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#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int i = 0;
void* thread_func(void *arg) {
pthread_setcancelstate(PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, NULL);
for (i=0; i < 4; i++) {
printf("I'm still running!\n");
sleep(1);
}
pthread_setcancelstate(PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE, NULL);
pthread_testcancel();
printf("YOU WILL NOT STOP ME!!!\n");
}
int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
pthread_t thread;
pthread_create(&thread, NULL, thread_func, NULL);
while (i < 1) sleep(1);
pthread_cancel(thread);
printf("Requested to cancel the thread\n");
pthread_join(thread, NULL);
printf("The thread is stopped.\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
<

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
70
#define NUM_THREADS 6
void *thread_function(void *arg);
int main() {
int res;
int lots_of_threads;
pthread_t a_thread[NUM_THREADS];
void *thread_result;
srand ( (insigned)time(NULL) );
for (lots_of_threads = 0; lots_of_threads < NUM_THREADS;
lots_of_threads++)
{
res = pthread_create (&(a_thread[lots_of_threads]),NULL,
thread_function, (void *)&lots_of_threads);
if (res != 0) {
perror(“Thread creation failed”);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
sleep(1);
}
printf(“Waiting for threads to finish...\n”);
for (lots_of_threads = NUM_THREADS - 1; lots_of_threads >= 0;
lots_of_threads--)
{
res = pthread_join (a_thread[lots_of_threads],&thread_result);
if (res == 0) printf(“Picked up a thread\n”);
else perror(“pthread_join failed”);
}
printf(“All done\n”);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
void *thread_function(void *arg) {
71
int my_number = *(int *)arg;
int rand_num;
printf (“thread_function is running. Argument was %d\n”,
my_number);
rand_num=1+(int)(9.0*rand()/(RAND_MAX+1.0));
sleep(rand_num);
printf (“Bye from %d\n”, my_number);
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
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pthread_mutex_t count_mutex;
long count;
void increment_count() {
pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex);
count = count + 1;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex);
}
long get_count() {
long c;
pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex);
c = count;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex);
return (c);
}
<
* * %'
"#'-

#4
:
72
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <math.h>
#define SIZE_I 2
#define SIZE_J 2
float X[SIZE_I][SIZE_J];
float S[SIZE_I][SIZE_J];
int count = 0; //

struct DATA_ {
double x;
int i;
int z;
};
typedef struct DATA_ DATA;
pthread_mutex_t lock; // Y
// V%

double f(double x) { return x*x; }
// %

void *calc_thr (void *arg) {
DATA* a = (DATA*) arg;
X[a->i][a->z] = f(a->x);
//
pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
//
count ++;
//
pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
delete a;
return NULL;
}
// %
void *input_thr(void *arg) {
73
DATA* a = (DATA*) arg;
printf("S[%d][%d]:", a->i, a->z);
scanf("%f", &S[a->i][a->z]);
delete a;
return NULL;
}
int main() {
//
pthread_t thr[ SIZE_I * SIZE_J ];
// %%
pthread_mutex_init(&lock, NULL);
DATA *arg;
//

for (int i=0;i<SIZE_I; i++) {
for (int z=0; z<SIZE_J; z++) {
arg = new DATA;
arg->i = i;
arg->z = z;
// %
pthread_create (&thr[ i* SIZE_J + z ], NULL, input_thr, (void *)arg);

} // for (int z=0; z<SIZE_J; P ++z)
} // for (int i=0;i<SIZE_I; P ++i)
// GK

//
thr
for(int i = 0; i < SIZE_I*SIZE_J; i++) pthread_join (thr[i], NULL);
//
%
pthread_t thread;
printf("Start calculation\n");
arg = new DATA;
arg->i = i;
74
arg->z = z;
arg->x = S[i][z];
//

pthread_create (&thread, NULL, calc_thr, (void *)arg);
//
K
pthread_detach(thread);
// for (int z=0; z<SIZE_J; z++)
} // for (int i=0;i<SIZE_I; i++)
do {
// G % "
" 1
sleep(1);
//

printf("finished %d threads.\n", count);
} while ( count < SIZE_I*SIZE_J);
//

printf("X[%d][%d] = %f\t", i, z, X[i][z]);
}
printf("\n");
}
//
pthread_mutex_destroy(&lock);
return 0;
}
<
* * %'

>:
#include "main.h"
#include <iostream.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <error.h>
75
void* WriteToFile(void*);
int errno;
sem_t psem;
ofstream qfwrite;
int main(int argc, char **argv) {

pthread_t tidA,tidB;
int n;
char filename[] = "./rezult.txt";
qfwrite.open(&filename[0]);
sem_init(&psem,0,0);
sem_post(&psem))
pthread_create(&tidA,NULL,&WriteToFile,(void*)100));
pthread_create(&tidB,NULL,&WriteToFile,(void*)100));
pthread_join(tidA,NULL));
pthread_join(tidB,NULL));
sem_destroy(&psem));
qfwrite.close();
}
void* WriteToFile(void *f){
int max = (int)f;
for (int i=0; i<=max; i++)
{
sem_wait(&psem);
qfwrite<<pthread_self()<<"-writetofilecounter i="<<i<<endl;
qfwrite<<flush;
sem_post(&psem);
}
return NULL;
}
<
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#include <semaphore.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <error.h>
76
…
int full;
pthread_mutex_t mx;
pthead_cond_t cond;
int data;
void *writer(void *)
{
while(1)
{
int t= write_to_buffer ();
pthread_mutex_lock(&mx)
while(full) {
pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mx);
}
data=t;
full=1;
pthread_cond_signal(&mx);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mx);
}
return NULL;
}
void * reader(void *)
{
while (1)
{
int t;
pthread_mutex_lock(&mx);
while (!full)
{
pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mx);
}
t=data;
full=0;
pthread_cond_signal(&mx);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mx);
read_from _buffer();
}
return NULL;
}
…
77
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#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <error.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/sem.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
100
#include <time.h>
#define MAXLINE 128
#define SVSEM_MODE (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)
#define SKEY 1234L //
union semun {
int val;
struct semid_ds *buf;
ushort *array;
};
int var;
char filename[] = "./rezult.txt";
pid_t pid; // %
time_t ctime; //
int oflag, c, semid;
struct tm *ctm;
union semun arg;
struct semid_ds seminfo;
struct sembuf psmb;
unsigned short *prt = NULL;
var = 0;
oflag = SVSEM_MODE | IPC_CREAT; //
printf("Parent: Creating semaphore...\n");
semid = semget(SKEY, 1, oflag); //
arg.buf = &seminfo;
printf("Parent: Getting info about semaphore (not required, for exam-
ple)...\n");
semctl(semid, 0, IPC_STAT, arg); // .
g.buf->sem_ctime;
ctm = localtime(&ctime);
printf("%s %d %s %d %s %d %s","Parent: Creating time - ",
ctm->tm_hour,":",ctm->tm_min,":",ctm->tm_sec,"\n");
arg.val = 5;
101
printf("%s %d %s","Parent: Setting value \"",arg.val, "\" to sema-
phores...\n");
semctl(semid, 0, SETVAL, arg); //
printf("Parent: Creating child process...\n");
if ((pid = fork()) == 0) { // child process ;
printf(" Child: Child process was created...\n");
struct sembuf csmb;
unsigned short semval;
union semun carg;
int oflag = SVSEM_MODE | IPC_EXCL;
printf(" Child: Opening semaphore...\n");
int smd = semget(SKEY, 1, oflag); //

csmb.sem_num = 0;
csmb.sem_flg = 0;
csmb.sem_op = -1;
printf(" Child: Locking semaphore...\n");
semop(smd,&csmb,1); //
printf(" Child: Do something...\n");
// % YY K
sleep(2);
// % YY K
printf(" Child: Done something...\n");
carg.buf = NULL;
carg.array = &semval;
semctl(smd,0,GETALL,carg); //
semval = *carg.array;
printf("%s %d %s"," Child: Semaphore value = ",semval,"\n");
csmb.sem_num = csmb.sem_flg = 0;
csmb.sem_op = -semval;
printf(" Child: Unlocking semaphore...\n");
semop(smd,&csmb,1);
printf(" Child: Terminating child process...\n");
exit(0);
}
102
printf("Parent: Waiting for unlocking semaphore...\n");
psmb.sem_num = psmb.sem_flg = psmb.sem_op = 0;
semop(semid,&psmb,1);
printf("Parent: Semaphore is unlocked...\n");
printf("Parent: Waiting for SIGCHILD...\n");
waitpid(pid,NULL,0);
printf("Parent: Deleting semaphore...\n");
semctl(semid, 0, IPC_RMID);
exit(0);
}

Y
* % "
4= -
':
semsyn
Parent: Creating semaphore...
Parent: Getting info about semaphore (not required, for example)...
Parent: Creating time - 13 : 14 : 6
Parent: Setting value " 5 " to semaphore...
Parent: Creating child process...
Child: Child process was created...
Child: Opening semaphore...
Child: Locking semaphore...
Child: Do something...
Parent: Waiting for unlocking semaphore...
Child: Done something...
Child: Semaphore value = 4
Child: Unlocking semaphore...
Parent: Semaphore is unlocked...
Parent: Waiting for SIGCHILD...
Child: Terminating child process...
Parent: Deleting semaphore...

* '

> +
#4
ipcs –s
103
------ Semaphore Arrays --------
key semid owner perms nsems
0x000004d2 425986 root 644 1
H;%C% JP
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <error.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define SVSHM_MODE (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int c, id, oflag;
har *ptr;
size_tlength;
oflag = SVSHM_MODE | IPC_CREAT; //
while ( (c = getopt(argc, argv, "e")) != -1) {
switch (c) { //
case 'e':
oflag |= IPC_EXCL;
break;
}
}
if (optind != argc - 2)
{
printf("usage: shmget [ -e ] <path_to_file> <length>");
return 0;
}
length = atoi(argv[optind + 1]);
id = shmget(ftok(argv[optind], 0), length, oflag);
104
ptr = (char*) shmat(id, NULL, 0);
return 0;
}
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <error.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
{
int id;
if (argc != 2)
{
printf("usage: shmrmid <path_to_file>");
return 0;
}
id = shmget(ftok(argv[1], 0), 0, SVSHM_MODE);
shmctl(id, IPC_RMID, NULL);
return 0;
}
105
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+
# "
' shmctl IPC_STAT.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <error.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
{
int i, id;
struct shmid_ds buff;
unsigned char *ptr;
if (argc != 2)
{
printf("usage: shmwrite <path_to_file>");
return 0;
}
ptr = (unsigned char*) shmat(id, NULL, 0);
shmctl(id, IPC_STAT, &buff);
/* 4set: ptr[0] = 0, ptr[1] = 1, etc. */
for (i = 0; i < buff.shm_segsz; i++) *ptr++ = i % 256;
return 0;
}
<* shmread

"

"## '
, ' -
4 '
"
4 # * shmwrite.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <error.h>
106
#include <fcntl.h>
{
int i, id;
struct shmid_ds buff;
unsigned char c, *ptr;
if (argc != 2)
{
printf("usage: shmread <path_to_file>");
return 0;
}
ptr = (unsigned char*) shmat(id, NULL, 0);
shmctl(id, IPC_STAT, &buff);
/* check that ptr[0] = 0, ptr[1] = 1, and so on. */
for (i = 0; i < buff.shm_segsz; i++)
if ( (c = *ptr++) != (i % 256)) printf("ptr[%d] = %d", i, c);
return 0;
}
A
'"# '

% Y
*

'
"
#4. "
'

*
'
"

" 1234 . "
>
*
"#'

"
"
* >" /tmp/test1. W

> ftok:
shmget /tmp/test1 1234
ipcs -bmo
IPC status from <running system> as of Thu Jan 8 13:17:06 1998
T ID KEY MODE OWNER GROUP NATTCH SEGSZ
Shared Memory:
m 1 0x0000fl2a --rw-r--r-- rstevens otherl 0 1234
<* ipcs '
" *,
#,
*

'
"

"# " '
" "
'-

Y
* shmcreate.
107
* shmwrite, + ' "#
+
'
-
"
"

"##4 '
.
=#4 -
* shmread

+

*
'
"
:
shmwrite shmget
shmread shmget
shmrmid shmget
ipcs -bmo
IPC status from <running system> as of Thu Jan 8 13:17:06 1998
T ID KEY MODE OWNER GROUP NATTCH SEGSZ
Shared Memory:
"# '
"
4 # +, '
shmrmid /tmp/test1
&:>&F% /CF
<* pipes '

-
44 '#
+

% ".
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <strings.h>
#define MAXLINE 128
void server(int,int), client(int,int);
int pipe1[2],pipe2[2]; //

pid_t childpid = 0;
printf("Parent: Creating pipes...\n");
pipe(pipe1);
pipe(pipe2);
printf("Parent: Pipes created...\n");
printf("Parent: Creating child process...\n");
if ((childpid = fork()) == 0) { // child process starts
printf("Child: Child process created...\n");
108
close(pipe1[1]);
close(pipe2[0]);
printf("Child: Starting server...\n");
server(pipe1[0], pipe2[1]);
printf("Child: Terminating process...\n");
exit(0);
}
// parent process
close(pipe1[0]);
close(pipe2[1]);
sleep(2);
printf("Parent: Starting client...\n");
client(pipe2[0],pipe1[1]);
printf("Parent: Waiting for child porecess to terminate a zombie...\n");
waitpid(childpid, NULL, 0);
printf("Parent: Zombie terminated...\n");
return 0;
}
void server(int readfd, int writefd) {
char str[MAXLINE];
strcpy(str,"some string to transmit");
ssize_t n = 0;
printf("%s %s %s","Child: Server: Tranferting string
to client - \"",str,"\"\n");
write(writefd, str, strlen(str));
sleep(1);
printf("Child: Server: Waiting for replay from client...");
while ((n = read(readfd,str,MAXLINE)) > 0)
{
str[n] = 0;
printf("%s %s %s","Received OK from client - \"",str,"\"\n");
break;
109
}
printf("Child: Server was terminated...\n");

return;
}
void client(int readfd, int writefd) {

ssize_t n = 0;
char buff[MAXLINE];
while ((n = read(readfd, buff, MAXLINE)) > 0 )
{
buff[n] = 0;
printf("%s %s %s","Client: Recieved string from server: \"",buff,"\"\n");
break;
}
printf("Parent: Client: Sending OK to server\n");
sleep(1);
strcpy(buff,"sends OK from client");
write(writefd, buff, strlen(buff));
return;
}
"

*, *'4=

+

'-

% ".
&:>& +%&<%&
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <error.h>
#include <errno.h>
110
#include <fcntl.h>
#define MAXLINE 128
#define FILE_MODE (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)
#define FIFO1 “/tmp/fifo.1”
#define FIFO2 “/tmp/fifo.2”

int readfd = -1,writefd = -1;
pid_t childpid = 0;
ssize_t n;
char str[MAXLINE];
strcpy(str," some string to transmit ");
cout<<"Creating pipes..."<<endl;
unlink(FIFO1);
unlink(FIFO2);
if (mkfifo(FIFO1, FILE_MODE) == EEXIST) cout<<"\n Pipes is ex-
ists"<<endl;
if (mkfifo(FIFO2, FILE_MODE) == EEXIST) cout<<"\n Pipes is ex-
ists"<<endl;
cout<<"Pipes created..."<<endl;
writefd = open(FIFO2, O_WRONLY);
if ((writefd != -1)) {
cout<<"Transmitting the string..."<<endl;
write(writefd,str,strlen(str));
readfd = open(FIFO1, O_RDONLY);
cout<<"Waiting for respond..."<<endl;
while ((n = read(readfd,str, MAXLINE)) > 0) {
str[n] = 0;
cout<<"Received string - \""<<str<<"\""<<endl;
break;
}
close(readfd);
close(writefd);
unlink(FIFO1);
111
unlink(FIFO2);
} else cout<<"Can't open pipes..."<<endl;
return 1;
}
&:>& /C%
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <error.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#define MAXLINE 128
#define FILE_MODE (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)
#define FIFO1 "/tmp/fifo.1"
#define FIFO2 "/tmp/fifo.2"

int readfd = -1,writefd = -1;
pid_t childpid = 0;
ssize_t n = 0;
char str[MAXLINE];
ofstream fsw("./rezult.txt");
fsw<<"Opening pipes..."<<endl;
while (1)
{
readfd = open(FIFO2, O_RDONLY, 0);
if (readfd != -1) {
fsw<<"Pipes opened..."<<endl;
112
fsw<<"Waiting for respond..."<<endl;
while ((n = read(readfd,str, MAXLINE)) > 0) {
str[n] = 0;
fsw<<"Received string - \""<<str<<"\""<<endl;
break;
}
strcpy(str,"Ok from other process");
writefd = open(FIFO1, O_WRONLY, 0);
fsw<<"Transmitting the string - \""<<str<<"\""<<endl;
write(writefd,str,strlen(str));
close(readfd);
close(writefd);
break;
}
sleep(1);
}
fsw.close();
return 1;
}
A
'"# '

% Y
*, -
"#'4=%

".
pipes
Parent: Creating pipes...
Parent: Pipes created...
Child: Child process created...
Child: Starting server...
Child: Server: Tranferting string to client - " some string to transmit "
Child: Server: Waiting for replay from client...Received OK from client - "
sends OK from client "
Child: Server was terminated...
Child: Terminating process...
Parent: Creating pipes...
Parent: Pipes created...
113
Parent: Starting client...
Client: Recieved string from server: " some string to transmit "
Parent: Client: Sending OK to server
Parent: Waiting for child porecess to terminate a zombie...
Parent: Zombie terminated...
<*, '
4=

' " FIFO, ' 4
"
4= ':
client &
Opening pipes...
Pipes opened...
Waiting for respond...
Received string - " some string to transmit "
Transmitting the string - "Ok from other process"
server
Creating pipes...
Pipes created...
Transmitting the string...
Waiting for respond...
Received string - "Ok from other process"
[1]+ Exit 1 ./pn (wd: ~/makegnu/ipc/pipe_name/2/bin)
(wd now: ~/makegnu/ipc/pipe_name/1/bin)
@%&%; +::DT%*
<* msgcreate '

# =
. <
-
'"
'# >"* IPC_EXCL. <"
>",
"4=
'
"# *
,

> ftok. <"
"4
'

> >-

msgget.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <error.h>
#include <unistd.h>
114
#include <fcntl.h>
#define SVMSG_MODE (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)
{
int c, oflag, mqid;
oflag = SVMSG_MODE | IPC_CREAT;
while ( (c = getopt(argc, argv, "e")) != -1) {
switch (c) {
case 'e':
oflag |= IPC_EXCL;
break;
}
}
{
printf("usage: msgcreate [ -e ] <path_to_file>");
return 0;
}
mqid = msgget(ftok(argv[optind], 0), oflag);
return 0;
}
<* msgsnd
=

# =

'
" . *
'
'
"# msgbuf =
-
* , '

' call
"

"#4 -
(>
' )
4=
* '
.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <error.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#define MSG_W (S_IWUSR)
115
{
int mqid;
size_t len;
long type;
struct msgbuf *ptr;
if (argc != 4)
{
printf("usage: msgsnd <path_to_file><#bytes><type>");
return 0;
}
len = atoi(argv[2]);
type = atoi(argv[3]);
mqid = msgget(ftok(argv[1], 0), MSG_W);
ptr = (msgbuf*) calloc(sizeof(long) + len, sizeof(char));
ptr->mtype = type;
msgsnd(mqid, ptr, len, 0);
return 0;
}
<* msgrcv
=

'

.

+
# '
n, "44= ", -

t +
# "#' " ' =
>-
msgrcv.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MSG_R (S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)
#define MAXMSG (8192 + sizeof(long))
{
int c, flag, mqid;
long type;
116
ssize_t n;
struct msgbuf *buff;
type = flag = 0;
while ( (c = getopt(argc, argv, "nt:")) != -1) {
switch (c) {
case 'n':
flag |= IPC_NOWAIT;
break;
case 't':
type = atol(optarg);
break;
}
}
{
printf("usage: msgrcv [ -n ][ -t type ]<path_to_file>");
return 0;
}
mqid = msgget(ftok(argv[optind], 0), MSG_R);
buff = (msgbuf*) malloc(MAXMSG);
n = msgrcv(mqid, buff, MAXMSG, type, flag);
printf("read %d bytes, type = %ld\n", n, buff->mtype);
return 0;
}
<* msgctl "

#.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <error.h>
{
int mqid;
117
if (argc != 2)
{
printf("usage: msgrmid <path_to_file>");
return 0;
}
mqid = msgget(ftok(argv[1], 0), 0);
msgctl(mqid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
return 0;
}
A
'"# '

% Y
* " "

=

:
msgcreate /tmp/no/such/file
ftok error for pathname "tmp/no/such/file" and id 0: No such file or directory
touch /tmp/testl
msgcreate /tmp/testl
msgsnd /tmp/testl 1 100
ipcs -qo
IPC status from <running system> as of Sat Jan 10 11:25:45 1998
T ID KEY MODE OWNER GROUP CBYTES QNUM
Message Queues:
q 100 GGGGGI --rw-r–– rstevens otherl 6 3
" % '

=#4

-
=
4=
* >". <
'
, >", '
-

*
> ftok, '
"# "+
=
#. -

'
>" /tmp/testl "#'

* '

-
=
. <"
\*

#
=4 =
"
1, 2 3 '
100, 200 300. <* ipcs '-

,

% 3 =
= ]
6 .
$

# c =#4 *
type '
msgrcv 4
=
'"#
:
msgrcv -t 200 /tmp/testl
read 2 bytes, type – 200
msgrcv -t -300 /tmp/testl
118
read 1 bytes, type = 100
msgrcv /tmp/testl
read 3 bytes, type = 300
msgrcv -n /tmp/testl
msgrcv error: No message of desired type

' Y
=

200, -

– =

#Y '

,

-
Y4= 300,
#
–

=

. <"
'-
msgrcv ""4

>"* IPC_NOWAIT.
"#

# +, '
msgrmid /tmp/test1
4.2.
$$
! !
1. '#

".
2. #
"# ' (
,
>" less), '=# 4
"Y
Ctrl-Z '#

ps, jobs, fg, bg, kill, killall.
3.

# %' 4

%
+-

% "+
«"
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», '

( "
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120
!
1. A
.F.

UNIX. – <.: ~-
-<

*, 1999. – 528 .
2.
.

UNIX. – F.: «», 1995. – 600 .
3.
. UNIX: '

. – <.: <
, 2003. –
576 .
4.
.A., G

., A>> W.F. Unix: '

%
"+
. – 3-
'. – <.: <
, 2007. – 1039 .
5. Free Software Foundation. GNU make Manual [W"

]. –
A
+ : http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/. –
12.03.2010.
6. Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat Linux 9, Red Hat Linux Customization Guide
[W"

]. – A
+ : https://www.redhat.com/
docs/manuals/linux/RHL-9-Manual/custom-guide/. – 01.03.2010.
7.
""
"#* * " Linux [W"
-

]. – A
+ : http://www.opennet.ru/docs/
RUS/linux_parallel/. – 01.03.2010.
8. <*
" Linux. <. [W"

]. – A
-
+ : http://www.citforum.ru/programming/unix/threads/. –
01.03.2010.
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Unix» [W"
-

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+ : http://www.intuit.ru/department
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122

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