Mekanika Fluida

ENEV 603003

W13
Fluida Dinamis
Persamaan Kekekalan Energi
 Review Kekekalan Energi
• Konservasi energi; Energi tidak dapat
diciptakan atau dimusnahkan, sudah selalu ada..
hanya mengalami perubahan atau disimpan
dalam bentuk:
• Energi mekanik (energi gerak)
• Energi potensial (energi posisi)
• Energi molecular (tekanan)
• Energi kimia
• Energi panas

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 Review Kekekalan Energi
• Apabila tidak ada energi yang masuk ke dalam
sistem atau keluar dari sistem, maka jumlah
energi pada penampang 1 akan sama dengan
jumlah energi pada penampang 2

2
1

2
1

Pipe flow Open channel flow

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 Apa yang mempercepat aliran fluida?
Pressure, velocity
measures

Acceleration due to pressure difference.

Bernoulli’s Principle = Conservation of energy
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 Steady Uniform Flow
Persamaan dasar (governing equation) …(4.5.17)

Steady, incompressible,
𝑊ሶ𝑠 Work rate resulting from rotating shafts such as that of a
pump or turbine, or the equivalent electric power. non-viscous, irrotational
𝑚ሶ Mass flux; rAv
ℎ𝐿 Loss coefficient;

Persamaan Bernoulli (ideal, tanpa laju tenaga dan

kehilangan energi).
𝑉22 𝑝2 𝑉12 𝑝1
+ + 𝑧2 = + + 𝑧1
2𝑔 𝛾2 2𝑔 𝛾1
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 Steady Uniform Flow

Diasumsikan titik tinjauan pada permukaan air:

Diasumsikan titik tinjauan pada centroid:

Berlaku pada beberapa ruas:

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 Recall EGL and HGL
• It is often convenient to plot mechanical
energy graphically using heights.

 P/rg is the pressure head; it represents the height of a

fluid column that produces the static pressure P.
 V 2/2g is the velocity head; it represents the elevation
needed for a fluid to reach the velocity V during
frictionless free fall.
 z is the elevation head; it represents the potential
energy of the fluid.
 H is the total head.

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 EGL and HGL in pipe flow

• Energy Grade Line (EGL)

(or total head)
P V2
EGL = + +z
r g 2g

• Hydraulic Grade Line

(HGL)
P
HGL = +z
rg

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 EGL and HGL in pipe flow
◼For stationary bodies such as reservoirs
or lakes, the EGL and HGL coincide
with the free surface of the liquid, since
the velocity is zero and the static
pressure (gage) is zero.
◼The EGL is always a distance V 2/2g
above the HGL.
◼In an idealized Bernoulli-type flow,
EGL is horizontal and its height remains
constant. This would also be the case for
HGL when the flow velocity is constant .
◼For open-channel flow, the HGL
coincides with the free surface of the
liquid, and the EGL is a distance V 2/2g
above the free surface.

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 EGL and HGL in pipe flow
◼At a pipe exit, the pressure head is
zero (atmospheric pressure) and thus
the HGL coincides with the pipe
outlet.
◼The mechanical energy loss due to
frictional effects (conversion to
thermal energy) causes the EGL and
HGL to slope downward in the
direction of flow.
◼A steep jump occurs in EGL and
HGL whenever mechanical energy is
added to the fluid. Likewise, a steep
drop occurs in EGL and HGL
whenever mechanical energy is
removed from the fluid.

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 The pressure (gage) of a fluid is
zero at locations where the
HGL intersects the fluid. The
pressure in a flow section that
lies above the HGL is negative,
and the pressure in a section
that lies below the HGL is
positive.

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 Aplikasi persamaan Bernoulli
• EXAMPLE: Spraying Water into the Air
• Water is flowing from a hose attached to
a water main at 400 kPa gage. A child
places his thumb to cover most of the
hose outlet, causing a thin jet of high-
speed water to emerge. If the hose is
held upward, what is the maximum
height that the jet could achieve?

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 Assumptions: The flow exiting into the air is steady, incompressible,
and irrotational (so that the Bernoulli equation is applicable). The
velocity inside the hose is relatively low (V1 = 0) and we take the hose
outlet as the reference level (z1 = 0). At the top of the water trajectory
V2 = 0, and atmospheric pressure pertains.

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 Aplikasi persamaan Bernoulli
• EXAMPLE: Velocity Measurement by a Pitot Tube
• A piezometer and a Pitot tube are tapped into a horizontal
water pipe to measure static and stagnation pressures. For the
indicated water column heights, determine the velocity at the
center of the pipe

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 Solution:

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 Aplikasi persamaan Bernoulli

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 EGL in open channel flow
• The constant “height”, a measure of the total energy in the
system is called the energy grade line (EGL). Up to now, it has
been horizontal, meaning that no energy has left the system
(another form of energy—heat, neglected).

Example: h = d + z decreases, velocity increases

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 Frictional Head Losses
• Energy is being lost during the flowing water in contact with the
channel sides, causing friction. This lost energy is called frictional
head loss hf. It results in the EGL having a slight (always
negative) slope.

upstream downstream

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 Specific Energy
• We can define a component of the total energy
that only contains the flow depth and the velocity
term
𝑉2
𝐸 =𝑦+ *Note, no P/g
2𝑔

• This is called the specific energy. Notice we

changed h to y, and H (energy head) to E for
energy

*this is appropriate for open channels, since nearby areas have

about the same pressure

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 Specific Energy

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 Work Done by Pressure Forces
Consider a system shown in the
right graph can deform arbitrarily.
What is the power done by
pressure?

Why is a negative sign at the

right hand side?
The total rate of work done by
pressure forces is

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 General Energy Equation
• Therefore, the net work in can be expressed by

( )
Wnet ,in = Wshaft ,net ,in + W pressure ,net ,in = Wshaft ,net ,in −  P V • n dA

◼Then the rate form of the conservation of energy

relation for a closed system becomes

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 General Energy Equation
• Recall general RTT

( )
dBsys d
=  r bdV +  r b Vr • n dA
dt dt CV CS

• “Derive” energy equation using B=E and b=e

( )
dEsys d
= Qnet ,in + Wnet ,in =  r edV +  r e Vr •n dA
dt dt CV CS

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 General Energy Equation
• Moving integral for rate of pressure work to RHS of
energy equation results in:

• For fixed control volume, then Vr = V

• Recall that P/r is the flow work, which is the work
associated with pushing a fluid into or out of a CV per
unit mass.

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 General Energy Equation
• As with the mass equation, practical analysis is often
facilitated as averages across inlets and exits
d P  P 
Qnet ,in + Wshaft ,net ,in =  r edV +  m r + e   r
− m + e 
dt CV out   in  
m=  r (V  n ) dA
AC
c

• Since e=u+ke+pe = u+V2/2+gz

d P V2  P V2 
Qnet ,in + Wshaft ,net ,in =  r edV +  m 
r
+ u + + gz   
− m
r
+ u + + gz 
dt CV out  2  in  2 

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 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
 V2   V2 
Qnet ,in + Wshaft ,net ,in = m h + + gz  −  m  h + + gz 
out  2  in  2 
• For steady flow, time rate of change of the energy
content of the CV is zero.
• This equation states: the net rate of energy transfer to
a CV by heat and work transfers during steady flow is
equal to the difference between the rates of outgoing
and incoming energy flows with mass.

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 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
• For single-stream
devices, mass flow rate
is constant.

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 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
Rearranging

• The left side of Eq. is the mechanical energy input, while the
first three terms on the right side represent the mechanical
energy output. If the flow is ideal with no loss, the total
mechanical energy must be conserved, and the term in
parentheses must equal zero.
• Any increase in u2 - u1 above qnet in represents the mechanical
energy loss

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 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
The steady-flow energy equation on a unit-mass basis can be
written as

or

Also multiplying the equation by the mass flow rate,

then equation becomes

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 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
• where

In terms of heads, then equation becomes

where

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 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows

Mechanical energy flow chart for a fluid flow system

that involves a pump and a turbine.
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 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
• If no mechanical loss and no mechanical work devices, then
equation becomes Bernoulli equation
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
r1 g 2 g r2 g 2 g

• Kinetic Energy Correction Factor,a

Using the average flow velocity in the equation may cause
the error in the calculation of kinetic energy; therefore, a,
the kinetic energy correction factor, is used to correct the
error by replacing the kinetic energy terms V2/2 in the
energy equation by aVavg2 /2.
a is 2.0 for fully developed laminar pipe flow, and it ranges between 1.04
and 1.11 for fully developed turbulent flow in a round pipe.

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 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
• a is often ignored, since it is near one
for turbulent flow and the kinetic
energy contribution is small.
• the energy equations for steady
incompressible flow become

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 Aplikasi persamaan energi
• EXAMPLE: Hydroelectric Power
Generation from a Dam
• In a hydroelectric power plant, 100
m3/s of water flows from an
elevation of 120 m to a turbine,
where electric power is generated.
The total irreversible head loss in
the piping system from point 1 to
point 2 (excluding the turbine unit)
is determined to be 35 m. If the
overall efficiency of the turbine–
generator is 80 percent, estimate
the electric power output.

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 Solution:

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 Aplikasi persamaan energi
• EXAMPLE: Head and Power Loss
During Water Pumping
• Water is pumped from a lower
reservoir to a higher reservoir by a
pump that provides 20 kW of useful
mechanical power to the water.
The free surface of the upper
reservoir is 45 m higher than the
surface of the lower reservoir. If the
flow rate of water is measured to
be 0.03 m3/s, determine the
irreversible head loss of the system
and the lost mechanical power
during this process.

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 Solution
Solution:

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