NOTESONCRI

MEDETECTI
ONANDI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

By

Er
ickA.Gempesao
Cri
minol
ogi
st

CDI
-1:FUNDAMENTALSOFCRI
MINALI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

CRIMI
NALINVESTIGATI
ON–i sanar
twhichdeal
swi t
hthei
dent
it
yandl
ocat
ionoft
heof
fender
andpr
ovi
desevi
denceofgui
l
tthr
oughcr
iminal
proceedi
ngs.

I
NVESTI
GATI
ONDEFI
NED:Thecoll
ect
ionoffact
stoaccompl
i
shat
hree-
fol
dai
m:
a. t
oident
if
ythegui
lt
yparty;
b. t
olocat
ethegui
lt
yparty
;and
c. t
oprovi
deevi
denceofhisguil
t.

PRIMARYJOBOFANI NVESTIGATOR
Theprimaryjoboft hei nvest
igat
ori
stodi scoverwhet
herornotanoff
ensehasbeen
committedunderthelaw,afterdetermini
ngwhatspecif
icoff
ensehasbeencommit
ted,
hemust
di
scoverhow itwascommi tted,bywhom,wher ei twascommi tt
ed,whenandwhyi twas
committed(Cardi
nalpoint
sofI nvesti
gati
on5W’sand1H) .

SI
XCARDI
NALPOI
NTSOFI
NVESTI
GATI
ON
WHAT speci
fi
cof
fensehasbeencommi
tt
ed? Nat
ureofcr
ime
WHERE cr
imewascommi
tt
ed? Pl
aceorl
ocat
ion
WHEN i
twascommi
tt
ed? Ti
meanddat
e
WHOM i
twascommi
tt
ed? Per
sons/
sinv
olv
ed
WHY i
twascommi
tt
ed? Reasonormoti
veof
Commi t
ti
ngt
hecri
me
HOW i
twascommi
tt
ed? Manner,
met
hodormodus
oper
andi

QUALI
TIESOFAGOODI NVESTIGATOR
1.Perseverance
2.I
ntell
igence
3.Honest
4.Understandingofthepeopl
eandenv
ironment
5.Keenpowerofobser v
ati
on

TRAINING
Training,asoneoft hefoundati
onsofi nvesti
gati
on,isconcededl yav it
alingredi
entin
thecreati
onofat otalinv
estigat
or.Experi
enceal onedoesnotmakeonegoodi nvesti
gator
.
Manywho had been host aget ot hi
snot i
on of t
en ended inj eopar dy.Thei dealconjugal
part
nershipist r
ainingandexper i
ence.Thefusionoft hebesttrai
ni ngandv astexperi
enceisa
for
midablef orcethatcant hreateventhemostsophi sti
catedtechnol ogyandsy ndicat
edcrimes.
Thenecessi tyoftrainingasapur veyorofchangebui l
dstheinvestigator’sconfi
dence.Itwidens
hisvi
sionf
orpr
ofessionalgrowthandst r
engthenshiswil
ltosurvi
veandprevail
overcri
ses.
TheNati
onalFor ensicScienceTr ai
ningInsti
tut
e( NFSTI
)undert hePhil
ippi
nePubl i
c
Safet
yColl
egei
st heinstit
uti
onthattrai
nsuniformedpersonnelofthePhi
l
ippineNati
onalPoli
ce
tobecomeacerti
fiedinvesti
gat
or.

THREETOOLSOFI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

1.I
NFORMATION
I
tist
heknowl
edge/
dat
awhi
chani
nvest
igat
oracqui
redf
rom ot
herper
sonsandr
ecor
ds.

Cl
assesofI
nfor
mat
ion
a.Regul arSour ces–r ecords,fi
lesfrom governmentandnon- gov
ernmentagenci
es,news
i
tems.
b.Cul t
ivated Sour ces– inf or
mation gathered upon i
nit
iat
iveoft heinv
esti
gatorfrom
i
nformant s,vendors,t
axicabdriver
,GRO, andothers.
c. GrapevineSour ces– t hesear einformationcomi ngfrom theunderworl
dcharacter
s
suchaspr isonersandex- convi
cts.
2.I NTERVI EW ANDI NTERROGATI ON
INTERVI EW –Isaconv er
sat
ionwithapur
pose,mot
ivat
edbyadesiretoobt ai
ncert
ain
i
nfor
mat ionfrom thepersonbeingi
nter
viewedastowhatwasdone,seen,felt
,heard,t
ast
ed,
smellorknown.
Thisist hequesti
oningofapersonbeli
evedtopossessknowl
edget hatisinoffi
cial
i
nter
estt otheinvest
igat
or.

BASICASSUMPTIONS
Nobodyhastotal
ktol awenfor
cers.Nolawcompelsapersontot
alktothepol
iceifhe
doesnotwantt
o.Ther
efore,peopl
ewillhavetobepersuaded,al
wayswi
thi
nlegalandethical
l
imit
s,t
otal
ktolawenf
orcers.Thi
smakesi nt
erv
iewi
nganart.

I.
R. O.N.I.C.FORMAT
Thei ntervi
ew ofawi tnesscanbedescr i
bedbyi t
sacr ony m‘ I
RONI C’whi chst andsf or
Identity,Rappor t,OpeningSt at ement ,
Nar rat
ion,Inquiry,andconcl usi on.
Ident i
t y–pr iort ot hecommencementofani nt ervi
ew,t hei nv estigat orshoul didentif
y
himsel ft ot hesubj ectbyname,r ankandagency .Except ,whent her eisnoneedt oknowt he
officer’sident ity
.
Rappor t–i ti sgoodt ogett heposi t
ivefeelingoft hesubj ectt owar dst hei nvestigators,
suchf riendlyat mospher ei sav it
alf orbotht hesubj ectandt hei nv est i
gat orthav eabet t
er
i
nt eraction.
Openi ngSt atement–t heinvestigatormusthav et oindicat ewhyt hesubj ectisbei ng
cont racted.
Nar ration–t hewi tnessshoul dbeal l
owedt ot ellallheknowswi thl it
tlei nterr
uptions
from t hei nvest i
gator .
Inquir y–af teral linfor mati
onhav ebeengi venbyt hesubj ect,t hati st het i
mef orthe
i
nv est i
gat ortoasquest iont ocl ar
ifyhim aboutt hecaseunderi nvestigat i
on.
Concl usions–af tert heinterview,itisbutpr opert ocl oset hei nter vi
ew wi t
hout most
cour tesyandt hankingt hesubj ectforhiscooper ation.

RULESTOBEOBSERVEDINQUESTIONI
NG
a.Onequest
ionatat
ime
b.Avoi
dingi
mpli
edanswer
 c. Si
mplici
tyoft
hequesti
ons
d.Sav i
ngfaces
e. Avoi
dcloseendedquest
ions(
yesorno)

INTERROGATION –isaquestioni
ngofapersonsuspectedofhavi
ngcommitt
edan
of
fenseoraper sonwhoi
sr el
uct
anttomakeful
ldi
sclosur
eofinfor
mat
ioninhi
spossessi
on
whichi
spert
inenttot
hei
nvesti
gat
ion.

Whatar
ethepurposesofInterr
ogation?
a.Toobt ai
nconfessiontothecr i
me
b.Toinducethesuspectt omakeadmi ssi
on
c. Tol
earnthefactsofthecrime
d.Tolearntheidenti
tyoftheaccompl ice
e. Todevel
opinformati
onwhi chwi l
ll
eadt ot
her ecover
yofthefr
uit
soft
hecr
ime
f. Todi
scoverthedetail
sofot hercri
mesparti
cipatedbythesuspect

I
NTERROGATI
ONTECHNI
QUES
EmotionalAppeal
Place the subj
ectint he pr
operf r
ame ofmi nd. The invest
igat
orshould provi
de
emotionalsti
mulithatwillpr
omptt hesubjecttounburdenhimsel
fbyconf i
ding.Anal
yzethe
subj
ect’spersonal
ityanddecidewhatmot ivat
ionwouldprompthimt otel
lthetrut
h,andthen
prov
idethosemot ivesthr
oughappropri
ateemot i
onal
appeals.
Sympathet
icappeal
Thesuspectmayf eeltheneedforsympathyorfr
iendshi
pwhenhei
sappar
ent
lyi
n
tr
oubl
e.Gesturesoff
ri
endshi
pmaywi nhi
scooper
ation.
Kindness
Thesi mplestt
echni
quei
stoassumethatt
hesuspectwil
lconf
essifheistr
eat
edina
ki
ndandf ri
endlymanner.
Extenuation
The investi
gat
orindi
cat
eshe doesnotconsi
derhis subj
ect
’sindi
scr
eti
on a gr
ave
offense.
Shift
ingt
heblame
Thei
nt er
rogatormakesclearhi
sbeli
eft hatt hesubjectisobv i
ousl
ynott hesortof
personwhousuallygetsmixedupinacri
mel i
ket hi
s.Theinterrogat
orcouldtel
lfr
om thestar
t
thathewasnotdealingwi
thaf el
l
owwhoi sacri
mi nalbynatur
eandchoi ce.
Mut
tandJef
f
Two(
2)Agent
sareemploy ed.
- Mutt,t
herel
entlessi
nvesti
gat
or,whoisnotgoi
ngtowasteanyt
imebecause
heknowsthatthesubjecti
sguil
ty.
- Jef
f,ontheotherhand,i
sobvi
ouslyakind-
hear
tedman.
Bluf
fonaSplitPai
r
Thisisappli
cablewhentherei
smor
ethanonesuspect
.Thesuspect
sar
esepar
atedand
oneisi
nfor
medt hatotherhast
alked.
PretenseofPhysi
calEvi
dence
Thei
nvest
igat
ormaypr et
endt
hatcer
tai
nphy
sicalev
idencehasf
oundbyl
abor
ator
y
expertsagai
nsthi
m.
Jol
ting
Maybeappli
edtocal
m andnerv
oussubj
ectsbyconstantl
yobserv
ingthesuspects,t
he
i
nvesti
gat
orchoosesapropi
ti
ousmomenttoshoutapert
inentquesti
onandappearast hough
heisbesi
dehi
mselfwit
hrage.Thesubj
ectmaybeunner
vedtot heext
entofconfessi
ng:

CUSTODIAL INTERROGATI ON/I

NVESTIGATION – i s the quest i
oni
ng of a law
enf
orcementoffi
ceronapersonundercust
odyandot her
wisedepr
ivedofhisfr
eedom orl
i
ber
ty.
Thi
sisthestageininv
est
igat
ionwherether
eisstr
ictobserv
anceoftheMirandaDoct
ri
ne.

MIRANDADOCTRI NE–t hi
scasewhichentit
ledMirandavs.Ar
izona,i
saUSSupr eme
Cour tJuri
sprudencewhichlai
ddowntheconsti
tut
ionalri
ghtsoftheaccuseddur
ingcust
odial
i
nv esti
gati
on.Itwasincorpor
atedi
nour1973Constit
uti
onandl at
erint
he1987Constit
uti
onof
thePhi l
i
ppines.

3.INSTRUMENTATI ON
I
tistheappl
icati
onofi nstr
umentsandmet hodsofphysicalsci
encetothedet
ect
ionof
cr
imes.Incaseswher et herearenosigni
fi
cantphysi
calev
idencet obefound,t
hentheuseof
i
nstrument
ationi
srelat
ivelyuni
mpor t
ant.

PHASES/STAGESOFCRI MINALINVESTIGATION
1.I dent
if
icat
ionofcrimi
nals
2.Tr aci
ngandl ocat
ingthecri
minal
3.Gat heri
ngofev i
dencetoprovethegui
l
tofthecr
imi
nal

1.I
DENTI
FICATI
ONOFCRI
MINALS

METHODSOFI DENTI FYINGCRIMI NALS

a.Byconf essionoradmissionoft hecri
minal
himsel
f
b.Identi
fi
cationbyaccountsort esti
moniesofeyewi
tnesses
c. I
denti
fi
cationbycir
cumst ant
ialevidence
d.Identi
fi
cationbyassociati
veev i
dence
e. I
denti
fi
cationbytheMet hodofOper ati
on(ModusOperandi)

CONFESSI
ON–i
sthedi
rectacknowl
edgementofgui
l
tar
isi
ngf
rom t
hecommi
ssi
onofacr
ime.

Ty
pesofConf
essi
on
a.Ext
ra-
Judi
cialConf
essi
on–t
hosemadebyt
hesuspectdur
ingcust
odi
ali
nvest
igat
ion.
b.Judi
cialConfessi
on–t
hosemadebyt
heaccusedinopencourt
.Thepleaofguil
tmaybe
duri
ngarrai
gnmentorinanyst
ageofthepr
oceedingswher
et heaccusedchangeshi
s
pl
eaofnotgui l
tyt
ogui
lt
y.

ADMI SSION– i s a self-i

ncri
minat
ory st
atement by t he subj
ect fal
l
ing short of an
acknowledgementofgui l
t.Itisanacknowledgementofaf actorcir
cumstancesfrom which
guil
tmay beinfer
red.I
timplicat
esbutdoesnotincri
minat
e.Iti
salsoanacknowledgementthat
afact,acti
onorcircumstancesaretr
uewhichstrongl
yinf
erordir
ectl
yadmitguil
tbutlacksthe
detai
loftheelementsofthecr i
me.

RULESTOBEOBSERVEDINTAKI
NGCONFESSIONORADMI SSION
1.Conf
essi
onoradmi
ssi
onmustbet
akenpr
efer
abl
yinwri
ti
ngandunderoat
h
 2.I
tmustbewr it
teninthelanguageknownandunder st
oodbyt heaccused,i
fnoti
tmust
beclear
lyt
ranslat
ed
3.I
tmustbef reel
yandv ol
untarygivenbytheaccused
4.Underthe New Const i
tuti
on,itmustbe t aken i
nt he pr
esence ofcompetentand
i
ndependentcounselchosenbyt heaccused

KI
NDSOFCRI
MINALSIDENTI
FIEDBYWI
TNESSES
a.Knowncri
minal
s
b.Unknowncri
minal
s
Met
hodsofI
denti
ficati
onbywi tness
a.Ver baldescri
pti
on
b.Phot ographi
cf i
les(
RoguesGal
ler
y)
c. GeneralPhotograph
d.Ar ti
stsketch(Composit
eCri
minalIl
l
ust
rat
ion)
Theval
ueofidentifi
cati
onbyey ewitnessdependson:
a.Theabi li
tytoobser veandr ememberdi sti
nctappearanceofsuspect;
b.Pr evaili
ngcondi t
ionofv i
sibil
it
y;
c. Thel apseoft i
me.
Whataret
hepr oceduresofi denti
fi
cat i
onbyey ewi t
ness?
a.Phy sicalli
ne-up– i sameansofsel ecti
ngasuspectf r
om agr oupofi nnocent
personsusual l
ycomposedofsev ent otenper sons.Thepur poseofl ine-
upist o
eli
minatethepowerofsuggest i
on.
b.Phy sicalshow-up–onl yoneper soni sshownt ot hewit
nessusuall
yatt hesceneof
thecrimeandmadei mmedi atel
yaf t
erthearrestofthesuspect.

CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE -f act

s orcir
cumstances fr
om which,ei
theral
one ori
n
connect
ionwi
thot
herfact
s,t
heidenti
tyoft
hepersoncanbeinf
err
ed.

Whatmustbei nferredt oprovei dentitybycircumst ant i

alev
idence?
a.Mot ive–i swhati nducest hecr i
mi nal toact
b.I ntent–ist heresultoraccompl i
shmentoft heact
c. Oppor tunity–isthephy sicalpossi bi
litythatthesuspectcoul
dhavecommit
tedthe
cri
me.
Itcouldbei nferr
edf rom thef oll
owi ng:
a.Thesuspectcoul dhav ebeeni nt hev i
cini
tyofthecri
mesceneatthet
imeitwas
commi t
ted.
b.Knowl edgeoft hecr i
mi nalobjective.
c. Absenceofanal ibiont hepar toft hecriminal
.

PHYSI
CALEVI
DENCETOI
DENTI
FYCRI
MINALS

1.CORPUSDELI CTI–isthebodyofthecr i
meorf actofspecificlossori nj
urysustained.I
t
consti
tutestheessenti
alpar
tsorelementsinthecommi ssionoft hecr i
me.
2.ASSOCI ATIVEEVIDENCE–t hesearethepiecesofevidencet hatwi l
lli
nkt hesuspectto
thecri
mescene.Thesuspectmayl eavesomecl uesatt hescenesuchasweapons,
tool
s,garmentsorprint
s.
3.TRACING EVI DENCE– ar ti
cleswhichassisttheinvesti
gat orinl ocati
ngt hecriminal
.
Stol
engoodsi nthepossessionofthesuspectinanexampl eoft racingevidence.
MODUSOPERANDI–i
sthemet
hodofoper
ati
onbyaspeci
fi
ccr
imi
nalorcr
imi
nalsy
ndi
cat
e.I
t
i
sadisti
nctpatternofhowacrimeiscommitt
edandisest
abli
shedbyaseri
esofcri
mesunder
onecl
assif
icat
ion.Themodusoperandiofonecr
imi
nalisdi
sti
nctanddi
ff
erentf
rom theot
her
.
I
tisacri
minaltrademark,
logoorbr
andname.

2.TRACI
NGANDLOCATI
NGTHECRI
MINALS

I
NFORMANT–i sapersonwhogi
vesinf
ormat
iont
othepol
i
cer
elev
antt
oacr
imi
nalcaseabout
t
heact
ivi
ti
esofcr
imi
nalsorsy
ndi
cat
es.

TYPESOFINFORMANTS
a.Anony mousi nformant–donotwi sht obei denti
fi
ed.
b.Ri v
al el
iminationinformant–t oeli
minat ecompet iti
on.
c. Fal
sei nf
or mant–r eveal
sinformat i
onofnoconsequenceorv al
ue.
d.Fr i
ghtenedi nformant–mot i
v atedbyanxi ety.
e. Self
-aggrandizing–hangsaboutt hefringesoft hecriminal
s.
f. Mercenar yinformant–gi vesinf or
mat i
onf orapr i
ce.
g.Doubl ecr osserinformant–t ogetmor ei nfor
mat i
onf r
om thepolice.
h.Womani nformant–f emaleassoci at
eoft hecri
mi nal
s.
i
. Legi t
imatei nformant–oper at orsoflegiti
mat ebusinessestabli
shments.
MOTI
VESOFI NFORMANTS
a.Vani ty
b.Ci vi
c-mindedness
c. Fear
d.Repent ance
e. Avoidanceofpunishment
f. Compet i
tion
g.Rev enge
h.Jeal ousy
i
. Remuner ati
on

SURVEILLANCE–i sthesecr etobservat

ionofpersons,places,
andvehi
clesf
ort
hepur
poseof
obt
aini
nginfor
mationconcerningtheidenti
ti
esoracti
vi
tiesofthesubj
ect
.
a.Sur vei
l
lanceofPlace( f
ixed/stake-
out
)
b.Shadowi ng
c. Roping

SURVEI
LLANT–i
stheper
sonwhomai
ntai
nst
hesur
vei
l
lanceorper
for
mst
heobser
vat
ion.

SUBJECT–t
heper
sonorpl
acebei
ngwat
chedorsur
vey
ed.

KI
NDSOFSURVEI LLANCE
1.Surv
eill
anceofplaces
2.Tai
li
ngorshadowi ng
3.Undercoveri
nvesti
gat
ionorr
opi
ng

Howtoconductsur vei
ll
anceofplace?
A caref
ulsurveyoft he surroundi
ng area shoul
d be made. Thechar act
eroft he
nei
ghborhood,resi
dentsandt ransientshouldbenot ed. Theobser v
at i
onpointshoul dbe
sel
ectedproperl
y.Whenobser vationisconductedfrom a‘pl
ant
’,sur
veil
lanceagentsmustbe
ext
remelycaref
ulnottorevealt
heirtrueact
ivi
ty.Observat
ionmaybemadet hr
oughawi ndowor
otherapert
uresoast obeunnot i
cedf rom t
heout si
de.Venet i
anbl i
ndsaf for
dthebestcov erage,
butmayappeart obeoutofpl aceofsomebui l
dings.Anal ternati
veist olowerther oll
erof
drawshadesanot herinchf rom thewi ndow.Bi nocularsar egener al
lyessenti
all
yequipmentof
theplants,
ast heyfacili
tateposi ti
veidenti
ficat
ionofper sonent eri
ngorl eavi
ngt hepl
aceunder
andobser vat
ion. A st illorvideocamer awi thtelephotol enscanal sobeusedef fecti
v ely
.
Agentsshouldt akecar efulnotesofwhatt heyobser v
eandshoul drecorddetai
leddescripti
ons
ofallindivi
dualsent eringt het arget
. A chr onol
ogicall ogi susual l
yt hebestofr ecor ding
perti
nentoccurrences.

TAI
LING OR SHADOWING – i
st heactoffol
lowi
ngaper son,dependsonthenumberof
sur
vei
ll
antav
ail
abl
e,v
olumeofpedest
ri
ant
raf
fi
candimpor
tanceofconceal
ingt
hesur
vei
l
lance.

METHODSOFSHADOWI NG
a.Oneman–ext remelydiff
icultandshouldbeav oided,ifunav oi
dablekeepsubjecti
n
vi
ewatal lti
mes.
b.Twoman–t woagent sareempl oy
edt ofoll
owthesubj ect.
c. ABCmet hod–r educestheriskoflosingthesubject
, affordsgr
eatersecur
ityagent
s
detecti
on.
d.Pr ogressiv
e/Leapf rom method–poorchancesofobt aini
nggoodr esul
ts,agent
s
arestati
onsataf ixedpointassumi ngthatsubj
ectf oll
owedt hesamegener alrout
e
eachday .
e.Combi nedfoot-
autosurveil
lance–empl oymentofsur veil
l
antsonfootandagent si
n
anautomobi l
e.

Whatar
ethethi
ngst hatshoul dbeav oideddur i
ngshadowing?
a.Don’tmeett heey eofthesubj ect
b.Don’tadoptasl inki
ng,sleuthing,cr
eepingmanner
c. Don’
twearst orybookdisgui ses
d.Don’tcarrynoti
ceabl ei
tems
e. Don’
tgreetfell
owagent s
f. Don’
tmakenot ati
onsost ensibl
y

Howt odetectf ootsur veillance?

Asubj ectwhoi ssuspi ciousofbei ngundersur veil
lancemayr esorttotri
cker
yinordert
o
ver
if
yhissuspi cion.Whenasubj ectresorttosucht ri
cker y,itisgoodpol i
cytochangeagents,
f
orthesuspectmayhav e‘ spot t
ed’ oneormor eofhi ssur veil
lants.
a.st oppi ngabr upt l
yandl ookback
b.casual lylooki ngar ound
c. rever singcour se/ r
etracingsteps
d.boar di ngbusandal i
ght i
ngjustbefor etheyst art
e. ri
dingshor tdistanceonbus
f. cir
cl ingt hebl ockonat axi
g.ent er ingabui ldingandl eavi
ngi mmedi atelyviaanot herexi
t
h.st oppi ngabr upt l
yaf terturni
ngacor ner
i
. usi ngconv oys
j
. wat chi ngr eflect ioninshopwi ndows
k. wal kingsl owl yandr apidlyatalter
nat einterv
al s
l
. dr oppi ngapi eceofpaper stoseei fany oner etrievesit
m.st oppi ngt ot ieashoest ri
ng,meanwhi l
elooki ngar oundf orsurvei
ll
ants
n.ar rangi ngwi thaf r
iendi nashop, storesorot herpl acest owatchforsurvei
ll
ant
s.
Howt oeludef ootsur veil
lance?
Commonmet hodt oeludef ootsurvei
ll
ancei nwhi chsurv
eil
lantsmustbeprepar
edand
guar
dagai nstaret hefollowi ng:
a.j umpi ngoffabus, tr
ainsj ustasthedoorsar eabouttoclose
b.l eavingabui ldingt hrought her
earorsideexits
c. losi
ngonesel fincr owds
d.ent eringtheat ersandl eav i
ngimmedi at
elythroughanexit
e. pointingoutonesur veil
l
antt oapolicetoagener al
l
yrequiretheagentt
oexpl
ainhi
s
action
f. usingdecoy s
g.t akingt helastt axiatast and
h.changi ngclothing

AUTOMOBI LESURVEI LLANCE

Themet hodsofaut osurveil
lancetobeuseddependsupont henumber sandt ypeof
survei
l
lancev ehicl
esav ai
labl
e,thev olumeofv ehi
culart
raff
icinthearea,theimportanceof
conceali
ngt hesur veil
lancef rom t
hesubj ect,andthesubject’
sesti
matedabili
tytodetectand
el
udesur vei
llance.Atal ltimeseachv ehicl
eshoul dbeoccupiedbyatleasttwoagents;oneto
concentr
ateondr i
v i
ng,andt heothert oobserve,takenotes,oper
ateradioequipment,orto
dismountandcont inuet hesurvei
ll
anceonf oot.

Howtodetectaut omobi l
esur veil
lance
Asint hecaseoff ootsur veil
lance,asubjectwhobel iev
eshei sbeingfoll
owedmay
r
esor
ttotr
icker yinordertov eri
fyhissuspi ci
ons.Someoft hecommont ricksempl
oyed:
a.Al ternatefastandsl owdr ivi
ng
b.Dr ivingintodead-endst reets
c. Frequencypar king
d.Commi tti
ngflagranttraffi
cononewayst reet
s,andrunningt
hroughredl
ights
e. Stoppingsuddenl yar oundcur vesorcorners
f. Pullingintodriv
eway s
g.Speedi ngupahi ll,t
hencoast ingslowlydown
Howt oel
udeaut omobi lesur veill
ance
a.Commi tt
ingt raff
icv iolat
ions
b.Usingdoubl eentrancest odr iveways;i
noneandoutt heot
her
c. Curbingt hroughpar kingl ots
d.Dr i
vingt hroughcongest edar eas
e. Desertingt hev ehicl
ebehi ndcurvesorcorner
s, butper
mit
ti
ngthedr i
verstodri
veon
asadecoy .
UNDERCOVERI NVESTI GATI ON–i saf orm ofinv
esti
gat
ioninwhicht
heinvest
igatorassumesa
di
ff
erentandunof f
icialidenti
tyi nor dert oobtai
ninfor
mation.

DEFI
NITI
ONS
a.Under cover-aninvesti
gativ
et echniqueinwhichtheAgent’
s/Investi
gator’
soffi
cial
i
denti
tyisconcealedtoaccompl i
shani nv
esti
gati
vemissi
on.
b.Nat uralcover
-usi
ngt heindivi
dual’
struei
dent
ity,
occupat
ionorprofessi
on.
c. Art
ifi
cialcover-themanuf actureofdocument s,fal
sedocument s,passpor
ts,or
for
geddocument s.
 3.GATHERI
NGEVI
DENCE

CRIMESCENEI NVESTI GATI

ON
Itistheconductofpr ocesses,moreparti
cul
arl
y,therecognit
ion,sear
ch,col
lect
ion,
handl
ing,preservat
ionanddocumentati
onofphysi
calev
idencetoincl
udet hei
denti
fi
cat
ionand
i
nterv
iewofwi tnessesandthear
restofsuspect
/satt
hecrimescene.

SOCO( Sceneoft heCri

meOper ati
on)–Republ i
cAct 6975asAmendedbyRepubl i
cAct8551
(PNPLaw) .Thef or
merlawplacedthePhi l
i
ppineNat ionalPol
iceCri
meLabor at
oryasan
Operat
ionalSupportUni
t.TheCrimeLabor atoryestabli
shedtheso-cal
l
edSceneoft heCri
me
Operat
ion(SOCO)whi chisfi
eldoperat
ion.Thisisnowani nnovat
ionbecausetheSOCOnow
gather
sallevidenceatt
hecrimesceneandt akescust odyofthem,marki
ngandt aggi
ngthem
whichotherwisethedut
yofthecriminalinvesti
gatorbefore.

WhatConstit
uteaCr i
meScene?
a.Cr imescenecanbeunder stoodtoincl
udeallar
easinwhichthecr
iminal
,anypossibl
e
vi
ctim andanyey ewi
tnessmov eduri
ngthet
imethecri
mewascommi t
ted.
b.Theboundar i
esmustbeest abli
shedsothattheent
irecr
imescenecanbeef f
ect
ivel
y
preserved.
c. I
nsomecr imes,however,t
hecrimescenemayactual
l
ycompr i
sesever
aldi
ffer
entsi
tes.

GOLDENRULEATCRI MESCENEINVESTI
GATI ON
Nevertouch,move,oralt
erany objectatthe cri
me scene unl
ess i
thas been
phot
ogr
aphed,
measured,
andsket
chedf
rom anyconcei
vabl
eangl
e.

UPONRECEI
PTOFTHECRI
MEI
NCI
DENT

1.TheDeskOf f
icershal
l:
a.Recordt hedateandt imet her eport
/complaintwasmade,t hei denti
tyofthe
personwhomadet hereport
,placeoft heinci
dentandasynopsisoft hei
nci
dent.
b.Inf
orm hissuperi
oroff
icerorthedut yoffi
cerregar
dingt
hereport.

2.TheFir
stRespondershal l:
a.Cor donof fthecr i
mescenewi thwhat everavail
abl
emat er
ial
sl i
keropes,st
raws,
humanbar ri
cade, poli
cel i
ne,et
c.;
b.Ev acuateinj
uredper sonst othenearesthospital
;
c. Preparetotaket he“dyingdeclarat
ion”ofseverelyi
njur
edperson,ifany
;
d.Pr evententr
y /exi
tofper sonswithi
nt hecordonedarea;and
e. Preparetobr i
eftheinvestigat
orofthesituati
onupont hei
rarr
ival.

CRI
MESCENEI
NVESTI
GATI
ONPROPER
A.Recei ptofBrief
ingandDesignati
onofCommandPost
CommandPost–anar eawhi ch,isideall
ylocat
edadjacenttotheCrimeScenewhere
theCSIEv idenceCustodi
anstaysandr ecei
v esthepi
ecesofevidencet
urnedov
ertohi
mf or
safekeepingbytheotherevi
dencecollectors.

B.I
nit
iat
ionofPreli
minarySurvey(Team LeaderofCSIorSOCO)
a.Makesagener alassessmentofthescene;
b.Takesacaut i
ouswalk-throughofthecri
mescene;
c. Takesdownextensi
venot etodocumentimport
antfact
ors;
 d.Est abli
shestheev i
dencemostl i
kel
ytobeencountered;
e. Definestheextentofthesearcharea;
f. Determines the per sonnel and equi
pment needed and makes speci
fi
c
assignments;and
g.Fr om hisassessments,hedev el
opsagener
altheoryofthecr
imescene.

C.Prepar
ati
onofNar rat
iveReport
TheTeam leaderusesthesyst
emat
icappr
oachi
nmaki
nganar
rat
iver
epor
t.

D.Document ati
onoftheCri
meScene
The phot
ographerbegi
ns t
aki
ng phot
ogr
aphs as soon as possi
ble.The ev
idence
col
l
ectorsdonott ouchormovedanyevi
denceonceitisl
ocateduntili
thasbeenidenti
fied,
measuredandrecorded.

PHOTOGRAPHI NGTHECRIMESCENE
Themainobj
ecti
vecr
imescenephotographyi
stocreateanaccurateobject
ivev
isual
recor
dofthecr
imescenebef
oreanyi
tem i
smovedaspossi
blephysi
cal
evidence.

MAJORTYPESOFPI CTORIALVI EWS

1.GeneralVieworLong- Range–phot ographoft
heov er
-all
scene.
Dist
ance:Fr om thedoor waytotheroom andothercornersoftheroom
2.Mid-RangeVi ew
Dist
ance: Ei
ghtortenf eetfr
om thev i
cti
m
3.Close-upView–ev er
yphy sical
evidencemustbephotogr aphedinclose-
upv
iewand
fordif
ferentangl
es.

CRIMESCENESKETCHES
Ar oughsketchi
spreparedi
ndicat
ingtheactualmeasurementoft
hingswi
thscal
eand
proport
ionobservedandor
ientedtotheNorthPole.Allnecessar
yinf
ormati
onispl
acedi
nthe
sketch.

ELEMENTSOFSKETCH
a.Measur ement
b.Compassdi r
ecti
on
c. Essenti
ali
tems
d.Scal eandproport
ion
e. Legend
f. Tit
le

SPECI
FICKINDSOFSKETCHES
a.Sket chofLocal i
ty-givepictureoft hescene,t
hecr i
meandi t
senvi
rons,i
ncl
uding
neighbori
ngbuil
dings,roads,etc.
b.Sket choft heGround-pi ctureoft hesceneoft hecrimewit
hitsnear
estphysi
cal
surroundi
ng.
c. SketchinDetail
s–t heimmedi at esceneonl
y.
d.Expl oded/crossprojecti
on–gi vesthecl
earimpressi
onoft
hesceneincaseswhere
bloodstai
nsorbul l
etholesaref ound.

SKETCHI
NGMETHODS
a.Nei
ghborhoodsket
ch
b.El
evat
ionSketch
 c. Fl
oorPlanSket
ch
d.Detail
edSketch

TYPESOFMEASUREMENTS
1.Rect angul arcoor dinatesmet hod–asket chingmet hodt hatinvolvesmeasur i
ngthe
distanceofanobj ectfrom twof ixedl i
nesatr ightanglest oeachot her.
2.Triangul ationmet hod–asket chingmet hodt hatrequi r
esmeasur i
ngt hedist anceof
anobj ectal ongast raightli
nef rom t wowi delyseparat edf i
xedreferencepoi nts.
3.Basel inemet hod– asket chi ngmet hodt hatmakesmeasur ement sal ongf rom a
singler eferencel i
ne, call
edabasel i
ne, whichcanbeest abli
shedbyusi ngal engthof
stri
ng, chal kli
ne, orsomeot herconv enientmeans.
4.Compasspoi ntmet hod– asket chingmet hodt hatr equiresapr ot r
actororsome
met hodofmeasur i
ngangl esbet weent wolines.Onepoi ntisselectedast heor igi
n
andal i
neext endi ngf r
om t heor i
gi nbecomesanaxi sf rom whicht heangl escanbe
measur ed.
5.Crosspr ojectionmet hod–asket chingmet hodi nwhi cht heceil
ingappear st oopen
upl i
keal idofahi ngedbox, witht hef ourwallsopeni ngout ward.Measur ement sare
theni ndicat edfrom apoi ntont hef l
oort othewal l
.

CRIMESCENESEARCH
Acr
imescenesear
chcouldonlybestar
tedaft
erithasbeenphotographandsketchedt
o
syst
emati
cal
lylookf
orphysi
calev
idencethatmayproveusefuli
nestabli
shingt
hatacrimehas
beencommitt
edandtodeter
minewhatmet hodofoperat
iontheper
petrat
ormayhav eused.

METHODSOFSEARCH
a.St riporLi neSear chMet hod–t hesearcherswi llproceedatthesamepaceal ongt he
pat hpar al
lel t
oonesi deoft her ect
angle.
b.Doubl eSt riporGr i
dMet hod–i sacombi nationoft hestri
psearchandi susef ulfor
l
ar gecr i
mescene.
c. Spi r
alorCi rcul arMethod–t hesearcherswi l
l fol
loweachot herinthepat hofa
spiral,beginningi nthe 
out si
deandspi r
al i
ngt owar dsthecenterorvicev ersaina
clockwi seorcount ercl
ock- wisedir
ecti
on.
d.Quadr antofZoneMet hod–t heareat obesear chedi sdiv
idedintof ourquadr ants
andeachsear cherisassignedt oonequadr ant .
e.Wheel ,Radi alorSpokeMet hod–i sapplicablef orareawhi chisconsi deredt obe
appr oximat elycircul
arorov al.Theareaist hendi videdint
osixquadr antsinapi e-l
ike
fashion.

E.Not esTaki ng
Notet aking mustbe a const antact i
vi
tyt hr
oughoutt he pr
ocessing ofthe cri
me
scene.
Notesmusti nclude:
a.Det ai
l
edwr i
ttendescr iptionoftheCrimeScenewi t
hlocati
onsofr ecover
edphy si
cal
evi
dence;
b.Thet i
mewhent hephy sicalevi
dencewasdi scovered;
c. Theper sonwhodi scover edandcoll
ectedthephy sicalev
idence;
d.Thet i
mewhenev idencewaspackagedandmar ked; and
e. Thedispositionoft heitem wheni twascoll
ected.

F.Coll
ect
ionofPhy si
calEvi
dence
Thecompet encetorecogni
zeandpr
oper
lycol
l
ectphy
sicalev
idencei
scr
it
icalt
obot
h
sol
vingandprosecuti
ngcrimes.
 Theteam l eaderisalwaysinf
ormedofsi gnif
icantevi
dencelocat
ed. Theevi
dence
col
lect
orsshallputhisini
ti
al,l
ocat
ionanddat
eofcol l
ectionontheit
em andtur
nitov
ertothe
evi
dencecustodianfordocumentat
ionandsaf
ekeeping.

PHYSI CALEVIDENCE–t hesearethear

ti
clesandmat eri
alswhichar efoundinconnecti
onwi t
h
the investi
gat
ion and which aidin est
abli
shing the ident
ity oft he perpet
ratorort he
cir
cumst ances underwhich t
he cri
me was commi tted orwhi ch,in generalassisti
nt he
prosecuti
onofcr i
minal
.Itembr
acesanyobject
,li
vingorinanimate,soli
d,l
iqui
d,orgasstate.

Whataret hepr oceduresneededforthecar eofphy si

calevi
dence?
In ordert oi nt
roduce phy
sicalev i
dence in court
,three i
mpor
tantf
act
orsmustbe
consi
dered:
a.Thear ticl
emustbepr operl
yidentif
ied
b.Chai nofcust odymustbepr oved
c. Theev i
dencemustbemat eri
alandr el
evant

CHAINOFCUSTODY
I
tisthenumberofpersonswhohandledandpossessedt
hepi
ecesofev i
dencet
he
momentt heywer
ecol
lect
ed,markedandt
agged,upt
othet i
meofthef
inaldi
sposi
ti
onoft
he
case.

G.ConductofFi
nalSur
vey
Theteam l
eadermakesafi
nalr
evi
ew ont
hecr
imescenet
odet
ermi
newhet
herornot
t
hepr
ocessi
nghasbeencomplet
ed.

H.Releaseoft heCr imeScene

Ther eleaseoft hecr imesceneisdonei ftheinvesti
gatorissatisf
iedthatallpiecesof
evi
dencehav ebeenr ecovered.Thus,theinvest
igatormustev aluat
et heitemsr ecover
edf r
om
theresul
tsoft heinterrogationsofthesuspect/
sandt heint
erviewoft hewitnesses.Hemust
bearinmindt hatupont hef ormalr
eleaseofthecrimescenet othepr operauthori
ty,t
hewar r
ant
i
salreadyrequi r
edforhi sre-ent
ryt
ot hecr
imescene.