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Surveying
Unit-II
Compass Surveying
• Chain surveying can be used
when the area to be
surveyed is comparatively
small and is fairly flat.
• But when the area is large,
undulated and crowded with
many details, triangulation
(which is the principle of
chain survey) is not
possible. In such an area,
the method of traversing is
adopted.
Traversing
• In Traversing, the framework consist of a number
of connected lines. The length are measured by a
chain or a tape and the directions measured by
angle measuring instruments. In one of the
methods, the angle (direction) measuring
instrument is the compass. Hence, in compass
surveying directions of survey lines are
determined with a compass and the length of the
lines are measured with a tape or a chain. This
process is known as Compass Traversing.
Traversing
Principle of Compass Surveying
• The Principle of Compass Survey is Traversing;
which involves a series of connected lines the magnetic
bearing of the lines are measured by prismatic compass
and the distance (lengths) of the are measured by chain.
Such survey does not require the formulation of a
network of triangle.
• Compass surveying is recommended when the area is
large, undulating and crowded with many details.
• Compass surveying is not recommended for areas
where local attraction is suspected due to the presence
of magnetic substances like steel structures, iron ore
deposits, electric cables conveying currents, and so on.
Traversing
Types and Uses of Compass
• Compass: A compass is a small instrument essentially
Consisting of magnetic needle, a graduated circle, and a
line of sight. The compass can not measure angle
between two lines directly but can measure angle of a
line with reference to magnetic meridian at the
instrument station point is called magnetic bearing of a
line. The angle between two lines is then calculated by
getting bearing of these two lines.
• There are two forms of compass available:
• The Prismatic Compass
• The Surveyor’s Compass
Compass Surveying
260 0
• RB = WCB-180 0
• RB= 260 0 – 180 0
• RB = S 80 0 W
Examples
Soln
315 0
• RB = 360 0 – WCB
• RB = 360 0 – 315 0
• RB = N45 0 W
Examples
• Convert the following reduced bearings into
whole circle bearings:
• N 65° E
• S 43° 15′ E
• S 52° 30′ W
• N 32° 42′ W
Examples
Let ‘θ’ be whole circle bearing.
(i) Since it is in NE quadrant,
θ = α = 65 Ans.
(ii) Since it is in South East quadrant
43 15′ = 180 – θ
or θ = 180 – 43 15′ = 136 45′ Ans.
Examples
(iii) Since it is in SW quadrant
52 30′ = θ – 180
or θ = 180 + 52 30′ = 232 30′
(iv) Since it is in NW quadrant,
32 42′ = 360 – θ
or θ = 360 – 32 42′ = 327 18′
Examples
• The following fore bearings were observed for
lines, AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FG respectively.
Determine their back bearings:
• 148
• 65
• 285
• 215
• N 36 W
• S 40 E
Examples
Solution:
• The difference between fore bearing and the
back bearing of a line must be 180 . Noting
that in WCB angle is from 0 to 360 ,
• we find Back Bearing = Fore Bearing 180
• + 180 is used if θ is less than 180 and
• – 180 is used when θ is more than 180
Examples
Hence,
• BB of AB = 145 + 180 = 325
• BB of BC = 65 + 180 = 245
• BB of CD = 285 – 180 = 105
• BB of DE = 215 – 180 = 35
• In case of RB, back bearing of a line can be
obtained by interchanging N and S at the same
time E and W. Thus
• BB of EF = S 36 E
• BB of FG = N 40 W.
Example
The Fore Bearing of the following lines are
given Find the Back Bearing.
(a) FB of AB= 310 0 30’
(b) FB of BC= 145 0 15’
(c) FB of CD = 210 0 30’
(d) FB of DE = 60 0 45’
Example
Solution
(a) BB of AB = 310 0 30’ – 180 0 0’ = 1300 30’
(b) BB of BC = 145 0 15’ + 180 0 0’ = 3250 15’
(c) BB of CD = 210 0 30’ – 180 0 0’ = 30 0 30’
(d) BB of DE = 600 45’ + 180 0 0’ = 240 0 45’
Example
FB of the following lines are given, find the
BBs.
(a) FB of AB = S 300 30’ E
(b) FB of BC = N 400 30’W
(c) FB of CD= S 600 15’ W
(d) FB of DE = N 45030’ E
Example
Solution
• (a) BB of AB = N 30 0 30’ W
• (b) BB of BC = S 40 0 30’ E
• (c) BB of CD = N 60 0 15’ E
• (d) BB of DE = S 45 0 30’ W
Example
• The fore bearing of the lines AB, BC, CD
and DE are 45 0 30’, 1200 15’, 200 0 30’ and
280 0 45’ respectively, find angles B,C,D
Example
• Interior angle B= BB of AB-FB of BC
= (45 0 30’ + 180 0 0’) -120 0 15’
= (225 0 30’ – 120 0 15’) = 105 0 15’
• Interior angle C= BB of BC – FB of CD
= (120 0 15’ + 180 0 0’) – 200 0 15’
= 300 0 15’ – 200 0 15’ = 100 0 0’
• Exterior angle D = FB of DE- BB of CD
= 280 0 45’ – (200 0 30’ – 180 0 0’)
= 280 0 45’ – 20 0 30’ = 260 0 15’
• Interior angle D= 360 0 0’ – 260 0 15’ = 99 0 45’
Computation Of Angles
• Observing the bearing of the line of a closed
traverse, it is possible to calculate the included
angles, which can be used for plotting the
traverse.
• At the station where two survey lines meet,
two angles are formed, an exterior angle and
an interior angle. The interior angle or
included angle is generally the smaller angle
(< 180 0).
Computation Of Angles
Computation Of Angles
Computation Of Angles
• While calculating the interior or included angles,
it is strongly recommended that a rough sketch of
the traverse must be drawn for the purpose of
calculating the interior angles or bearing from
included angles. A sketch always gives a better
idea for calculations.
• At any survey stations generally FB of one line
and BB of another line are measured. Then
difference of these two bearings will give you
either an interior angle or an exterior angle
depending upon the station position.
Computation Of Angles
• In a closed traverse the following bearings
were observed with a compass. Calculate the
interior angles.
Computation Of Angles
We find,
Back Bearing = Fore Bearing 180
+ 180 is used if θ is less than 180 and
– 180 is used when θ is more than 180
Computation Of Angles
Computation Of Angles
Referring to Figure:
∠A = 150 00′ – 65 00′ = 85 00′
∠B = 245 00′ – 125 30′ = 119 30′
∠C = 305 30′ – 200 00′ = 105 30′
∠D = (360 – 265 15′) + 20 00′ = 114 45′
∠E = (360 – 330 00′) + 85 15′ = 115 15′
Computation Of Angles
• The angles observed with a surveyor compass
in traversing the lines AB, BC, CD, DE and EF
are as given below.
• Compute the included angles and show them
in a neat sketch.
Computation Of Angles
In case of RB, back bearing of a line can be obtained by
interchanging N and S at the same time E and W
Computation Of Angles
Computation Of Angles
A N
D
N
N
C
B
Computation Of Angles
Line FB BB Difference
Interior ∠ A= FB of AB – BB of EA
= 191 0 45’ – 147 0 45’
=44 0 00’
Interior ∠ B= FB of BC – BB of AB
= 39 0 30’ – 13 0 00’
= 26 0 30’
Exterior ∠ C= BB of BC – FB of AB
= 222 0 30’ – 22 0 15’
= 200 0 15’
Computation Of Angles
Interior ∠ C= 360 0 00’ – 200 0 15’
= 159 0 45’
Interior ∠ D= FB of DE – BB of CD
= 242 0 45’ – 200 0 30’
= 42 0 15’
Interior ∠ E= FB of EA – BB of DE
= 330 0 15’ – 62 0 45’
= 267 0 30’
Sum of Interior Angle
= 44 0 00’ + 26 0 30’ + 159 0 45’ + 42 0 15’ + 267 0 30’
= 540 0 00’
Which is equal to ( 2N-4) x 90 0 = 540 0
Computation Of Angles
Calculation of corrected bearing
The Line DE is free from local attraction,
So,
FB of DE = 242 0 45’ (Correct)
FB of EA = 330 0 15’ (Correct)
FB of AB = BB of EA + ∠ A
= (330 0 15’ + 180 0 0’) + 44 0 00’
= 150 0 15’ + 44 0 00’
= 194 0 15’
Computation Of Angles
FB of BC = BB of EA + ∠ B
= (194 0 15’ – 180 0) + 26 0 30’
= 14 0 15’ – 26 0 30’
= 40 0 45’
FB of CD = BB of BC – Exterior ∠ C
= (40 0 45’ + 180 0 0’) - 200 0 15’
= 220 0 45’ – 200 0 15’
= 20 0 30’
FB of DE = BB of BC + ∠ D
= ( 20 0 30’ + 42 0 15’)
= 200 0 30’ + 42 0 15’
= 242 0 45’ (Checked)
Computation Of Angles
Line FB BB
Corrected
AB 194 0 15’ 14 0 15’
BC 40 0 45’ 220 0 45’
CD 20 0 30’ 200 0 30’
DE 242 0 45’ 62 0 45’
EA 330 0 15’ 147 0 45’
Computation Of Angles
Second method- Directly applying Correction
Procedure
(a) On verify the observed bearing it is found that
the FB and BB of line DE differ by exactly
180 0. So, the station D and E are free from
local attraction and the observed FB and BB
of DE are correct.
(b)The Observed FB of EA is also Correct
Computation Of Angles
(c) The action BB of EA should be
330 0 15’ – 180 0 = 150 0 15’
But the observed bearing is 147 0 45’
So the correction of ( 150 0- 147 0 45’)
= + 2 0 30’ at Station A
Computation Of Angles
(d) Correct FB of AB = 191 0 45’ + 2 0 30’ = 194 0 15’
Therefore, the actual correct BB of AB should be
194 0 15’ – 180 0 00’ = 14 0 15’
But observed = 13 0 0’
So a correction of (14 0 15’ – 13 0 0’)
= +1 0 15’ At Station B
Computation Of Angles
(e) Correct FB of BC = 39 0 30’ + 1 0 15’ = 40 0 45’
Therefore Correct BB of BC should be
= 40 0 45’ + 180 0
= 220 0 45’
So a correction of
=( 220 0 45’ – 222 0 30’) = - 1 0 45’ At Station C
(f) Correct FB of CD = 22 0 15’ – 1 0 45’ = 20 0 30’
which tallies with the observed BB of CD
So, D is free from local attraction, which also tallies with
remark made at the beginning
Computation Of Angles
Line Observed Correction Corrected Bearing Remark
FB BB FB BB
AB 191 0 45’ 13 0 00’ + 2 0 30’ at A 194 0 15’ 14 0 15’
BC 30 0 30’ 2220 30’ + 1 0 15’ 40 0 45’ 220 0 45’
CD 22 0 15’ 200 0 30’ -1 0 45’ at C 20 0 30’ 200 0 30’ St D and
DE 242 0 45’ 62 0 45’ 0 0 at D 242 0 45’ 62 0 45’ E are free
from local
EA 330 0 15’ 147 0 45’ 0 0 at E 330 0 15’ 150 0 15’ attraction
Sources of Error in Compass Survey
The errors may be classified as
(i) Instrumental Error
(ii) Error of manipulation and sighting
(iii) error due to external influence
Sources of Error in Compass Survey
Instrumental Errors
• Needle not being perfectly straight
• The pivot being bent, i.e. not being at the centre of the
graduated circle.
• The needle being sluggish, i.e. the needle having lost its
magnetism
• The pivot point being dull
• The needle neither moving horizontally nor moving freely
on the pivot due to the dip of the needle.
• The plane of sight not passing through the centre of the
graduated ring
• The vertical hair being too thick or loose.
Sources of Error in Compass Survey
Error due to Manipulation and Sighting
• Inaccurate centring of the compass over the station occupied
• Inaccurate leveling of the compass box when the instrument is
set up
• Imperfect bisection of the ranging rods at station or other
objects
• Carelessness is reading the needle or in reading the graduate
circle through the prism in a wrong direction.
• Carelessness in recording the observed reading.
Sources of Error in Compass Survey
Error due to External Influences
• Magnetic changes in the atmosphere on a cloudy
or stormy day.
• Irregular variation due to magnetic storms,
earthquakes, sun spots, lunar perturbations etc.
• Variation in declination, viz, secular, annual and
diurnal.
• Local attraction due to proximity of steel
structure, electric lines.
Precaution to be taken in Compass
Surveying
The following precaution should be taken conducting
a compass traverse
• The centring should be done perfectly
• To stop the rotation of the graduation ring, the break pin
should be pressed very gently and not suddenly.
• Reading should be taken along the line sight and not
from any side.
• When the compass has to be shifted from one station to
other, the sight vane should be folded over the glass
cover. This is done to lift the ring out of the pivot to
avoid unnecessary wear of the pivot.
Precaution to be taken in compass
Surveying
• The compass box should be tapped gently before taking
the reading. This is done to find out whether the needle
rotates freely.
• The station should not be selected near magnetic
substances.
• The observer should not carry magnetic substances.
• The glass cover should not be dusted with a
handkerchief, because the glass may be charged with
electricity and the needle may be deflected from its true
direction. The glass cover should be cleaned with a
moist finger.
References