1

Basic Parameters
 Current: Uniform flow of electrons through a circuit is
called current.

 Ampere is unit of Current . Its denoted by I

 Voltage : Potential Difference between two points or

Pressure required push the electrons from one point to
another.

 Measured in terms of Volts . Denoted by V

2
 Basic Parameters
 Resistance : Opposition to flow of electrons in
Circuit/Conductor.

 Measured in terms Ohms. Its denoted by R

 Impedance : Opposition to flow of Electron in a AC
circuit .

 Denoted by Z

3
 Ohms Laws
Def : At constant temperature, Potential Difference
between the two points in directly proportional to
current flowing through it .

4
 Basic Components
 Circuits : Combination of Active & Passive
Components connected in required fashion to get
meaningful result.

 PASSIVE COMP: Comp. which doesn't have any

internal capacity to change energy format from one
form to another.

 Types : Resistor, Capacitor, Inductors

5
 Passive Components
 RESISTOR CAPACITOR INDUCTOR

6
 Resistor & Types
Def : A discrete components
which oppose the flow of
current . Unit is Ohms
Wattage is a power
dissipation capacity of
Resistor.

Types:
• Fixed Resistor

• Variable Resistor
Schematic Diagram

7
 Fixed Types
 Def : With irresprective any parameter changing the
value resistor remains constant or fixed.

 Colour code Resistor Fusable Resistor

8
Fixed types 1/8

WIRE WOUND 1/4

RESISTOR 1/2

Resistor Network
5

9
 Resistor Family Tree

RESISTORS

LEADED SMT

CARBON
FILM

+/-5%
GENERAL METAL THICK FILM
PURPOSE
FILM

+/-1%
METAL OXIDE +/-1% THIN FILM
HIGHER FILM +/-5%
PERFORMANCE GENERAL
PURPOSE

HIGH POWER WIREWOUND <+/-1%

SPECIAL
>2W
HIGH
POWER 10
 Resistor Family Tree

RESISTORS

LEADED SMT
 Higher cost
CARBON  Lower volumes
FILM  Performance applic driven

THICK FILM
METAL
FILM METAL
OXIDE THIN FILM
FILM
 Lowest cost
 Mature Market WIRE
 Largest Qty’s
 Flat Pricing WOUND  Increasing LT & Pricing for
 Declining Qty’s larger sizes (>0805) 11
 Application of Fixed Types
 Feed Back Circuits

 Tuner Circuits

 Voltage Divider Circutis

 Phase Shift Circuits

 Tank Circuits

 Filter Circuits

12
Resistor colour Code Technique

13
 Variable Resistor & its types
Def: If the value
of the resistor can
be varied within
the given limit,
then it is known
as variable
resistor
14
 Types of variable resistor

Preset Cermat Trimpot

Rotatory Sliding Rheostat

15
Potentiometer Potentiometers
Testing Procedure

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 Testing procedure of
variable Resistor
 Before testing the VR know the value of resistor, select suitable
range in Multimeter.

 Connect the one probe to variable terminal and another to fixed

terminal .

 Turn the knob of VR in clock wise

& Anti clock wise direction .

 Observe the value in MM.

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Application of VR
 Volume Controller cum On-Off switch in Radio

 Tuner Circuits

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Introduction
to
Capacitor
19
 Capacitor
 Def : Its two terminal
device, consisting of two
parallel plate separated by
dielectric material which
has capacity to store energy
in the form charges.
 Measured in terms of :
Farads
 Also indicated by volts

 Schematic Symbol :

20
 Description of Capacitor
 It Block DC , Pass AC.

 Di-electric used are Glass, Paper, Plastic, Mica, Ceramic,

Electrolyte, etc.,

 Storage capacity of the capacitor depends on area of the

plate, distance between them & type of dielectric used.

 Voltage rating indicate the maximum voltage which can

be applicable. (VDC)

 µ =10-6 f, n = 10-9 f, P=10-12f

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 Capacitor Family Tree

CAPACITORS

ELECTROSTATIC ELECTROLYTIC

CERAMIC FILM ALUMINUM TANTALUM

• Non polarized • Polarized

• AC or DC operation • DC operation
• Lower Capacitance • Higher Capacitance
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 Markets
CAPACITORS

ELECTROSTATIC ELECTROLYTIC

CERAMIC FILM ALUMINUM TANTALUM

 Biggest market Large Cap at low cost

 Lowest Cost
 SMT increasing LT
 1206 Long LT
 0603 & 0402 good choices
 Price flat on TH

 Better performance at higher  Large Cap in Small Sizes

cost  Long LT
 SMT longer LT  Price Increases on C/ D/ E sizes
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 Fixed Capacitors
 Def : With irresprective any parameter changing the
value capacitor remains constant or fixed.
 Types : Polarized & Non-Polarized.
Polarized Capacitor : In which capacitor is either charged
in +ve or -ve direction .

Schematic Symbol:

24
 Polarized Capacitor

Axial Electrolytic Capacitor

Radial Electrolytic
Capacitor Surface
Mount
Electrolytic
Capacitor

25
Polarized Capacitor

SMD Tantalum
Capacitor
CAN Tantalum
Capacitor Capacitor

Application : Power Supply Circuits, Timer, Coupling

Capacitor
26
 Non-Polarized Caps
 Def: which can be charged in only direction or doesn’t
have any polarities.

 Schematic Symbol:

 Types :

Ceramic
Capacitor

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 Conversion tables
Cap Tolerance
C = +/-.25pF K = +/-10%
D = +/-.5pF M = +/-20%
F = +/-1% Z = +80%/-20%
Dielectric G = +/-2%
Y5F J = +/-5% Dielectric
Cap Value Y5P
102 = 1000pF

Cap Value
Voltage 103 = 0.01uF
1KV = 1000VDC

Voltage
1KV = 1000VDC

Example shown
Example shown P/N: NCD103K1KVY5PTR
P/N: NCD102K1KVY5F
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 Metalized Polyester
Film Capacitor

Metalized Polypropylene
Capacitor

Transparent Polymer
Film Capacitor High Voltage Film Capacitor29
High Voltage Ceramic Multi Layer Ceramic
Capacitor Capacitor

Application : Phase Shift Ckt, Noise Filter,

Snubber, Motor Stators, Signal Processing

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TRIMMER Variable Capacitor
GANG Capacitor

APPLICATION : Impedance Matching in

Radio , Tuned Ckt, TV Tuners , Oscillators
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Introduction
to
Inductors
32
 Inductors
DEF: is a passive electrical component that can
store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric
current passing through it.

Schematic Symbol
Measured in HENRY Practically
available value will be in terms Micro
Henry & Milli Henry.
Like capacitors, inductors
temporarily store energy.

Types of Inductance : Self

Inductance & Mutual Inductance 33
 Behavior & Description
• Inductors store energy in a
magnetic field, not an electric field.
• It Pass DC , Block AC. Along with
Henry inductance is abbreviated in
terms of Current also.

• It’s a coil of wire which can be

wound on air or on a Magnetic
material.

• The number of factors affecting

inductance value are :
Number of coil turns
Diameter of coil.
Spacing between turns.
Size of the wire used.
Type of material inside the coil 34
 Types of Inductor
 Fixed Types: With irrespective any parameter changing,
value of inductor remains constant or fixed.

Ferrite core
Air wound inductor toroidal inductor SMT Inductors

35
 Radial Lead Inductor
Axial Power Inductor

SMD
Power
Inductor

Beads Inductor36
 Variable Inductors
 DEF : if the value of the inductor can be varied within the
specified limit, then its Variable Inductor.

Adjustable
Air-Wound Inductor
Variable Inductor

37
 Variable Inductor
APPLICATION

Tuner CKT

Impedance
matching

Adjustable
Inductor

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 Transformer
 Def: it static devices works on the principle of mutual
inductance, which transfer the signal from primary
winding to secondary winding

Schematic Symbol

39
 Description & Types
 Works on the principle of Mutual Inductance.

 Basic Type: Step -Down & Step – Up.

 Def : If the secondary windings in greater than primary

winding, then is know as Step – Up.

 Area of application: R&D Lab, Transmission station.

 Def : If the secondary winding is lesser than Primary winding,

then it is know as Step-Down.

 Area of Application: House Hold Appliance, Labs , Adapter,

Mobile Chargers.

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 Types of Transformer
 Isolation Transformer

 Pulse Transformer

 Auto Transformer or Variac

 Current & Voltage transformer

 Leakage Transformer

 Intermediate Frequency Transformers.

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 Testing Procedure
 Two Types of Testing Procedures :
a) Cold Check b) Hot Check

 Cold check : By using ohmmeter in MM , check the

resistance of the Primary & Secondary winding by
Connecting the probes of MM to both sides of coil .

 Note down the reading

 For step down: Secondary resistance will be lesser than

Primary

 For Step Up: Secondary resistance will be more than

Primary
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 Introduction
to
Active Components

43
 Def: If a components have inner capacity to change
energy format from one form to another, then it is
known as Active Components
 Its actions can be controlled & it require external
source to work
 All Semi- Conductor Devices like Diode ,
Transistors, IC

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 Diodes
 It’s a two terminal & layer devices formed using P-type &
N-types SC, which can conduct in only direction. Its
consists of terminal like anode & cathode.

Other Diode :

• PN Junction Diode

• Switching / Signal Diode

• Zener Diode

• Photo Diode

• LED

• Schottky Diode

• Studs 45
 Types of diode
 PN Junction
or
 Rectifier Diode

 Zener Diode :

46
 Signal Diode :

 LED :

47
 Stud :

 SMD Diode :

48
Bridge Rectifier

49
 Testing Procedure
• Step 1 : Connect the MM +ve
terminal of to anode & -ve terminal to
cathode, then diode moves into Forward
Bias.
• MM will show the value between 0.40
to 0.65.

• Step 2 : Connect the MM, - ve terminal

to anode &
+ve terminal to cathode , then diode
move into Reverse Bias.

• MM will show the value 0.L

• If any one of the condition fails, Diode is

faulty 50
 Transistor
 DEF: It’s a three terminal & two junctions devices which
transfer signal from low resistance to high resistance
region.
 Emitter, Base, Collector

C PNP C

NPN
B B

E E

Schematic Symbol

51
 Types of transistor
 Transistor are Classified into three main groups :
 Low Power

Commonly used : BC 547, 549, 2n 3904,2n3906, BC 337,

BC 639, BEL 188 , 187, BF 194

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 Medium Power :

E C B

 Commonly Used: Sk 100, BEL 100, CD 100, BD 115,

BD 139, BD140, 2N2222, 2N2955, HC100,BC109,

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 High Power :

B C E

Commonly Used : BUX 84,

2N3055, MJE 13005, KSE
13007,13008, TIP 120,121,122,
2N 2955, TIP 42, 2N 6543,
2N 3773, 2N5685
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Testing Procedure

55
 Applications
 Amplifier

 Oscillator

 Switching Ckt

 Comparator

 Series Regulator Ckt

 Sensors & Photo Transistor

56
 Field Effect Transistor

N – Channel FET P – Channel FET

• It four terminal devices consisting of Drain, Source & Gate(G1 & G2)

• Space between the Drain & Source is know as Channel.

• It a Current Controlled devices .

• It has more advantage than transistor .

• Commonly available FET: BFW10,11, 2SK2155,2SK241,2SK3955, BF245c,

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 Testing Procedure
 Select Diode Operation in MM.

 On Condition: Connect +ve terminal to gate & -ve to source.

MM should show OL

 Verifying On: Connect +ve terminal to Drain & -Ve terminal to

Source. MM should show short circuit.

 OFF condition: Connect +ve terminal to source & -ve terminal

to gate .MM should indicate OL

 Verifying Off Condition: Connect +ve terminal to Drain & -ve

terminal to Source .MM Should indicate OL

 Reverse the MM polarity & check, then MM should indicate

resistance value.
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 Characteristic & Application
 Consume Less Power

 High Input Impedance

 Low Source to Drain Resistance

 Constance current Source

Application:

 Amplifiers

 Analog Switch

 Oscillators

 Comparators

 Sensors
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 Uni Junction Transistor
 Def : Simply two layer Junction devices works on the
principles of Avalanche break Down

Schematic
Symbol Equivalent circuit

Commonly available UJT :

2N2646,2N2642,2N491,2N4871,2N4870,
60
 Testing Procedure
Forward Bias condition Reverse Bias condition

61
 Application
 Relaxation Oscillator

 Switching Transistor

 Saw tooth Generator

62
 Integrated Chips
 Def : An integrated circuit (IC) is a miniature ,low cost
electronic circuit consisting of active and passive
components fabricated together on a single crystal of
silicon.

Schematic Symbol
63
 Advantages
 Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.

 Cost reduction due to batch processing.

 Increased system reliability due to the elimination of

soldered joints.

 Improved functional performance.

 Matched devices.

 Increased operating speeds.

 Reduction in power consumption

64
 Types
 Metal Packages :

SIP PACKAGE

65
 Types

Flat Quad Package

Dip Package

66
 Types

Micro processors

PLCC

67
 IC Regulator
 Def : A higher end regulator which gives a Fixed/Constant
voltage output for varying Input voltage.

Types of regulator :

 +ve regulator

 -ve regulator

 Variable regulator

68
 Types
 +ve Regulator : Always Identified with 7800 series.

 Pin 1 = Input
 Pin 2 = GND
 Pin 3 = Output

 Commonly available :

7805,7809,7812,7815, 7818, 7824.

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 Types
-ve regulator : Always identified with 79 Series

Pin 1 = Ground

Pin 2 = Input

Pin 3 = Output

Commonly available:

7905,7912,7915,7918,7924
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 Types
 Variable Regulator : Always identified with LM series

 Area of Application : Power Supply section,

DC Adapter, Chopper Circuits.
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T
H
A
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K
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