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Random vibration is motion which is non-deterministic, meaning that future behavior cannot be precisely predicted, and it is
To specific a random vibration is usually is used the ASD (acceleration spectral density). The root mean square acceleration
under the ASD curve in the frequency domain, and it express the overall energy of the random vibration.
A PSD curve provides the power of a signal as a function of frequency. For random vibration analysis usually it uses the unit
For random vibration, the specification curve is actually an acceleration spectral density (ASD) but is also displayed in “powe
as a function of frequency. It’s just a convenient way to express the profile of a random vibration spectra.
While the term power spectral density (PSD) is commonly used to specify a random vibration event, ASD is more appropriat
and used in structural analysis and testing.
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For the exemple shown above the Grms of the input PSD is 13. This can be calculated by taking the square root of the area
curve. The RMS or Grms value of random vibration spectra is important since it provides a representation of the area under
for performing a quick comparison of spectra. Although, two spectra can look very dissimilar but they can have similar a sim
Theoretical Overview
The majority of random processes fall in a special category termed stationary. This means that the parameters by which ran
change significantly when analyzed statistically over a given period of time – the RMS amplitude is constant with time. For in
statistically similar for all missiles of the same design. It is possible to subdivide a process into a number of sub-processes, e
stationary. This aspect helps the study of this phenomenon from technical point of view. Any vibration is described by the tim
of the motion is expressed in terms of displacement, velocity or acceleration.
Sinusoidal vibration is the simplest motion, and can be fully described by mathematical equations. Instead a random vibratio
predictable at any point in time. A major difference between sinusoidal vibration and random vibration lies in the fact that nu
the same time. Thus structural resonances of different components can be excited simultaneously, the interaction of which c
vibration, wherein each resonance would be excited separately.
The instantaneous amplitude of a random vibration cannot be expressed mathematically as an exact function of time, it is po
occurrence of a particular amplitude on a statistical basis. To analyse in the statistical sense the random process, an ensem
obtained, wherein the amplitude is measured over the frequency range of excitation. The characterization of random vibratio
spectrum of Power Spectral Density (PSD) or Acceleration Spectral Density (ASD), which designates the mean square value
divided by the bandwidth of the filter.
The simplest random excitation to analyze is a band limited white spectrum shown below.
The overall input Grms is the square root of the area under the curve, i.e.
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This value could be used in Eq. 2 to predict the probability of occurrence of instantaneous values of acceleration for a rando
would generally be multiplied by three to provide three sigma values. To avoid the mechanical failure, the random vibration c
a) an infinite number of harmonic vibrations with unpredictable amplitude and phase relationships in the frequency domain
b) the sum of an infinite number of infinitesimal shocks occurring randomly in the time domain.
In the first case, response at a particular frequency may be the primary concern. For example, when a displacement sensitiv
frequency, relatively large displacements may result in malfunction. In such a case, the malfunction might be corrected by re
particular frequency of concern – the natural frequency of the device. This might be accomplished by inserting a vibration iso
and the device. Alternatively, displacement might be reduced by adjusting the stiffness of the device, or by increasing dampi
If the random vibration is considered as an infinite number of infinitesimal shocks, the overall Grms may result in a fatigue re
due to the intermittent shocks associated with the random excitation. In this case, the problem might be corrected by reducin
strength of the component.
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STATISTICAL ASPECTS
In random vibration, it may be necessary to predict the probability of a response for a exceeding particular value. For exemp
to an adjacent structure, it is ncessary to know the probability of the black box impacting the structure. Alternatively, since th
absolutely zero, it would also be of interest to predict the average time between successive impacts, or the average number
occur in a given duration. This would be of interest in calculating acceleration (or stress), and relating these values to the fat
commonly used probability distribution is the Normal (Gaussian) distribution. The probability density function for a normal dis
(2)
Equation 1 is plotted as Figure 3, which is the probability of occurrence of the ratio of the instantaneous value to the RMS va
have units of displacement, velocity or acceleration, or derivatives of these terms. The equation 1 could be used in equation
of instantaneous values of acceleration for a random signal.
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For exemple, returning to the problem of the black box with a 0.25 inchs clearance to an adjacent structure, if Xrms were .08
be .25 inches (3 x.0833), and the probability of impact would be .3% (the total area under the curve has value equal to 1.00
be reduced by reducing Xrms. For example, if Xrms were decreased to .0625, a four sigma deflection would be required to c
impact would be reduced to .001%.
A decibel is a logarithmic notation for expressing ratios between two quantities. For Power Spectral Density (g2/Hz), the follo
values of PSD:
An octave is a doubling or halving of frequency (e.g., 8 Hz and 16 Hz are separated by one octave as are 80 Hz and 160 Hz
same manner as acceleration, except that rather than using units of g2/Hz, the units would be in2/Hz. For a band limited whi
be shown to be given by:
where,
f1 = lower frequency, Hz
f2 = upper frequency, Hz
For most cases, f2 is significantly higher than fl and Equation 4 can be approximated by:
The last 2 equations could be used in conjunction with Equation 2 to determine the probability of occurrence of a particular i
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If a mass supported on vibration isolators is subjected to a stationary, Gaussian random vibration input, the response will be
response. The use of vibration isolators could change the amplitudes of response, such as Power Spectral Density and Grm
isolated equipment (response) can be connected to the input by the following equation:
Wout=Win T2A
Insertion of vibration isolators modifies the frequency response to a random vibration input in a similar manner to a sinusoida
vibration, there is a frequency region of amplification and a frequency region of attenuation. Even if the insertion of vibration
response to a random vibration input in a similar manner to a sinusoidal vibration input, in random vibration, the amplitude o
transmissibility squared, whereas, in sinusoidal vibration, the response is a linear function of transmissibility. This difference
vibration, we deal with power, whereas, in sinusoidal vibration, we deal with acceleration.
The RMS acceleration (Grms) transmitted to the isolated equipment is equivalent to the square root of the area under the cu
Density (g2/Hz):
For a band limited white spectrum, this equation can be simplified to the following:
To calculate the relative displacement of a component to ensure tha sufficient clearance, based on two directly measureable
this formula:
If the random vibration excitation is a band limited white spectrum, the RMS displacement can be determined from:
The RMS displacement is typically multiplied by three to determine the minimum clearance required to prevent metal-to-met
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estimate the average number of occurrences (N) of a particular event in a given time duration ( t). For a band limited white s
occurrences in a given time duration can be estimated by:
N = 2 fn ∆t e[(-1/2)(X/Xrms)2]
For instance, if a black box has a 0.25 inch clearance (X), and if Xrms (also d rms) is .0833 inches, a three sigma deflection
isolation system natural frequency is 25 Hz, there would be an average of 33 impacts in a one minute period. If Xrms were r
number of impacts in a one minute period would be reduced to one.
For fatigue life calculation the root mean square (RMS) stress quantities are used in conjunction with the standard fatigue an
Wohler curve of the stress-cycle, the approximate number of stress cycles N1 required to produce a fatigue failure in the bea
obtained from the following equation:
N1=N2(S2/S1)b
S1 = 1σ RMS stress
Somethimes the b parameter has to consider the stress concentration K, for example if we are nearby a hole. Then it is nece
cycles (n) accumulated for 1σ, 2σ and 3σ. To calcultate the remain life, can be used the Miner’s Rule that provides a reason
$ RANDOM ANALYSIS
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Random Vibration Analysis – Nastran SOL 111 | Aerospace Engineering http://www.aerospacengineering.net/random-vibration-nastran-sol-111/
SOL 111
TIME 10
CEND
SUBTITLE = Braket
ECHO = NONE
SPC =1
METHOD = 1
DLOAD = 10
SDAMPING = 20
RANDOM = 30
FREQ = 40
SPC refers only to the SPC1 card (not the SPCD card);
METHOD refers to EIGR card;
DLOAD refers to RLOADx card;
SDAMPING refers to TABDMP1 card;
RANDOM refers to RANDPS card;
FREQ refers to all FREQx cards used
ECHO = NONE
$SET 99 = 61629341
$SPCFORCES(PHASE) = 99
The preceding two cards are used for shaker point force recovery only (remove $ if needed).
SET 99 sets the shaker GRID 61629341 output;
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SPCFORCES requests force recovery at SET 99 (see OUTPUT and SPCD cards below)
OUTPUT(XYPLOT)
XYPEAK recovers RMS and other peak responses in the .prt file (required for RMS output);
XYPUNCH creates a .pch file of response vs. frequency;
ACCE requests acceleration output (FORCE requests force output);
PSDF requests output as PSD;
GRID point 61629341 and 61630495 responses recovered; T1=X, T2=Y, T3=Z, as well as R1, R2, and R3
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,GRDPNT,0
PARAM,RESVEC,YES
PARAM,RESVEC,YES is REQUIRED for accurate results when NOT using the seismic mass. It computes residual vectors.
GRID 61629341 0 0. 0. 0. 0
Shaker grid point. Often this is an RBE element attached to many GRID points with the independent GRID being the shaker
SPC1 1 12345661629341
RLOAD2,10,11,,,12,,ACCE
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12 IS TABLED1 card;
ACCE refers to type of dynamic excitation, enforced acceleration in this case. Other options are LOAD for applied load, DIS
for enforced velocity.
SPCD,11,61629341,2,1.0
$SPCD,11,61629341,2,386.4
Use this card instead when recovering forces or displacements (assuming you’re using the inch/pound system), such as at t
based system, such as mm/gram, then 386.4 becomes 9807. (You can also change the 1.0 values in the TABLED1 card bel
same result. But do not change both.)
TABDMP1 20 +
RANDPS,30,1,1,1.0,0.0,31
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+ ENDT
FREQ1,40,20.0,2.0,140
FREQ1,40,300.0,5.0,140
FREQ1,40,1000.0,20.0,50
FREQ3,40,20.0,2000.0
INCLUDE ‘Bulk_DFEM.bdf’
ENDDATA
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6 2.294086E+01 1.603809E-03 7
7 2.367608E+01 1.630856E-03 8
8 2.400000E+01 1.642917E-03 9
9 2.441130E+01 1.658360E-03 10
10 2.514651E+01 1.686326E-03 11
11 2.588173E+01 1.714764E-03 12
12 2.600000E+01 1.719383E-03 13
13 2.661695E+01 1.743681E-03 14
14 2.783382E+01 1.792619E-03 15
15 2.800000E+01 1.799408E-03 16
16 2.905069E+01 1.842931E-03 17
17 3.000000E+01 1.883158E-03 18
18 3.026756E+01 1.894654E-03 19
19 3.148444E+01 1.947831E-03 20
20 3.200000E+01 1.970807E-03 21
. . . .
. . . . . . .
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