Energy

Work – When a force is applied on a body causing it to undergo displacement in the direction of force. Then
work is said to be done.

For work to be done, the following two condition

1. A force must be applied.
2. The body should move in the direction of applied force.

Work done

Work not done

Work is also said to be done ¡f the force acting on the body changes its position, shape, speed of motion.

Some examples where work is done are moving a cart, hitting a ball with a bat, squeezing ball picking a book
from the table and keeping ¡t in the shelf.

Work = Force x Displacement in the direction of force

Work = Fxd

Factor on which work depends :

Work depends on two factor

1) Directly proportional to force
2) Directly proportional to displacement

Unit of work

Unit of work is Nm or Joule

Note : 1KJ= 1000J
1kgf m = 9.8 Nm = 9.8 J

Zero work

Work done will be zero if either the force applied or displacement is zero

Consider the following examples.

• A lady is sitting and reading a newspaper.

• A child is standing with his bag and waiting for the school bus.
• A man is sleeping on the bed.
In these cases, there is no applied force or displacement. Hence, no work is done.

Now, consider the following examples.

• A boy is pushing a tree.

.TWO girls are pushing a table with equal force in Opposite directions.
. A man pushes a lawn mower on a Circular path and stops at the same point from where he began.

In these cases force is applied but displacement is zero. Hence, no work is done.

Note: If force and displacement are perpendicular to each other work done is zero.

Define 1 Joule ?

Joule is the SI unit of work. 1 joule is amount of work done when a force of 1 Newton displaces a body through
a distance of 1 m in the direction of the force applied.
1 J = 1N x 1m

Numerical of Work:

Q1) If a force of 10 N is applied on a body causing it to undergo a displacement of 3m. Find the work done?
A1)

Q2) A worker does 150 J of work by dragging a sack of cement with a force of 60 N. Find the
displacement of the sack.

A2)

Q3) If 100 J of work is done by the force leading to 10m displacement. Find the force ?

A3)

Q4) If a force of 20N is applied on a body, it moves along the circular path and returned to initial position .Find
the work done?

A4)

Q5) How much work is done by collie while carrying a load with respect to gravitational force?

Assignment

1) Define work ?
2) Define 1 Joule?
3) What is the work done on a body moving in a circular path?
4) Calculate the work done by a 47 N force pushing a pencil 0.26 m?
5) Calculate the work done by a 2.4 N force pushing a block across a table 0.75 m wide?
6) How much work is done to lift a 20 kg sack of potatoes vertically 6 m ?
7) If a small motor does 520 J of work to move a toy car 260 m, what force does it exert?

ENERGY
The term work and energy are closely related to each other.

If X is more energetic than another person Y

This means X can do more work than Y.

Energy is define as capacity to do work.

Unit of energy:
S.I unit of energy is Joule.
The other unit of work is calorie, electron volt etc.

Mechanical Energy :
The energy possessed by a body due to its position or motion is called mechanical energy.

It is of two type kinetic energy (K.E.) and potential energy (P.E.)

Kinetic Energy

The energy Possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is known as kinetic energy.
This means if a body is in motion it Possesses kinetic energy.
For example energy possessed by a fast moving football, a moving bus, flying aircraft, running boy,
flowing water and wind have kinetic energy.

The factors on which the kinetic energy depends :

1) Mass of the body: Kinetic energy of a body is directly proportional to its mass This means
heavier the body, more is its kinetic energy.

2) Speed of the body: Kinetic energy of a body is directly Proportional to the square of its speed. It
means a fast moving body will have more kinetic energy than a body of same mass having slow
speed.
Q1) What will happen to K.E if mass is doubled ?

A1)

Q2) What will happen to K.E if velocity is doubled ?

A2)

Q3)Find K.E if a body of mass 20 kg is moving with velocity of 10m/s ?

A3)

Potential Energy

The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or configuration is called potential energy.

Potential energy is of two types

 1) Gravitational potential energy
2) Elastic potential energy.

Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored by an object due to its height in the gravitational
field.
P.E = mgh

Factors on which P.E depends: P.E = mgh

1) Mass of the body
2) Height from the level ground
3) Accleration due to gravity

Note : To raise a body above the ground to a height, work has to be done against the gravitational
pull of the earth. This work done is stored in the form of gravitation potential energy of the body.

Elastic potential Energy

Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in a body when work is done to deform, stretch or
compress it.
Example :
A stretched catapult has stored potential energy in it. When the catapult is released, a stone kept over
it, falls to a far distance due to the released energy.