• Separation processes are the major class of processes in chemical process industries to separate the mixture (gas, liquid, solid). • Separation processes accounts 40-70% both capital and operating cost. (Some cases over 90%). • Separations may be solid-solid, solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, liquid-gas, gas-gas, gas-solid or combination of all three. • Some separation can be possible through purely mechanical mechanism and others can be separated using external agent, thermal energy or any other physical (physico-chemical) properties. • Separation processes based on principles of mass transfer are known as mass transfer operation. • Basically, mass transfer is the transport of a species from one point to another in a single phase or from one phase to another (generally difference in concentration or partial pressure) known as driving force. • The transfer of mass can be possible till the equilibrium is attend. • Larger the driving force, indicates higher rate of transport and it’s a measure of how far the system is from equilibrium. • Mass transfer may be diffusional or convective. • Diffusional mass transfer – occurs in absence of any macroscopic movement in the system. • Convective mass transfer – occurs with some sort of motion of component in the system. • Mass transfer is the transport process like heat and momentum transfer. Thus, basic governing laws of heat and momentum are applicable to mass transfer in different forms. • Mass transfer occurs through direct contact of components. Concentration • The concentration of a species in a solution is generally expressed in terms of one of the following: • i = ‘mass concentration’ of the species i (i.e. mass of i per unit volume of the solution or mixture), in kg/m3 (or lb/ft3) • = ‘total mass concentration’ of all the species in a solution, in kg/m3 (or lb/ft3); the total mass concentration is nothing but the density of the solution • wi = i/ = mass fraction of the species i in a solution • Ci = molar concentration of the species i in a solution, in kmol/m3 (or lbmol/ft3) • C = total molar concentration of the solution, in kmol/m3 (or lbmol/ft3) • xi = Ci/C = mole fraction of the species i in a solution. • If there are n species in a solution, we have the following relations.
• In a gas mixture, the ‘concentration’ of a species is more commonly expressed in
terms of its partial pressure pi, or the mole fraction, yi = pi/P, where P is the total pressure. Velocity • In a liquid solution or in a gaseous mixture, the various components or species move with different velocities. • By ‘velocity’ we mean both the molecular velocity in the microscopic scale and the bulk motion. By bulk motion we mean the motion in a fluid caused by a pressure difference. • A diffusing species moves with a velocity greater than the average velocity of the medium. • Two types of average velocities with respect to a ‘stationary observer’ are defined in this connection. Mass Average Velocity • In an n-component mixture, the mass average velocity u is defined as • where ui is the linear velocity of the ith species in the concerned direction. • The quantity ui does not mean the instantaneous velocity of a molecule of the component. • It is rather a statistical mean of the velocities of the molecules of component i in the given direction. Molar Average Velocity • Similarly, the molar average velocity of a mixture, U, is defined as • If the concentration of a solute in a solution is small, the contribution of the motion of the solute molecules to the average velocity also remains small. • Thus, the average velocity becomes virtually equal to the velocity of the medium or the solvent. • Again, if the molecular weights of all the species are equal, the mass and the molar average velocities are the same. Mass Flux and Molar Flux • In mass transfer operations, the term ‘flux’ means the net rate at which a species in a solution passes through a unit area, which is normal to the direction of diffusion, in unit time. • It is expressed in kg/m2·s, kmol/m2·s, or lbmol/ft2·h Figure – Role of separation processes in chemical industry Table – Separation processes, separation agents and typical industrial applications Problems 1. Calculate the mass concentration of 2 gram moles of sulpher dioxide to be used to manufacture sulfuric acid in a 0.20 m3 of reactor. 2. A gas mixture (N2 = 5%, H2 = 15%, NH3 = 76% and Ar = 4%) flows through a pipe, 25.4 mm in diameter, at 4.05 bar total pressure. If the velocities of the respective components are 0.03 m/s, 0.035 m/s, 0.03 m/s and 0.02 m/s, calculate the mass average, molar average and volume average velocities of the mixture. 3. A mixture of noble gases [helium, argon, krypton, and xenon] is at a total pressure of 100 kPa and a temperature of 200 K. If the mixture has equal kmole fractions of each of the gases, determine: a) The composition of the mixture in terms of mass fractions, b) Total molar concentration and c) The mass density. Data: Molecular weight of helium, argon, krypton, and xenon are 4, 40, 83.8 and 131.3 kg/mol respectively.