Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
net/publication/346082068
CITATIONS READS
0 452
2 authors, including:
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
CORRUPTION AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIAN PUBLIC SERVICE.A STUDY OF ANAMERA STATE View project
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WELFARE CATERING SERVICES TO THE NIGERIAN MILITARY (THE CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIAN AIRFORCE ) View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Chukwu Solomon Ogbu on 22 November 2020.
BY
PUBLISHER
The Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) was created in Lagos State in 1992, a time when Notorious
armed robbers such as Shina Rambo were in control of the state (Midenda, 2017).
It was created as a faceless police unit that performs undercover operations against armed robbers.
Within almost two decades of its creation, the unit has spread across the various states of the
country. The spread of the unit across the nation without a proper structure, accounts for some of it
lawless charcteristics.
The current report of police brutality using the #Endsars on Twitter has brought public attention to it.
The online campaign about the police brutality is new, however, Nigerian pop stars has over the
The Nigerian movie industry, Nollywood has also portrayed cases of brutality and corruption
within the Nigerian police force in their productions.Nigerians having been subjected to
wanton arrests, extortion and extra judiciary killings, lunched a social media campaign using
The #Endsars campaign started with the publication of a petition by convener Segun
Awosanya. It was signed by 10,195 Nigerians and submitted to the Nigerian National Assembly
to scrap the police unit. The Twitter campaign started on the 2nd of December 2017, when
a footage of police officers attached to the unit shot and killed a man surfaced online. The
campaign became a trending topic on Twitter with over 400,000 Tweets8 within twelve
hours.
In October 2020, Nigerians turned the online campaign to protest. Nigerians using 280 characters
detailing their horrible and harrowing experiences with SARS, the dreaded unit of the police
created to fight banditry. Before the campaign, there have been isolated cases of police brutality all
over the country. However, it was during the campaign that the damage caused by such
The campaign also exposed the level of rot within the police unit according to the convener of
the campaign. The campaign further revealed that the police has no recognizable structure with no
organized system of operation, officers of the unit act based on self-will with little or no regards for
The sudden rise of protest movements during the recent economic crisis has brought to the fore once
more the question of whether grievance theories may play a role in explaining collective action.
Scholars have started to re‐examine the impact of grievances on protest behaviour (e.g., Rüdig &
Karyotis 2013; Bernburg, 2015). However, most studies only examine the effect of these factors on
mobilisation from either an individual or a macro‐level perspective, but do not consider the
interaction of individual and contextual level factors (Kern et al. (2015) is a recent exception, but
here change in economic conditions is examined and the focus is not protest specifically). To address
this gap in the literature, we examine the interplay of micro‐level grievances and macro‐level factors
for protest behaviour. In particular, we argue that the extent of the effect of individual deprivation on
protest is conditional upon the presence of contextual macroeconomic and policy factors which
hands of local police, young Nigerians are out on the streets to demand the government scrap the
For the past two days, young Nigerians have protested in front of the Lagos state house of
campaigns on social media platforms. Now the protests are rapidly spreading to several other states,
The ongoing street protests have been triggered by the latest reports of murders of innocent civilians
While SARS was initially set up in 1992 to combat the rise of armed robbery incidents, it has since
garnered a reputation for arbitrary arrests, torture, extortion and extra-judicial killings. Given its
designation as a special unit with its officers often working in plain clothes and using unmarked cars,
SARS officers have become known for crudely extorting innocent young Nigerians and operating
SARS officers typically target and detain young men by accusing them of being online fraudsters,
simply on the evidence of owning a laptop or smartphone, and then request arbitrary and exorbitant
bail fees before they regain their freedom. In more extreme cases, SARS officers abduct civilian
targets and force them to make withdrawals at an ATM in exchange for their freedom, sometimes at
gunpoint. The unit is also known to target young women as well with several reports of women being
given SARS’ fearsome reputation of violence and extra-judicial killings. In 2016, an Amnesty
International report found “credible allegations” that SARS operatives “perpetrate acts of torture and
other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment against detainees in their custody on a
regular basis.” In a rare instance in September 2017, five SARS operatives were convicted of the
But it’s not just the fear of violence and possible death, SARS operatives are also known to threaten
victims with illegal detention. It’s a feature of Nigeria’s broken criminal justice system which sees
The main objectives of this study is to investigate the socio economic implication of End-Sars protest
in Nigeria polity.
1. Examine the level of Real economic value during the Endsars protest
2. Investigate the extend of Extra-Judicial Killings in Lagos and the Lekki Massacre
3. To analyze the negative effect of ENDARS protest on the SMEs business environment
4. To investigate the level of Losses and damages that occurred In Lagos State during the
Endsars protest
Lagos
Research Questions
1. What are the level of Real economic value during the Endsars protest?
2. What are level of Extra-Judicial Killings in Lagos and other state especially The Lekki
Massacre?
3. What are The negative effect of ENDARS on the business environment in Lagos state?
4. What are the level of Losses and damages that occurred In Lagos State during the Endsars
protes?
6. What are the Lessons learnt from ENDSARS by Small and medium scale enterprises in
Lagos?
This study will empirically investigate the socio economic implication of endsars protest in
The outcome of this study would contribute to the existing body of knowledge. Because
there is no single study on The socio economic implication of Endsars protest in Nigeria
polity around the globe, there is dearth of evidence using data on Lagos state,Nigeria.
The outcome of the study would therefore serve as a reference material for subsequent
researchers and would provide a basis for further research in this area.
Limitations of the Study
Financial Constraints: The researcher was with limited funds, she cannot visit all the areas to
get responses from respondents but she was able to get good information concerning the research
topic.
Time Constraints: The researcher was involved in other departmental activities like seminars,
attendance of lectures et.c which limited her time for the research but the researcher was able to
meet up with the time assigned for the completion of the research work.