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Fluids & Flow

Foundation Physics
Lecture 2.11
MH
Viscosity

Consistency Similar to: Viscosity in poise

Water 0.01
SAE 10 Oil 1
SAE 40 Oil 2.5
Glucose 5
Castor Oil 10
Molasses 25
Honey 50
Molten Glass 150
Mayonnaise 500
Nylon Resin Melt 1000
Paste Caulking 1000
Peanut Butter 1000

Gustafson, Daniel R., Physics: Health and the Human Body, Wadsworth, 1980
Application
pp – Constricted Artery
y

• Artery is constricted as a result


of accumulated plaque on its
inner walls
• Blood travels faster then normal
t
trough
h constricted
t i t d area
• Pressure decreases – artery
may collapse; then it reopens
• Changeg in flow can be detected
with a stethoscope
Problem (Example 6.10)
The flow rate in an IV setup is observed to be 2.0 cm3/min for

h=1.0m above


F  thePentrance
 
   
 
a glucose solution of density 1.05 g/cm3. The surface
 
4 height
r   is
  LIfthe height
1  P2 ofthe needle.

 
increased to 1.5m, what is thenew flow rate? Note
 
F 
P  P2 at 8.0mm
blood pressure (P2)1remains
  
 Hg. 
L  r  4that the

Remember the only variable which changes is the pressure


at the entrance of the needle. P2’ = P2

F 
 P1  P2 
F
P1  P2 
we have to find the equivalent
of ‘mercury’
mercury pressure in ‘glucose’
glucose pressure.
pressure

P2=hHg.Hg.g=hgl.gl.g -> hgl = (hHg.Hg)/gl= (0.8cm.13.6g/cm3)/1.05g/cm3 =10.4 cm


Description of flowing fluids

S
Stream li
lines

Conceptp of the description


p after
Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)
Each point P(x,y,z) in the stream e.g. Laminar flow across a car
at a specific time point t has a
density (x,y,z) and a speed
(x,y,z)
Description of flowing fluids (2)
Stationary
y and Non-stationary
y flow
v is temporally constant v is time-dependent
at each point P of the (turbulent flow).
flow
flow.
Example: slowly flowing stream Example: waterfall
Incompressible and compressible media
 = constant  ≠ constant
Example: liquids (almost)
non-viscous
non viscous media and viscous media
without internal friction with internal friction
laminar flow turbulent flow
Example: Propeller rotates
a freely rotating propeller
within that flow remains
stationary
Laminar Flow

stream line parabola


pipe wall

Laminar flow Laminar flow Turbulent flow


uniform non-uniform
axi-symmetric asymmetric
Turbulent Flow
YouTube Laminar Flow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p08
p y p _KlTKP50

Dyed corn syrup in corn syrup


Flow in blood vessels (I)
Generally in the body, blood flow is laminar.
However, under conditions of high flow, particularly
in the ascending aorta, laminar flow can be
disrupted and become turbulent. When this occurs,
blood does not flow linearly and smoothly in
adjacent layers, but instead the flow can be
described as being chaotic.
Turbulence increases the energy required to drive
blood flow because turbulence increases the loss
of energy in the form friction, which generates
heat.
Flow in blood vessels (II)
Turbulence does not beging to occur until the velocity y of
flow becomes high enough that the flow lamina break
apart.
p Therefore,, as blood flow velocityy increases in a
blood vessel or across a heart valve, there is not a
gradual increase in turbulence. Instead,, turbulence
g
occurs when a critical Reynolds number (Re) is
exceeded. Reynolds
y number is a wayy to predict
p under
ideal conditions when turbulence will occur. The
equation
q for Reynolds
y number is:

Where  = mean velocity, D = vessel Re 



 D
diameter  = blood density,
diameter,
 = blood viscosity.
density and 
For example, within circular pipes the critical Reynolds number is generally accepted to be 2300
Reynolds number (Re)
• At sufficiently high velocity
velocity, a fluid flow can
change from streamline to turbulent flow
• The onset of turbulence can be found by a
factor called the Reynold’s
Reynold s Number, Re
• If Re = 2000 or below, flow is streamline
• If 2000 <Re<3000, the flow is unstable
• If Re = 3000 or above
above, the flow is turbulent
Problem
• d=2 2.0
0 cm
• v = 55 cm/s
• ρ = 1050 kg/m3
• η = 2.7x10
2 7 10-33 Ns/m
N / 2

• Is the blood flow turbulent ?


 vd
Reynold‘s Number Re 

A water main supplying
pp y g a number of users

(P1-P2)=F .R
When there is no flow P1=P2, flow=0
When all the users open their faucets then the flow is large resulting in a
pressure drop at position P2
P2. So to keep P2 constant one would have to
increase the supply i.e. P1(higher).
In the human world this is not done. Whereas in the human
body both entities Pressure is increased and the mayor blood
supplying arteries dilate (to increase the size of the ‘mains’).
Bernoulli Principle
Where th
Wh the speedd off a fl
fluid
id is
i high
hi h the
th
pressure is low, and where the speed of a
fluid is low the pressure is high.
high
Bernoulli Equation (I)
Application of the energy law on the
mechanics of liquids
liquids, assumption:
ideal liquid:
Incompressible (=constant)
non-viscous

Work done on the system: p1A1s1


Work done by the system: p2A2s2

Gravitational work done by the


system: m.g.(h1-h2)

since constant

Change in kinetic energy


Bernoulli Equation (II)
Following the energy law:

1 Bernoulli equation
p    g  h    v  constant
2
t t (Energy law for ideal liquids)
2 Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)

p    g  h  static pressure
1
  v  dynamic
2
d pressure
2
Application of Bernoulli

Perfume atomizer Bunsen burner Aspiration


suction pump
Aeroplane – wing profile

B
Bernoulli
lli equation
ti ffor point
i t A and
dB

resulting in a buoyant (dynamic) force


Next Lecture
• To Be Covered: Cohesion and Capillary
forces

• Reading: Chapter 6
 Section 6.7

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