
pancreas [PAN•kree•uhs] the organ that makes juices
that are released into the small intestine. The juices
break down fats and proteins into small pieces that can be absorbed.
Pancreas and produce begin with the same sound. The pancreas produces juices that help the
body digest food.
kidneys [KID•neez] organs that remove waste from the blood
Kidneys and clean begin with the same sound. The kidneys help keep the blood clean by
removing waste from it.
bladder [BLAD•er] the organ that stores urine and then releases it from the body
Bladder and balloon begin with the same sound. The bladder can stretch like a balloon.
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What Body Parts Enable Digestion, Waste

Removal, and Reproduction?
Science Concepts
1. Food passes down the esophagus to the stomach, where it is mashed and mixed with juices.
2. The liver makes bile, a juice that helps break down large blobs of fat into tiny droplets.
3. The pancreas releases juices that break fats and proteins into bits the body can absorb.
4. Using juices from the pancreas, the small intestine absorbs nutrients the body needs.
5. Solid waste passes out of the body through the large intestine.
6. Calories are a measure of how much energy your body will get from your food.
7. The body uses carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for energy.
8. The liver converts ammonia, a waste product when protein is broken down, to urea.
9. The kidneys clean the blood, and send urine to the bladder where it leaves the body.
10. In humans, the male reproductive cells are in the testes; the female cells are in the ovaries.
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How Do Environmental Changes Affect

Organisms?
Science Words
environment [en•VY•ruhn•muhnt] all the living and nonliving things and conditions in nature
Environment and everything begin the same way. The environment is everything in nature.
ecosystem [EE•koh•sis•tuhm] a community of living things and the nonliving things around them
A system is a group of things that act together as a whole. The “things” in an ecosystem are the
plants, animals, water, soil and other nonliving things and conditions in an environment.
pollution [puh•LOO•shuhn] any harmful substance that gets into the environment
Pollution and poison begin with the same sound. Pollution poisons the environment by making
it harmful to living things.
conservation [kahn•ser•VAY•shuhn] protecting ecosystems and the organisms living in them
Conservation and care begin with the same sound. Conservation is taking care of ecosystems.
extinction [ek•STINK•shuhn] when all the members of a certain kind of living thing die
Extinction and extinguisher begin the same way. A fire extinguisher can wipe out, or destroy, a
fire. Extinction is when all members of a plant or animal are wiped out, or destroyed.
This is a drawing of
the dodo bird, an
extinct animal.
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How Do Environmental Changes Affect

Organisms?
Science Concepts
1. Living things interact with one another and with nonliving things in the environment.
2. An ecosystem is a community of living things and the nonliving things and conditions around
them.
3. Floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and droughts can change the environment quickly.
4. Animals, such as beavers building beaver dams, cause changes in the environment.
5. Human activities, such as habitat destruction, can be harmful to the environment.
6. Habitat destruction takes place when the trees in an area are cut down.
7. Pollution can kill living things and cause disease.
8. Conservation is when people work to protect the environment and the living things in it.
9. Some living things change because their environment changes.
10. Some dinosaurs became extinct, or died out, when the environment cooled.
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What Is Adaptation?
Science Words
habitat [HAB•i•tat] the place where a living thing lives
Habitat and home begin with the same sound. Your home—and your community—are your
habitat, the place where your needs are met.
adaptation [ad•uhp•TAY•shuhn] a characteristic that helps living things survive

Adaptation and adapt are in the same word family. When you adapt to something, you change
in order to fit in or get what you need. An adaptation is the change you made in order to adapt.
instinct [IN•stinkt] behaviors that animals know how to do without being taught
Instinct contains the word in. Instincts are behaviors that are built in. For example, no one
needs to teach a puppy to drink milk from its mother because this behavior is an instinct.
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What Is Adaptation?
Science Concepts
1. A living thing must be able to meet all its needs within its habitat.
2. Only certain kinds of living things can live in certain habitats; a fish needs a water habitat.
3. Plants and animals have adaptations that help them survive in their habitats.
4. The arctic hare’s thick fur is an adaptation that keeps it warm in the cold habitat where it lives.
5. Physical adaptations are differences in the bodies of plants and animals.
6. Thorns, sharp teeth, and camouflage that keep an animal hidden, are physical adaptations.
7. Instincts, or behaviors that animals do without being taught, are behavioral adaptations.
8. Migration, moving to different locations at certain times of the year, is an instinct.
9. Hibernation, a long period when an animal’s body processes slow down, is an instinct.
10. Tadpoles and frogs do not compete because they live in different places; this is an adaptation.
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What Are Some Adaptations to Life on Land?

Science Words
grassland [GRAS•land] a habitat in which grasses
are the main plant life
Grassland is a compound word made up of the
smaller words grass and land. The small
words tell about the meaning of the compound
word. Grassland is land covered mostly with
grass.
desert [DEHZ•ert] a habitat that receives very little
rain
Desert and dry begin with the same sound. A
desert is a dry place.
taiga [TY•guh] a far northern habitat with very cold winters, and short warm summers
Taiga and tropical begin with the same sound, but they describe very different places. A
tropical rain forest is hot all year. The taiga is cold for much of the year.
polar [POH•ler] habitats that are near the North and South Pole
Big, white polar bears live near the North Pole, one of two polar habitats on Earth.
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What Are Some Adaptations to Life on Land?

Science Concepts
1. Temperate forests have warm summers and cold winters.
2. Most trees in temperate forests lose their leaves in fall.
3. Tropical rain forests are warm and rainy all year.
4. Plants on the floor of tropical rain forests are adapted to low light.
5. Grasslands receive less rain than forests, which is why few trees grow there.
6. Energy stored in the large roots of the grasses helps them grow back quickly after a fire.
7. A desert gets very little rain, which makes it hard for living things to survive.
8. Cactuses and other desert plants have thick bodies and waxy leaves that store water.
9. Pine trees and other evergreens are adapted to the cold taiga habitat.
10. Polar habitats near the North and South Pole have winter-like conditions all year long.
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What Are Some Adaptations to Life in Water?

Science Words
wetland [WET•land] an area of land covered by a shallow layer of water for most of the year
Wetland is a compound word made up of the smaller words wet and land. The meaning of the
small words describes what a wetland is—land that is wet, or covered with a layer of water.
intertidal zone [ihn•ter•TYD•uhl ZOHN] a place where the ocean meets the coast
Intertidal and international begin the same way. An international peace is a peace between
nations. An intertidal zone describes a habitat where the living things must survive between the
tides.
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What Are Some Adaptations to Life in Water?

Science Concepts
1. Lakes and ponds are fresh water habitats where many plants grow near the shore.
2. Only floating plants grow in the open-water zone; no plants grow in the deep-water zone.
3. The water in lakes and ponds is mostly still; the water in rivers and streams flows.
4. The faster the water flows, the harder it is for living things to survive.
5. Bogs, swamps, and marshes are wetlands, or land covered by a shallow layer of water.
6. Wetlands are home to many kinds of birds and resting places for migrating birds.
7. The intertidal zone is the place where the ocean meets the coast.
8. The intertidal zone is underwater during high tide and bashed by waves at other times.
9. Plants in the intertidal zone have parts that hold to rocks so they don’t get washed away.
10. Light reaches the upper, or photic, zone of the ocean; light does not reach the lower, aphotic
zone.
51

Extra Support For Vocabulary and Concepts: Grade 5

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Extra Support for

Vocabulary and Concepts

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Printed in the U.S.A.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

• Phonetic respellings, definitions, and tips for remembering the lesson’s

Ideas for Using These Pages

• Have students work in small groups, reading each vocabulary word

• Suggest students read the pages at home with family members.

• Encourage students to use these pages as tools for reviewing unit

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

• Suggest students create a crossword puzzle with the vocabulary terms.

• Have students turn each Science Ideas statement into a question.

• Suggest students rewrite each Science Ideas statement in their own

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Unit 2 The Solar System and the Universe

Unit 3 Weather, Climate, and the Water Cycle

Unit 4 The Nature of Matter

Unit 5 Forms of Energy

Unit 6 Working with Electricity

Unit 7 Forces and Motion

Unit 8 The Structure of Living Things

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Unit 10 Plant and Animal Adaptations

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Investigation and question end in –tion. An investigation can answer a question.

evidence [EV•uh•duhns] information collected during a scientific investigation

The hat, gloves,

opinion [uh•PIN•yuhn] a belief or judgment

2. An investigation may involve observing, comparing, and testing.

3. Scientists look for evidence, or information, as they investigate a question.

4. Scientists draw conclusions from the results of their investigations.

5. A conclusion must be supported by evidence; an opinion need not be supported by evidence.

6. An inference is an idea based on an observation.

8. Scientists communicate the results of their investigations.

What Are Some Types of Investigations?

variable [VAIR•ee•uh•buhl] any factor or condition in an experiment that can be changed

In this investigation, the

What Are Some Types of Investigations?

2. Scientists use scientific methods based on logic and reasoning.

3. Scientists may use repeated observations or make models for an investigation.

4. In an experiment, scientists test an idea by controlling the conditions around it.

5. An experiment begins with observations and a hypothesis that can be tested.

What Tools Do Scientists Use?

accurate [AK•yuhr•uht] correct, without error

What Tools Do Scientists Use?

6. The metric system is based on multiples of 10.

7. Length is measured in meters; mass is measured in grams; force is measured in newtons.

9. A graduated cylinder measures the volume of a liquid in liters.

What Objects Are Part of the Solar System?

Pluto is a dwarf planet. Notice

What Objects Are Part of the Solar System?

What Objects Are Part of the Solar System?

9. A comet is a chunk of frozen gas, dust, ice, and rock.

What Are Stars and Galaxies?

universe [YOO•nuh•vers] everything that exists

What Are Stars and Galaxies?

3. Stars are grouped by color, temperature, brightness, and size.

6. Our solar system is in the Milky Way Galaxy.

7. The universe is made up of everything that exists.

What Is the Water Cycle?

condensation [kahn•duhn•SAY•shuhn] the change of gas to liquid