Section A

[60 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

1. The figure 1 below shows the structure of an animal cell.

Figure 1
(a) Name the structures P, Q, R and S.

[2 marks]

State the function of P and Q respectively.

[2
marks]

What is the function of the structure S?

[1 mark]
State the use of the product of synthesis inside and outside of the cell.

[2 marks]

Besides the organelle shown in the figure above, give an example of a different organelle which
can be found only in plant cells, and its function.

[2 marks]
 Predict what will happen if a plant cell does not have the organelle you named in (d) (i).

[1 mark]

2. The figure 2 below shows the fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane. The cell membrane consists of
protein and lipid layers.

Figure 2

(a) Name the parts of the plasma membrane labelled A and B.

[2 marks]

(b) Why is it necessary to have proteins helping in the transport of molecules in the cell membranes?

[2 marks]

State how molecule X passes through structure A.

[2 marks]
What is the difference between the functions of structure A and B?

[2 marks]

State why structure Y is called the phospholipid bilayer.

[2 marks]
 What is the main function of the phospholipid bilayer?

[2 marks]

(e) Explain the process of water absorption by the root hairs of a plant.

[2 marks]

3. The figure 3 shows part of the structure of a nucleic acid.

Figure 3

(a) Label the parts P, Q and S.

[3 marks]

(b) Draw a circle around one unit of nucleotide.

[1 mark]

(c) Name two types of nucleic acids found in living cells.

[4 marks]

(d) Start the differences between the two types of nucleic acids you have mentioned in (c).

[4 marks]
4. The diagram 1 shows the rate of reactions of enzyme R and enzyme S over a range of pH values at 35  C.

Diagram 1

(a) What is the range of pH values for enzyme R and enzyme S to be most active?

[2 marks]

What is the optimum pH value for

enzyme R?

[1 mark]
enzyme S?

[1 mark]

Give one example for

enzyme R?

[1 mark]
enzyme S?

[1 mark]

Some enzymes are more tolerant to pH differences.

 Which enzyme is more tolerant to changes in pH?

[1 mark]
Give your reason.

[2 marks]

(e) What is the pH value where the activity for enzyme R and enzyme S is the same?

[1 mark]

(f) Explain why pH value affects the rate of reaction.

[2 marks]

5 Mitosis is a phenomenon in the cell cycle which happens gradually and continuously. The figure 4 below
shows four stages of cell division of mitosis in an animal cell but is not arranged in the right sequence.

Figure 4

(a) Based on the figure 4 above, arrange the four stages of mitosis in the right order.

[1 mark]
 Name the mitotic stage represented by Q and R.

[2 marks]
Explain the behaviour of the chromosomes in stages R and S.

[2 marks]

If the parent cell in the figure above divides by mitosis three times, state the

Number of daughter cells produced.

[1 mark]
Number of chromosomes in the daughter cells.

[1 mark]

(d) State two reasons why the figure shows mitosis in an animal cell but not in a plant cell.

[2 marks]

(e) Suggest a technique that can produce a plant with good characteristics in a short period of time.
Briefly explain the technique which you have mentioned.

[3 marks]

Section B
 [20 marks]
Answer any one question

(6) (a) Explain why the plasma membrane is known as a semi- permeable
membrane. [5marks]

(b) Describe how the concepts of osmosis are applied in food production
[6 marks]

( c) Describe how
(i) oxygen is absorbed by the Ameoba sp.
(ii) Red blood cell respond when place in distilled water
(iii) Iodine is absorbed by the Nitella sp.an alga which lives in the sea
[9 marks]

(7) (a) With the help of a diagram, explain why the action of an enzyme is very
specific. [8 marks]

(b) Suggest one method to tenderize uncooked meat without using synthetic
substances to reduce its toughness. [4 marks]

(c ) Describe how the characteristics of an enzyme influence its action. [8 marks]

 Section C
[20 marks]
Answer any one question.

8.
The movement of substances across the plasma membrane of the root hair cells
enables the plant to obtain the substances it needs.

(a) Explain how

(i) water in the soil enters the roots of the plant [ 2m ]

(ii) calcium in the soil enters the root of the plant [ 2m ]

The concentration of solution surrounding the cell will influence the function of
the cell. Solutions that are isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic can affect both
plant cells and animal cells.

(b) (i) What is the meaning of isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic? [ 3 marks ]

(ii) Explain the effects of three solutions on erythrocyte cells [ 9 marks ]

(iii) Describe how erythrocyte cells are prevented from being destroyed in the
blood [ 4 marks ]

9. Organic compounds in the cell, such as nucleic acid, control the activity of the
cell. There are two types of nucleic acid: deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA)

(a) Describe the structure of nucleic acid. [10 marks]

(b) Explain the importance of DNA in the synthesis of protein. How is RNA
involved in this process? [10 marks]

END OF QUESTION PAPER