Clause: is a group of word, which can be meaningless or meaningful.

Or clause is a group of words, which has got subject, predicate but cannot stand by itself.

independent clause Dependent

independent clause: can stand by itself has no conjunction before it’s subject. Has got complete
meaning. She has done her job.

Dependent clause: can’t stand by itself and has sub-ordinating subject before itself doesn’t have
complete meaning. If he come on time.

Note: dependent clause always needs another clause to complete its meaning. When Atal arrived, zyar
had died.

Kinds of dependent clause:

1- Adjective clause
2- Adverb clause
3- Noun clause
Adjective clause

Is a group of words, which has got a subject, predicate and function as an adjective.

Types of adjective clause:

Introduction of adjective clause

Functuation of an adjective clause

Reduction of an adjective clause

Cases of relative pronouns in adjective clause

Deletion of relative pronouns in an adjective clause

Formal and informal usage of relative pronouns in adjective clause

Kinds of an adjective clause

1- Defining/restrictive/essential adjective clause:

Modifies the specific nouns.

Is not followed by comma.

It comes after an independent clause.

I punished the boy, who tused my mother.

2- Non defining/restrictive.essential adjective clause:

Modifies proper nouns to give extra info on proper nouns.

Is followed by comma.
It comes between subject and main verb.

Habibi, who teaches us English is a good boy.

Adjective clause is introduced by the following:

Relative pronouns

Relative adjective

Possessive word

Introduction of adjective clause:

Relative pronouns:

Who: is used for people.

Whom: is used for people.

Which: is used for things/animal.

That: is used for person, place, thing and animal.

Relative pronouns:

When: is used for date, year. Century.

Where: is used for place, room, country, land.

Whose + noun:

Is used for the ownerships of person, place, thing and animal.

Cases/functions of relative pronouns in adjective clause:

subjective objective oblique possessive

who whom pro+ noun whose

which who which

that which

that

subjective case: who/ which/ that+ verb+ object.

I arrested the man who had robbed the bank.

They love the dog which broks a lot.

I bought the car that has blue color.

Atal killed a boy. He studied at MELI.

Atal killed a boy who/that studied at MELI.

 Which

Who

Oblique case Whom

+subject+ verb+ object.

Independent that
clause

I helped a boy. Roya introduced him.

Who

I helped the boy Whom Roya introduced.

that
Oblique case:

When a preposition come by relative pronouns is called oblique case.

Independent clause+ preposition+ which/whom/who/that+ subject+ verb+ object.

This is the boy at whom we laughed. Oblique case.

This is the boy we laughed at. Subjective case.

I met the man with whom you were living last year. Oblique case.

I met the man whom you were living last year with. Subjective case.

I killed the leader before whom people were powing. ‫سرټيټول‬.

This is the day on which Taliban killed D.R Najibullah.

Possessive case: here we use whose+ noun only.

Whose is used in place of my, your, our, his, her, its.

I appreciated the man. His son had helped me.

I appreciated the man whose son whose son had helped me.

I help the girls. Their fathers are jobless.

I helped the girls whose fathers are jobless.

Formal and informal usage of relative pronouns in adjective clause:

Sub-case obj-case oblique case possessive-case

Formal who whom which whose

Which which whom

Who Who

Informal that that that

Relative adverbs (when and where):

Where: is used for place. This is the hospital where I was born.

When: is used for time/days/years/century. This is the day when I was born.
Whose+ noun:

I punished the boy whose book was torn.

I punished the boy whose book was totally torn.

I helped the girl whose chair I broke.

Deletion of relative pronouns from adjective clause:

Note: only objective case of relative pronouns can be deleted.

Is followed by comma, meaning is not changed.

This is the boy whom I always teach English.

This is the boy, I always teach English.

I insulted the man whom you appreciated.

I insulted the boy, you appreciated.

Placing preposition before relative pronouns-oblique case-object of preposition:

Independent clause+ preposition+ whom/who/which/that+ s+ v+ object.

This is the man from whom I learned English.

This is the girl at whom we laughed yesterday.

I called the boy with whom you were playing yesterday.

Quantifiers with an adjective clause: of whom= of them

Some, a few,
Of whom: is used for people. few, most, more, of which = of them
many, a lot, one,
Of which: is used for animal and things. Of whose+ noun of her/his/my/your
two…
Of whose+ noun: is used for possession. Their/its+ noun.

There are many students in my class. A few of them are so good. This is not adjective clause.

There are many students in my class, a few of them are so good. This is adjective.

I beat most boys. Two of them are very sick. I beat most boys, two of them are very sick.

I brought so many computers. A few of them do not work very well.

I brought so many computers, a few of which do not work.

I teach some boys. Two of their fathers live in London.

I teach some boys whose father live in London.

I teach some boys. Two of their fathers live in London.

I teach some boys, two of whose father live in London.

Sentence modification adjective clause:

1- Modifies a whole sentence.

2- We use (which) only.
3- Is followed by comma.
4- Here we talk about activities of someone.

Taliban are fighting. It makes everyone sad in country.

Taliban are fighting, which makes everyone sad in country.

DZALA does not study. It makes her mother unhappy.

DZALA does not study, which makes her mother unhappy.

My father does not help me, which create many problems in my life.

Punctuation of an adjective class:

Here we have to punctuate an adjective clause as to reduce confusion.

defining Kinds of an adjective class non defining

is not followed by comma. Is followed by comma.

I invited the man who had called me. Habibi, who teach us, has gone to US.

She called the boy who had rubbed the bank. The girl, who I teach E, is from Paktya.

Atal, who has a lot of money, is my friend.

Reduction of an adjective clause to phrase:

Is used when we delete some parts from clause to change to phrase.

It’s meaning is not change.

#rules

1- Relative pronouns as subject deleted.

2- To be verbs are deleted.
3- Main verb changes to ING form except perfect tenses.
4- Third form of a verb remains unchanged in passive sentence.
5- For ownership and perfect tenses we got special rules.

Atal, who is beside a big tree, has a huge house.

Atal beside a big tree, has a huge house.

Hila, who washes the dishes very well, is newly married to this family.

Hila, washing the dishes very well, is newly married to this family.

Afghanistan, which is destroyed, is our poor country.

 Reduction of an adjective clause:

Have/has/had changes to WITH.

Rana, who had had blue eyes, died yesterday.

Rana, with blue eyes, died yesterday.

Habibi, who has nothing to be proud of, is our English teacher.

Habibi, with nothing to be proud of, is our English teacher.

Wyal, who had much power, was our president for 14 years.

Wyal, with much power, was our president 14 years.

PP+ obj
Perfect tenses:
Been+ PP
Subject, having+ main verb+ com.
Been+com
mm

Atal, who has taught us English, is from Kandahar.

Atal, having taught us English, is from Kandahar.

Zyar, who has been beaten by his father, has left AP forever.

Zyar, having been beaten by his father, has left AP forever.